Antibiotics and Antibiosis in Agriculture (eBook)

M. Woodbine (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2016 | 1. Auflage
396 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4831-6203-4 (ISBN)

Infos

Antibiotics and Antibiosis in Agriculture: With Special Reference to Synergism is a collection of papers dealing with the properties of penicillins, cephalosporins, sulfonamides, as well as the synergistic combinations of these and other antibacterial substances. One paper discusses issues regarding antibiotics such as the sufficiency of supply, the need for more and new antibiotics, and the period of obsolescence of antibiotics. Another paper explains the use of pairs of agents as synergic combinations, for example, novobiocin and tetracycline combined together as albamacyn T. Synergy types in chemotherapy includes those used in antibacterial, penetration, and internal synergies; the paper also notes that possible complications can arise from antibiotic interactions of drug synergies. Some papers discuss applications of antibiotics, antibiosis, stress effects, and food microbiology. These applications include the use of nisin, an antibiotic, as an aid in heat preservation of food. The use of starvation as a stress mechanism in a culture of Enterobacter aerogenes to accelerate exhaustion of glycerol, which the microorganisms need, lead to glycerol-deficiency related deaths. Other papers discuss the relationships of antibiotics and antibiosis to animals and animal feeds. This collection will benefit pharmacologists, bio-chemists, agriculturists, chemotherapists, veterinarians, and medical practitioners.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Antibiotics and Antibiosis in Agriculture: With Special Reference to Synergism 4
Copyright Page 5
PREFACE 6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7
Table of Contents 8
Part I: INTRODUCTION 12
Chapter 1. BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS: PERSPECTIVE AND PROSPECTIVE 14
Cephalosporins 20
Where Do We Go From Here? 23
Synergistic Combinations 23
Chapter 2. ANTIBIOTICS BY THE THOUSAND: AN OVERVIEW FROM THE U.S.A. 26
Do We Have a Sufficiency of Antibiotics? 26
Do We Need More Antibiotics? 27
Do We Need New Types of Antibiotics? 28
When is an Antibiotic Obsolete? 28
Conclusion 32
References 34
Part II: THE CONTEXT OF SYNERGISM 36
Chapter 3 . A SYNERGIC PERSPECTIVE 38
Introduction — Delineation 38
Personal Associations: 1943-1976 40
Synergism/Combinations 42
A Selection of Diverse Dual Combinations 46
Combinations of More than Two Agents 54
Peroration 60
Acknowledgements 60
References 60
Chapter 4.SYNERGY IN CHEMOTHERAPY 68
Antibacterial Complementation 68
Antibacterial Synergy 68
Penetration Synergy 69
Internal Synergy 70
Potential Therapeutic Synergic Combinations 71
Spheroplast Generation and Inhibition 72
Complexity of Antibiotic Interactions 72
Future of Therapeutic Synergic Combinations 73
References 73
Chapter 5. SYNERGY OF TRIMETHOPRIM AND SULPHONAMIDES:HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS 75
Development of TMP 75
Mode of Action of 2,4-Diaminopyrimidines 77
Effects of Inhibition of Dihydrofolate Reductase 78
Biochemistry of TMP-Sulphonamides 78
The Effects of Synergy 80
Effects of Synergy In Vivo 85
Synergy Under Clinical Conditions 89
References 90
Chapter 6. TRIMETHOPRIM PLUS SULPHAMETHOXAZOLE: SYNERGIC OR ANTAGONISTIC COMBINATION? 93
Static Turbidimetric System 93
Bladder Model 96
Acknowledgment 99
References 99
Chapter 7. SYNERGIC ACTIVITIES OF PENICILLIN COMBINATIONS 100
Synergy between Pencillins and Aminoglycosides against Enterococci 100
Mecillinam Combinations 105
Synergy arising by Inhibition of ß-Lactamase 107
Conclusion 109
Acknowledgments 109
References 109
Part Ill: ANTIBIOTICS, ANTIBIOSIS AND FOOD 112
Chapter 8. NISIN AND ITS APPLICATIONS 114
Introduction 114
Properties of Nisin 114
Conclusions 135
References 137
Chapter 9. STRESS EFFECTS AND FOOD MICROBIOLOGY 142
Trends and Reviews 142
General Considerations 143
Synergistic Interactions of Stresses 144
Starvation as a Stress 145
Detection of Injured Microorganisms 146
References and Bibliography 148
Chapter 10. STAPHYLOCOCCI IN CHEESE 150
Source of Staphylococci 151
The Effect of pH 152
The Effect of Caseolysis 156
Lactic Acid 159
Salt 161
Heat Shock 163
Survival in Blue Stilton Cheese 163
Plastic Film 164
Summary 165
Acknowledgements 167
References 167
Chapter 11. THE EFFECTS OF S02 AND C02 ON THE GROWTH OF MICROBACTERIUM THERMOSPHACTUM, A SPOILAGE ORGANISM FROM S 
168 
Introduction 168
Materials and Methods 169
Results 172
Discussion 182
References 184
Chapter 12. RECOVERY AND REVIVAL OF MICROBIAL CELLS,ESPECIALLY THOSE FROM ENVIRONMENTS CONTAINING ANTIBIOTICS 185
Introduction 185
Measurement of Inactivation 186
Neutralization of Inhibitors 187
Resuscitation of Antibiotic- or Chemically-Damaged Cells 189
Methods of Studying Resuscitation 192
Experimental Investigation of the Resuscitation of Antibiotic- or Chemically-Damaged Microorganisms 194
General Conclusions 202
Acknowledgment 203
References 203
Part IV: ANTIBIOTICS, ANTIBIOSIS AND ANIMALS 208
Chapter 13. THE USE OF ANTIBIOTICS IN THE VETERINARY FIELD ININ THE 1970s 210
Antibacterials 213
Intramammaries 215
Formulations for Oral Use 216
Formulations for Injection 216
Animal Production and Disease Control 216
Mastitis 217
Enteritis in Pigs 218
Neonatal Scours 218
Weaning and Adult Scours 218
Pneumonia 219
Conclusion 220
References 220
Chapter 14. FARM ANIMAL DISEASE: VETERINARIAN AND ANTIBIOTICS 221
The Disease Situation 221
Veterinary Use of Antibiotics 223
References 227
Chapter 15. INTRAMAMMARY THERAPY: ITS ACHIEVEMENTS AND LIMITATIONS 228
Summary 228
Introduction 228
Elimination of Udder Infections from Herds 229
Lactation Therapy and Dry Cow Therapy 230
The Evaluation of Intramammary Formulae 231
The Changing Pattern of Bacteria following Antibiotic Therapy 232
Inhibitory Substance Residues in Milk 234
Discussion and Conclusions 236
References 237
Chapter 16. TRIMETHOPRIM-SULPHONAMIDE SYNERGY IN SALMONELLA THERAPY 240
References 242
Chapter 17. THE DEVELOPMENT OF ß-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS FOR THE TREATMENT OF BOVINE MASTITIS 243
Mastitis 243
Cerate Development 244
Cerates in Clinical Use 246
Cephalosporin Cerates 247
General Comments 249
References 249
Chapter 18. DETECTION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUES IN SLAUGHTERED ANIMALS 250
References 255
Chapter 19. NON-SPECIFIC RESISTANCE TO INFECTION IN RELATION TO MASTITIS 256
Non-Specific Resistance to Infection in Relation to Mastitis 256
Teat Canal Defences 256
Mammary Gland Defences 262
Stimulation of Resistance to Infection 263
References 265
Part V: ANTIBIOTICS, ANTIBIOSIS AND FEED 268
Chapter 20. A MECHANISM OF GROWTH PROMOTION: NON-LETHAL FEED ANTIBIOTIC INDUCED, CELL WALL LESIONS IN ENTERIC BACTERIA 270
Gram-Positive Bacterial Cells 270
Gram-Negative Bacterial Cells 270
References 275
Chapter 21. CHEMICAL CONTROL OF CROP CONSERVATION 276
Introduction 276
The Effect of Different Acids on Keeping Quality of Grain 277
Control of Mycotoxin Production 278
The Effect of Different Acids on Mould and Yeast Growth 279
Feeding Value of Treated Grain 280
References 282
Part VI: PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 284
Chapter 22. CHEMICALS AND HEAT AS ASCOSPORE ACTIVATORS 286
Materials and Methods 286
Results 287
Discussion 293
References 294
Chapter 23. SOME FUNDAMENTAL REFLECTIONS ON ANTIMICROBIAL POTENCY' 295
First Method of Comparison 295
Second Method of Comparison 297
Maximal Potencies 303
Three Component Mixtures 304
References 306
Chapter 24. SYNERGISM EXHIBITED: TOO SIMPLE A TECHNIQUE? 307
Technique for Combinations 309
Using Three Agents 314
Summary 315
References 315
Part VII. PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS 316
Chapter 25. STUDIES ON THE BIOAVAIL ABILITY, PHARMACOKINETICS AND RESIDUES OF SEMI-SYNTHETIC PENICILLINS IN RELATION TO THEIR VETERINARY APPLICATION 318
Introduction 318
Methods of Analysis 318
A Distribution Studies 319
B Supplementary Studies 322
C Tissue Residues 323
Synergic Considerations 323
References 325
Chapter 26. ANTIBIOTICS, ANIMALS AND MAN - AN APPRAISAL OF A CONTENTIOUS SUBJECT 326
Introduction 326
The Ecology of Antibiotic-Resistant E. coli in Man and Animals 333
An Appraisal of the Hazards and Advantages of Antibiotics 349
Acknowledgments 350
References 351
Chapter 27. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN BACTERIA AND ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS IN FARM ANIMALS BEFORE AND AFTER THE1969 SWANN REPORT 355
The Transfer of R-Factors in the Alimentary Tract of Domestic Animals 358
Assessment of the Effect of the Swann Report 360
Acknowledgment 365
References 367
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 370
ORGANISM INDEX 374
AUTHOR INDEX 376

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 19.4.2016
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Themenwelt: Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei
• ISBN-10: 1-4831-6203-6 / 1483162036
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4831-6203-4 / 9781483162034