Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 193 (eBook)

George Ware (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2010 | 2008
XII, 300 Seiten
Springer New York (Verlag)
978-0-387-73163-6 (ISBN)

Infos

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology provides concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy, and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicologocial implications. It facilitates the task of accessing and interpreting cogent scientific data and will be of interest to researchers, resource managers, and policy administrators.

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Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology attempts to provide concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications.

Inhalt

Foreword 5
Preface 7
Table of Contents 10
Remediation Technologies for Organochlorine-Contaminated Sites in Developing Countries 11
I. Introduction 11
II. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons as Key Environmental Pollutants 14
III. Implementing Remediation Technologies for Organochlorine-Contaminated Sites 18
A. Soil 21
B. Groundwater 23
IV. Definitions of an Integrated Approach 26
A. Soil Washing 27
B. Wastewater Treatment 27
C. Characterization of Waste Streams 29
D. Windrow Composting 30
V. Discussion 30
Summary 31
Acknowledgments 32
References 32
Chemistry and Fate of Triazolopyrimidine Sulfonamide Herbicides 41
I. Introduction 41
II. Chemistry 42
A. Physicochemical Properties 42
B. Synthesis 46
C. Mode of Toxic Action 46
III. Methods of Analysis 48
IV. Environmental Fate and Occurrence 49
V. Photodegradation 50
VI. Metabolism in Microorganisms, Plants, and Animals 53
Summary 58
References 58
Parameters for Carbamate Pesticide QSAR and PBPK/PD Models for Human Risk Assessment 63
I. Introduction 64
II. Nature of Carbamate Insecticides 66
A. Discovery 67
Physostigmine 67
Dimethylcarbamates 67
Phenylmethylcarbamates 67
Halogen-substituted phenyl-, thio-, and nitrophenylcarbamates 68
Multiple ring carbamates 68
N-acylated carbamates 69
Oxime carbamates 69
B. Carbamates and Their Toxicity 70
Acute oral toxicity 70
Acute dermal toxicity 71
III. QSAR Models for Predicting Biological Parameters Used in PBPK/PD Models 72
A. Human Oral Bioavailability 73
B. Toxicity Models 74
C. Liver Microsomal P450 and CYP Hydroxylation Models 76
D. Tissue:Blood Partition Coefficients 76
IV. Experimentally Derived Biological Parameters Used in PBPK/PD Models 78
A. Gastrointestinal Absorption 78
Bolus dose 78
Rate of ingestion 78
B. Skin Absorption 78
History 78
Relationship between Kp (permeation constant), skin:air, and skin:vehicle partition coefficients 79
Skin:blood partition coefficients 79
Dose–response, pharmacokinetic, and metabolism studies involving carbamate pesticides 79
C. Tissue Partition Coefficients/Distribution 81
Partition coefficients from in vitro data 81
Tissue : Blood Partition Coefficients from Mechanistic Models 83
Selection of log Po:w and log Do:w Values for Use in Mechanistic Models 85
Partition Coefficients for Carbamates and Metabolites 88
Graphs of log DpH 7.4 vs. Adipose Tissue : Blood and Liver : Blood Partition Coeffificients 89
D. Glucuronidation and Transcellular Transport 92
E. Metabolic Enzymes, P450s, and CaEs 93
Cytochrome P450s 93
Multiple Forms of CYPs 94
In Vitro Metabolism of Aldicarb, Carbaryl, and Carbofuran by Human and Rat Liver Microsomes and Individual CYPs 94
Hydrolysis of Carbamates by CaEs 96
F. Models for In Vivo Metabolism of Carbamates 97
Aldicarb 97
Carbaryl 98
Carbofuran 99
Formetanate 100
Methiocarb 100
Methomyl 101
Oxamyl 102
Pirimicarb 102
Propoxur 103
Thiodicarb 104
G. Response: In Vivo antiChE activity 104
Aldicarb 105
Carbaryl 105
Carbofuran 106
Formetanate 106
Methiocarb 106
Methomyl 106
Oxamyl 106
Pirimicarb 107
Propoxur 107
Thiodicarb 107
V. Target Enzymes, the ChEs and CaEs 108
A. Structure, Multiple Forms, and Distribution 108
AChE 108
BChE 111
CaE 112
B. AChE, BChE, and CaE Substrate Selectivities (Activity in Crude Tissue Preparations, Concentrations in Tissues, and Effects of Tetramer on Active Sites and Purififi cation) 112
Determination of AChE, BChE and CaE in crude tissue preparations 113
Active sites, a measure of B-esterase concentrations in tissue 114
Effects of tetramer and molecular forms on active site measurements 118
Purifification of AChE, BChE, and CaE 118
VI. Acylation and Decarbamylation of ChEs and CaEs 119
A. Hydrolysis of Substrates 119
Acylation/hydrolysis, AChE, BChE, and CaE 120
Kinetic activity of AChE, BChE, and CaE 121
Complexities of AChE and BChE kinetic activity 122
B. Carbamylation (Inhibition) and Decarbamylation of ChEs and CaEs 122
Inhibition of more than one form of enzyme 122
Inhibitory activity as function of carbamate structure 123
CaE inhibition by carbamates 123
Decarbamylation of Inhibited Molecular Forms, First-Order Rate Constant 123
C. Bimolecular Rate Inhibition Constants, ki, for the Ten Carbamates 124
Aldicarb-AChE and BChE Inhibition 126
Carbaryl-AChE and BChE Inhibition 126
Carbofuran-AChE and BChE Inhibition 127
Formetanate-AChE and BChE Inhibition 127
Methiocarb-AChE and BChE Inhibition 127
Methomyl-AChE and BChE Inhibition 128
Oxamyl-AChE and BChE Inhibition 128
Pirimicarb-AChE and BChE Inhibition 128
Propoxur-AChE and BChE Inhibition 128
Thiodicarb-AChE and BChE Inhibition 128
VII. Discussion 128
VIII. Recommendations 132
Summary 132
Acknowledgments 133
References 133
Appendix A: Chemical structures, physical parameters, and tissue: partition coeffifi cients of parent carbamates and metabolites. 152
Appendix B. Metabolic Pathways and Preliminary Metabolic Rate Constants (Vmax, Km) for the Metabolism of Parent Carbamates and Metabolites. 197
Appendix C. Physiological model for aldicarb depicting its metabolic pathway. 217
Appendix D. Nomenclature. 218
i. Acronyms and Abbreviations 218
ii. Chemical and Mathematical Expressions 220
Persistent Organic Pollutants in Vietnam: Environmental Contamination and Human Exposure 223
I. Introduction 223
II. Production and Use 225
III. Contamination Status 226
A. Air, Water, Sediments, and Soils 226
B. Biological Samples 240
C. Foodstuffs 252
D. Human Exposure 253
E. Dioxin Contamination 254
IV. Environmental Behavior and Bioaccumulation 279
A. Transport Behavior in Tropical Environments 279
B. Bioaccumulation in Biota 282
V. Temporal Trends 283
VI. Environmental and Human Health Implications 287
VII. Conclusions and Recommendations 292
Summary 294
Acknowledgments 294
References 295
Index 301

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 7.7.2010
• Reihe/Serie: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
• Reihe/Serie: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
• Zusatzinfo: XII, 300 p. 39 illus.
• Verlagsort: New York
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Biochemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• Themenwelt: Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei
• Schlagworte: Carbamate • Chemistry • Contamination • ecotoxicology • Environment • environmental contamination • environmental contamination and toxicology • exposure • herbicides • PBPK/PD • Pesticide • Pollutants • QSAR • remediation • Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology • Soil • Sulfonamide • terrestrial pollution • toxicological implications • Toxicology • triazolopyrimidine • Vietnam • xenobiotic • xenobiotics
• ISBN-10: 0-387-73163-6 / 0387731636
• ISBN-13: 978-0-387-73163-6 / 9780387731636