Edible Sea Urchins: Biology and Ecology (eBook)

John M. Lawrence (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2006 | 2. Auflage
380 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-046558-6 (ISBN)

Infos

Sea urchins are a major component of the world ocean. They are important ecologically and often greatly affect marine communities. They have an excellent fossil record and consequently are of interest to paleontologists. Research has increased in recent years stimulated first by a recognition of their ecological importance and then because of their economic importance. Scientists around the world are actively investigating their potential for aquaculture.

This book is designed to provide a broad understanding of the biology and ecology of sea urchins. Synthetic chapters consider biology of sea urchins as a whole to give a broad view. The topics of these chapters include reproduction, metabolism, endocrinology, larval ecology, growth, digestion, carotenoids, disease and nutrition. Subsequent chapters consider the ecology of individual species that are of major importance ecologically and economically. These include species from Japan, New Zealand, Australia, Europe, North America, South America and Africa.

* First comprehensive book devoted to the biology and ecology of sea urchins
* NEW chapter on Nutrition of Sea Urchins and Ecology of Diadema
* Brand NEW illustrations
* Hot NEW topic: Immunology of the Sea Urchin
* Chapters written by internationally recognized experts
* Each chapter revised and updated from the first edition
* Biological chapters include reproduction, endocrinology, carotenoids and disease
* Ecological chapters include species of major economic interest for fisheries and aquaculture

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Table of Contents 6
Preface to the first edition 20
Preface to the second edition 22
List of Contributors 24
Chapter 1 Edible Sea Urchins: Use and Life-History Strategies 28
1 Prehistoric Fishing of Sea Urchins 28
2 Contemporary Commercial Fishing of Sea Urchins 29
3 Aquaculture of Sea Urchins 29
4 Edible Sea Urchins 30
5 Life-History Strategies of Sea Urchins 30
6 Conclusion 33
Acknowledgments 33
References 33
Chapter 2 Gametogenesis and Reproduction of Sea Urchins 38
1 Introduction 38
2 Structure of the Gonads of the Sea Urchin 38
3 Interacting Gametogenic and Nutritive Phagocyte Cycles in the Sea Urchin Gonad: Stages, Physiology, and Molecular Biology 40
3.1 Stages in Gametogenesis 40
3.2 Nutritive Phagocytes in Ovaries and Testes 41
3.3 Inter-gametogenesis and NP Phagocytosis 41
3.4 Pre-gametogenesis and NP Renewal 45
3.5 Gametogenesis and NP Utilization 46
3.6 End of Gametogenesis, NP Exhaustion, and Spawning 49
3.7 Environmental Control of Gametogenesis 50
4 Conclusions 53
Acknowledgments 55
References 55
Chapter 3 Biochemical and Energy Requirements of Gonad Development 62
1 Introduction 62
2 Cellular Energy Utilization 62
3 Energy Metabolism During Development 64
4 Biochemical Components of Cellular Metabolism 66
5 Gonad Growth 67
6 Gonad Energy Metabolism 69
6.1 Protein Metabolism 70
6.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism 72
6.3 Anaerobic Metabolism 73
7 Feeding and Metabolism 74
8 Summary 76
Acknowledgments 77
References 77
Chapter 4 Endocrine Regulation of Sea Urchin Reproduction 82
1 Sea Urchin Gonad 82
2 Exogenous Regulation of Reproduction 82
2.1 Environmental Factors 82
2.2 Endocrine Disruptors 82
3 Endogenous Regulation of Reproduction 83
3.1 Steroids 83
3.2 Protein and Peptidergic Factors 90
3.3 Catecholaminergic and cholinergic factors 91
4 Mechanisms of Regulation 92
4.1 Paracrine 92
4.2 Endocrine 93
5 Gene Regulation in Reproduction 93
6 Conclusions 94
Acknowledgments 94
References 94
Chapter 5 Echinoid Larval Ecology 98
1 Introduction 98
2 The Echinoid Life Cycle 98
3 Life Cycle Diversity 99
4 Echinoid Larval Diversity 100
5 Reproductive Ecology 102
5.1 Egg Provisioning 102
5.2 Fertilization Ecology 102
6 Larval Ecology 103
6.1 Reproductive Strategies 103
6.2 Feeding 104
6.3 Larval Growth 105
6.4 Phenotypic Plasticity 106
6.5 Swimming 106
6.6 Mortality and Defense 107
7 Recruitment Ecology 108
7.1 Larval Transport and Dispersal 108
7.2 Settlement 109
7.3 Metamorphosis and Recruitment 110
8 Conclusions 112
Acknowledgments 112
References 112
Chapter 6 Growth and Survival of Postsettlement Sea Urchins 122
1 Growth 122
1.1 Introduction 122
1.2 Skeletal Composition 122
1.3 Resorption 126
1.4 Natural Growth Lines 128
1.5 Tagging 130
1.6 Growth Models 135
2 Survival 150
Acknowledgments 154
References 155
Chapter 7 Feeding, Digestion, and Digestibility 162
1 Ingestion 162
1.1 Food Chemistry 162
1.2 Environmental Conditions 165
1.3 Food Shape 167
1.4 Physiological State 167
2 Digestion 169
2.1 Structure of the Gut 169
2.2 Digestive Enzymes 170
2.3 Gut Transit Time 172
2.4 Role of Microorganisms in Digestion 173
3 Digestibility 175
4 Conclusions 178
Acknowledgment 178
References 178
Chapter 8 Carotenoids in Sea Urchins 186
1 Introduction 186
2 Carotenoid Distribution in Sea Urchins 186
3 Metabolism of Carotenoids in Sea Urchins 189
4 The Effect of Dietary Carotenoids on Gonad Color in Sea Urchins 189
5 The Role of Carotenoids in Sea Urchins 190
5.1 Egg Production and Development 190
5.2 Biological Functions 190
6 Conclusions 191
Acknowledgments 191
References 191
Chapter 9 Disease in Sea Urchins 194
1 Introduction 194
2 Bacterial Disease in Japanese Sea Urchins 195
2.1 Evidence for Bacterial Disease 195
2.2 Symptoms of the Disease 195
2.3 Isolation and Description of the Disease-Causing Bacterium 196
2.4 Biological Responses to Bacterial Infection 198
2.5 Bacterial Control 198
3 Immunological Response to Bacterial Diesases in Sea Urchins 199
3.1 General Concept of the Immune Response 199
3.2 Coelomocyte Types 200
3.3 Phagocytosis 200
3.4 Inflammatory Process 201
3.5 Origin of the Coelomocytes 202
3.6 Coelomic Fluid and Coelomocyte Concentration 203
3.7 Coagulation and Encapsulation 204
3.8 The Complement System and Humoral Factors 205
4 Conclusions 205
References 205
Color Plates 210
Chapter 10 Ecology of Centrostephanus 218
1 Biogeography 218
2 Ecological Impacts 219
2.1 Habitat Structure 219
2.2 Food and Feeding Ecology 221
3 Population Regulation 222
3.1 Recruitment 222
3.2 Predation and Disease 223
3.3 Competition 224
3.4 Physical Factors 225
4 Reproduction 225
4.1 Reproductive Cycle 225
4.2 Habitat Related Patterns 226
4.3 Development and Larval Ecology 227
5 Growth and Age 228
6 Conclusion 229
Acknowledgments 229
References 229
Chapter 11 Ecology of Diadema 232
1 Introduction 232
1.1 Species of Diadema 232
1.2 Biogeography and Large-Scale Distribution 233
1.3 Local Distribution and Abundance Patterns 233
2 Population Biology and Ecology 235
2.1 Reproductive Biology and Ecology 235
2.2 Reproductive Cycles 235
2.3 Feeding Ecology 237
2.4 Growth and Longevity 239
2.5 Pelagic Larval Dynamics 240
2.6 Benthic Population Dynamics 240
3 Community Ecology and Coexistence 242
3.1 Ecosystem Effects 242
3.2 Competitive Interactions with Other Sea Urchins 242
3.3 Competitive Interactions with Fish 243
3.4 Predation and Predators 244
4 Herbovory and Grazing Effects 244
4.1 Herbivory 244
4.2 Bioerosion 245
5 Conclusions 246
References 246
Chapter 12 Ecology of Loxechinus albus 254
1 Introduction 254
2 Morphology 254
3 Distribution 254
4 Habitat and Substrate Preferences 255
5 Food 255
6 Reproduction Ecology 257
7 Population Ecology 258
8 Community Ecology 259
9 El Niño 263
10 Conclusions 264
Acknowledgments 264
References 265
Chapter 13 Ecology of Paracentrotus lividus 270
1 Introduction 270
2 Distribution and Habitat 270
2.1 Habitat 270
2.2 Densities 272
2.3 Short- and Long-Term Changes in Density 272
2.4 Co-occurring Species 276
3 Food and Feeding 277
3.1 Food Preferences 277
3.2 Consumption Rate 282
3.3 Ecological Consequences of Feeding 285
3.4 Competition with Other Herbivores 288
4 Movement and Migration 289
5 Mortality 291
5.1 Predators 291
5.2 Diseases and Parasites 294
5.3 Other Causes of Mortality 294
6 Growth 295
7 Reproduction 297
7.1 Reproductive Cycles 297
7.2 Spawning 297
7.3 Recruitment 300
8 Conclusions 302
Acknowledgments 302
References 302
Chapter 14 Ecology of Psammechinus miliaris 314
1 Appearance 314
2 Distribution 314
3 Habitat 314
4 Density 315
5 Population Structure 316
6 Food and Trophic Ecology 316
7 Growth Rates, Ageing and Energy Partitioning 318
8 Reproduction 319
9 Larval Biology 319
10 Conclusions 320
References 320
Chapter 15 Ecology of Echinometra 324
1 Introduction 324
1.1 Species of Echinometra 324
1.2 Biogeography and Large-scale Distribution 325
1.3 Local Distribution and Abundance Patterns 326
2 Population Biology and Ecology 327
2.1 Reproductive Biology and Ecology 327
2.2 Feeding Ecology 329
2.3 Energetics 330
2.4 Growth and Longevity 331
2.5 Pelagic Larval Dynamics 332
2.6 Benthic Population Dynamics 333
3 Community Ecology and Coexistence 334
3.1 Competitive Interactions with Other Herbivores 334
3.2 Competitive Interactions with Other Sea Urchins 335
3.3 Competitive Interactions with Fish 336
3.4 Predation and Predators 336
4 Herbivory and Grazing Effects 337
4.1 Herbivory 337
4.2 Erosion of Calcium Carbonate 338
5 Conclusion 339
References 340
Chapter 16 Ecology of Evechinus chloroticus 346
1 Introduction 346
2 Geographic Distribution 346
3 Habitat 346
4 Associated Species 348
4.1 Kelp 348
4.2 Gastropods 348
5 Feeding 349
5.1 Diet 349
5.2 Feeding Rate 351
6 Movement 352
7 Reproduction 353
7.1 Gametogenesis 353
7.2 Reproductive Cycle 353
7.3 Reproductive Output 355
7.4 Size at Sexual Maturity 355
7.5 Spawning 355
8 Larval Development 356
9 Recruitment 357
10 Population Biology 359
10.1 Growth 359
10.2 Mortality 360
10.3 Population Genetics 362
References 362
Chapter 17 Ecology of Heliocidaris erythrogramma 366
1 Introduction 366
2 Population Genetics and Colour Variability 368
3 Reproduction, Development, Settlement and Recruitment 368
4 Growth and Age 370
5 Movement and Feeding 371
6 Influence on Benthic Plants, Occurrence of Urchin Barrens and Feeding Fronts 372
7 Predators, Parasites, Commensals and Other Ecological Interactions 375
8 Conclusions 376
References 376
Chapter 18 Ecology of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis 380
1 Distribution and Abundance 380
1.1 Geographic Range 380
1.2 Population Density and Spatial Distribution 381
1.3 Physiological Tolerance Limits 382
2 Food and Feeding 383
2.1 Food Preferences and Nutrition 383
2.2 Feeding Behavior 387
2.3 Feeding Rates 388
3 Growth 390
3.1 Determinants of Growth 390
3.2 Growth Rates 391
4 Reproduction 393
4.1 Reproductive Timing 393
4.2 Gonad Growth and Gamete Production 395
4.3 Fertilization Rates 395
5 Settlement and Recruitment 397
5.1 Larval Development and Settlement Behavior 397
5.2 Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Settlement 398
5.3 Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Recruitment 399
5.4 Early Postsettlement Mortality 400
6 Predation 400
6.1 Predators 400
6.2 Behavioral Responses to Predators 401
6.3 Predation as a Mechanism of Population Regulation 403
7 Disease and Parasitism 404
7.1 Microbial Pathogens 404
7.2 Macroparasitic Infections 405
8 Mortality Due to Abiotic Factors 406
9 Ecological Role 406
Acknowledgment 409
References 409
Chapter 19 The Ecology of Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus 420
1 Introduction 420
2 Sea Urchin Grazing and Kelp Forest Ecosystems 422
3 Growth and Survival 423
3.1 Growth 423
3.2 Survival 424
3.3 Aging 425
4 Reproduction 425
5 Fertilization 426
6 Larvae 427
6.1 Larval Period 427
6.2 Blastulae and Larval Behavior 428
6.3 Larval Cloning 428
7 Settlement and Recruitment 429
8 Population Regulation 431
8.1 Competition 431
8.2 Predation 432
8.3 Disease 434
8.4 Physical Factors and Ocean Warming 434
9 Genetics 436
10 Fisheries 437
10.1 West Coast Fisheries 437
10.2 Fishery Experiments 438
10.3 Fishery Enhancement 439
10.4 Gonad Enhancement 439
11 Fishery Management 440
12 Conservation 441
12.1 Metapopulation Dynamics 441
12.2 Sea Urchins as Ecosystem Engineers 442
12.3 Ecosystem Management 443
Acknowledgments 444
References 445
Chapter 20 Ecology of Strongylocentrotus intermedius 454
1 Introduction 454
2 Geographic Distribution 454
3 Reproduction 454
3.1 Size at Maturity 454
3.2 Difference in Reproductive Cycle among Localities 454
3.3 Fixation of Reproductive Cycle in Each Area 455
3.4 Spawning Structure 455
4 Larval Ecology 456
4.1 Occurrence 456
4.2 Distribution 456
4.3 Length of Larval Life and Survival 456
5 Settlement and Metamorphosis 457
6 Food and Feeding After Settlement 457
6.1 Food Habit 457
6.2 Food Ingestion and Absorption 457
6.3 Diurnal Changes in Food Intake 458
6.4 Chemical Stimulus on Feeding 458
7 Growth 458
7.1 Longevity and Growth Rings 458
7.2 Energy Transformation to Growth 459
7.3 Differences in Growth among Localities 460
7.4 Food and Growth 460
7.5 Water Temperature and Growth 460
7.6 Gonadal Growth 461
8 Habitat 461
8.1 Juvenile Habitat 461
8.2 Habitat Structure 461
9 Community Ecology 462
9.1 Bio-economy 462
9.2 Grazing Effect on Algal Communities 462
10 Population Dynamics 462
10.1 Fluctuation in Larval Occurrence 462
10.2 Juvenile Recruitment 463
10.3 Fluctuation in Gonadal Growth 463
10.4 Effect of Fisheries on Population Size 463
10.5 Predation 463
10.6 Mortality from Sedimentation, High Water Temperature, and Disease 464
11 Conclusions 464
References 465
Chapter 21 Ecology of Strongylocentrotus nudus 470
1 Introduction 470
2 Geographic Distribution 470
3 Reproduction 471
3.1 Reproductive Cycle 471
3.2 Spawning Cues 471
4 Larval Ecology 471
4.1 Occurrence 471
4.2 Growth and Survival 472
5 Metamorphosis and Settlement 472
5.1 Algal Communities 472
5.2 Chemical Inducer 472
6 Food and Feeding After Settlement 473
6.1 Food 473
6.2 Food Ingestion and Absorption 473
6.3 Food Selectivity 473
6.4 Chemical Defense of Algae 474
6.5 Abiotic Factors on Feeding 474
6.6 Foraging 475
7 Growth 475
7.1 Somatic Growth 475
7.2 Gonadal Growth and Color 476
8 Habitat 476
8.1 Juvenile Habitat 476
8.2 Movement 477
9 Community Ecology 477
10 Population Dynamics 478
10.1 Recruitment of Juveniles 478
10.2 Annual Fluctuations 479
10.3 Decrease in Population Size 479
11 Conclusions 480
References 480
Chapter 22 Ecology of Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, Pseudocentrotus depressus, and Anthocidaris crassispina 486
1 Introduction 486
2 Geographic Distribution 486
3 Reproduction 487
3.1 Reproductive Cycle 487
3.2 Abiotic Factors and Maturation 488
3.3 Spawning Cue 488
4 Larval Ecology 488
5 Settlement and Metamorphosis 489
5.1 Induction with Algae 489
5.2 Chemical Inducer 490
6 Food and Feeding after Settlement 490
6.1 Food 490
6.2 Feeding and Food Selectivity 491
7 Growth 491
7.1 Longevity and Growth Rings 491
7.2 Somatic Growth 492
7.3 Gonadal Growth 493
8 Habitat 493
9 Community Ecology 495
10 Population Dynamics 495
11 Conclusions 496
References 496
Chapter 23 Ecology of Lytechinus 500
1 The Genus Lytechinus 500
2 Habitats 501
2.1 Lytechinus variegatus 501
2.2 Lytechinus semituberculatus and Lytechinus pictus 502
3 Abundance 502
3.1 Lytechinus variegatus 502
3.2 Lytechinus semituberculatus and Lytechinus pictus 503
4 Factors Influencing Distribution and Abundance 504
4.1 Abiotic Factors 504
4.2 Biotic Factors 507
5 Food and Feeding 508
6 Growth and Survival 510
7 Reproduction 511
7.1 Lytechinus variegatus 511
7.2 Lytechinus pictus 513
8 Larval Ecology and Recruitment 513
9 Population Ecology 514
9.1 Predation 514
9.2 Competition 515
10 Community Ecology 516
11 Conclusions 518
Acknowledgments 518
References 518
Chapter 24 Ecology of Tripneustes 526
1 The Genus Tripneustes 526
2 Distribution 526
3 Habitats 527
4 Behavior 531
5 Food 533
6 Growth 535
7 Reproduction 536
8 Recruitment 537
9 Mortality 538
10 Community 539
10.1 Effects of Feeding 539
10.2 Competition 540
10.3 Predation 541
11 Conclusions 541
References 541
Chapter 25 Sea Urchin Roe Cuisine 548
Acknowledgments 549
References 550
Index 552

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 7.12.2006
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sachbuch/Ratgeber
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Limnologie / Meeresbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zoologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Themenwelt: Wirtschaft
• Themenwelt: Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei
• ISBN-10: 0-08-046558-7 / 0080465587
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-046558-6 / 9780080465586