Complications in Small Animal Surgery (eBook)

Dominique Griffon, Annick Hamaide (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2015
John Wiley & Sons (Verlag)
978-1-118-81388-1 (ISBN)

Infos

Complications in Small Animal Surgery provides a complete reference to diagnosing, managing, and treating surgical complications, with information following a standardized format for ease of use.

•     Presents comprehensive information on diagnosing, managing, and preventing surgical complications using an accessible format
•     Offers a  well-defined, thoroughly illustrated format to maximize practical value, with algorithms, tables, practical tips, and many images throughout
•     Covers common and uncommon complications in all body systems
•     Serves as a reference to recent literature relevant to each complication
•     Includes access to a companion website with videos, figures from the book available for download into PowerPoint, and linked references at www.wiley.com/go/griffon/complications

Dominique J. Griffon, DMV, MS, PhD, DECVS, DACVS, MRCVS, is Professor in Small Animal Surgery and Associate Dean for Research at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences in Pomona, California, USA.

Annick Hamaide, DVM, PhD, DECVS, is Associate Professor in Surgical Oncology at the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège in Liège, Belgium.

Inhalt

Complications in Small Animal Surgery 3
Dedication 4
Contents 7
List of Contributors 11
Preface and Acknowledgements 15
About the companion website 17
SECTION 1 Surgical Infections 19
1 Surgical Wound Infections 21
Definition 21
Risk factors 21
Diagnosis 22
Treatment 22
Drainage or debridement of the wound 22
Selection of antimicrobials 22
Other supportive treatment 22
Outcome 22
Prevention 22
Preoperative 22
Intraoperative 23
Postoperative 23
Surveillance 23
Relevant literature 23
References 25
2 Sepsis 26
Definition 26
Risk factors 26
Diagnosis 27
Treatment 28
Monitoring 28
Initial resuscitation 28
Antibiotic therapy 29
Fluid therapy 29
Vasopressor therapy 29
Inotropes 29
Source control 29
Nutrition 29
Adjunctive therapies 30
Complications 30
Cellular pathophysiology of sepsis 30
References 31
3 Pyothorax 33
Definition and pathophysiology 33
Etiology 33
Microbiology 33
Incidence 34
Risk factors 34
Preoperative pyothorax 34
Postoperative pyothorax 34
Diagnosis 34
Signalment and clinical signs 34
Laboratory and diagnostic imaging findings 34
Treatment 35
Outcomes and prognostic indicators 36
Relevant literature 36
References 37
4 Peritonitis 38
Classification 38
Pathophysiology 39
Diagnosis 39
Clinical signs 39
Blood analysis 40
Diagnostic imaging 40
Abdominocentesis and diagnostic abdominal lavage 40
Sample analysis 40
Secondary septic peritonitis 41
Definition 41
Risk factors 41
Diagnosis 42
Treatment 42
Outcome 45
Prevention 45
References 45
5 Osteomyelitis 46
Definition 46
Risk factors 46
Diagnosis 46
Treatment 47
Debridement and lavage 47
Stabilization 48
Local antibiotherapy 48
Biologic stimulation of bone healing 48
Infection control program 49
Prognosis 49
Prevention 49
Patient preparation 49
Preparation of the surgery team 49
Surgical technique 49
Postoperative care 49
Relevant literature 49
References 51
6 Septic Arthritis 52
Definition 52
Risk factors 52
Procedure-dependent factors 52
Patient-dependent factors 52
Diagnosis of bacterial infective arthritis 53
Treatment of postsurgical septic arthritis 54
Outcome 55
Prevention 55
Relevant literature 55
References 56
7 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcal Infections 57
Definition 57
Risk Factors 57
Diagnosis 57
Treatment 58
Outcome 59
Prevention 59
Relevant literature 59
References 61
8 Hospital-Associated Infections 63
Definition 63
Risk factors 63
Diagnosis 64
Treatment 64
Biocontainment of infectious cases 65
Enhanced contact precautions 65
Treatment of contact areas 65
Outcome 66
Prevention and the components of an infection control plan 66
Infection control manual 66
Infection control personnel 66
Training and documentation 66
Surveillance 67
Preventive measures involving the hospital environment 67
Preventive measures involving the surgical patient 70
Conclusion 71
References 71
SECTION 2 General Postoperative Complications 73
9 Dehiscence 75
Definition 75
Risk factors 75
Inadequate technique 75
Excessive tension 75
Infection 76
Underlying hematoma or seroma 76
Suture of nonviable tissue 76
Underlying foreign body 76
Underlying neoplasia 76
Systemic factors 76
Self-trauma 77
Radiation therapy 77
Risk factors specific to intestinal dehiscence 77
Diagnosis 77
Cutaneous dehiscence 77
Abdominal wall dehiscence 77
Intestinal dehiscence 77
Treatment 78
Cutaneous dehiscence 78
Abdominal wall dehiscence 78
Intestinal wound dehiscence 78
Outcome 78
Cutaneous dehiscence 78
Abdominal wall dehiscence 78
Intestinal wound dehiscence 79
Prevention 79
Cutaneous dehiscence 79
Abdominal wall dehiscence 79
Intestinal wound dehiscence 79
Relevant literature 79
Cutaneous dehiscence 79
Abdominal wall dehiscence 80
Intestinal wound dehiscence 80
References 80
10 Suture Reactions 82
Definition 82
Risk factors 82
Diagnosis 82
Treatment 82
Outcome 83
Prevention 83
Relevant literature 83
References 83
11 Hyperthermia 84
Definition 84
Risk factors 84
Diagnosis 84
History 85
Physical examination 85
Treatment 85
Outcome 85
Prevention 85
INFECTIOUS HYPERTHERMIA 85
Wound infection 85
Surgical site infection 85
Catheter line infection 85
Definition 85
Risk factors 85
Diagnosis 85
Treatment 85
Outcome 85
Prevention 85
Urinary tract infection 85
Definition 85
Risk factors 85
Diagnosis 85
Treatment 86
Outcome 86
Prevention 86
Respiratory tract infection 86
Definition 86
Risk factors 86
Diagnosis 86
Treatment 86
Outcome 86
Prevention 86
NONINFECTIOUS HYPERTHERMIA 86
Stress and agitation 86
Definition 86
Risk factors 86
Diagnosis 86
Treatment 86
Outcome 86
Prevention 86
Inflammatory hyperthermia 86
Definition 86
Risk factors 86
Diagnosis 86
Treatment 87
Outcome 87
Prevention 87
Overheating 87
Definition 87
Risk factors 87
Diagnosis 87
Treatment 87
Outcome 87
Prevention 87
Pharmacologic agents 87
Definition 87
Risk factors 87
Diagnosis 87
Treatment 87
Outcome 87
Prevention 87
Opioid-induced hyperthermia 87
Definition 87
Risk factors 87
Diagnosis 87
Treatment 87
Outcome 87
Prevention 87
Neuromuscular disease 88
Definition 88
Risk factors 88
Diagnosis 88
Treatment 88
Outcome 88
Prevention 88
Relevant literature 88
References 89
12 Hemorrhage 90
Definition 90
Risk factors 90
Patient factors 90
Surgeon factors 90
Diagnosis 90
Treatment 91
Outcome 93
Prevention 94
Relevant literature 95
References 96
13 Anorexia 97
Definition 97
Simple starvation 97
Stress starvation 97
Refeeding syndrome 97
Risk factors 98
Treatment 98
Patient selection 98
Enteral feeding 98
Parenteral feeding 100
Outcome 100
Prevention 100
Relevant literature 100
References 101
14 Management of Surgical Pain 102
Definition 102
Risk factors for inadequate pain control 102
Diagnosis 102
Assessment of pain 102
Treatment of pain 104
Prevention 104
Relevant literature 105
Physiology of pain 105
Methods for assessment of pain 107
Analgesics 107
Opioids 107
Opioid agonists 108
Opioid antagonists 109
Opioid partial agonists and mixed agonist–antagonists 109
Development of new opioids 109
Use of opioids with sedatives 109
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 110
?2 Adrenoceptor agonists 110
Other nonopioid, non-NSAID analgesics 110
Physical therapy, including acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation 111
Local and regional anesthesia 112
Anatomy and techniques for epidural anesthesia in dogs and cats 112
Pharmacologic choices for epidural anesthesia 112
Summary 113
References 113
15 Complications Associated with Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs 115
Gastrointestinal damage 116
Definition 116
Risk factors 116
Diagnosis and clinical signs 116
Prevention and treatment 116
Outcome 118
Renal disease 118
Definition 118
Risk factors 118
Diagnosis 118
Prevention 118
Treatment 119
Outcome 119
Hepatic disease 119
Definition 119
Risk factors 119
Diagnosis 119
Prevention 119
Outcome 119
Interference with coagulation andhematopoiesis 120
Definition 120
Risk factors 120
Diagnosis 120
Prevention 120
Outcome 120
Interference with bone and cartilagemetabolism 120
Definition 120
Risk factors 120
Diagnosis 120
Prevention 120
Outcome 120
Relevant literature 120
Epidemiology 120
Roles of cyclooxygenase isoenzymes and cyclooxygenase selectivity 121
Pathogenesis of complications associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 122
Interspecies differences in nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug toxicity 123
Conclusions 123
References 124
16 Complications Associated with External Coaptation 128
Degenerative Joint Disease 128
Bone Resorption 128
Malunion 128
Nonunion 128
Premature Physeal Closure 128
Quadriceps Contracture 128
Carpal Contracture 128
Neurapraxia 128
Edema 128
Definition 128
Risk factors 128
Diagnosis 129
Treatment 129
Outcome 129
Prevention 129
Pyodermatitis 130
Definition 130
Risk factors 130
Diagnosis 130
Treatment 130
Outcome 130
Prevention 130
Abrasions, pressure sores, and ulcers 131
Definition 131
Risk factors 131
Diagnosis 132
Treatment 132
Outcome 132
Prevention 133
Abnormal range of motion 133
Definition 133
Risk factors 133
Diagnosis 133
Treatment 133
Outcome 133
Prevention 133
Osteofascial compartment syndrome 133
Definition 133
Risk factors 133
Diagnosis 134
Treatment 134
Outcome 134
Prevention 134
Relevant literature 134
References 135
17 Complications Associated with Rehabilitation Modalities 136
Pain and inflammation 136
Definition 136
Risk factors 136
Diagnosis 136
Treatment 136
Prevention 136
Primary or latent infection 137
Definition 137
Risk factors 137
Diagnosis 137
Treatment 137
Prevention 137
Cutaneous burns 137
Definition 137
Risk factors 137
Diagnosis 138
Treatment 138
Prevention 138
Retinal burns 139
Definition 139
Risk factors 139
Diagnosis 139
Treatment 139
Prevention 139
Traumatic injuries to the digits and tail 139
Definition 139
Risk factors 139
Diagnosis 139
Treatment 139
Prevention 140
Muscle and tendon fatigue 140
Definition 140
Risk factors 140
Diagnosis 140
Treatment 140
Prevention 140
Peripheral nerve injury 141
Definition 141
Risk factors 141
Diagnosis 141
Treatment 141
Prevention 141
Drowning 141
Definition 141
Risk factors 141
Diagnosis 141
Treatment 141
Prevention 141
Relevant literature 141
Conclusion 143
References 143
18 Degenerative Joint Disease 144
Infection: septic arthritis (see Chapter 1) 144
Iatrogenic damage 144
Risk factors 144
Diagnosis 145
Treatment 145
Prevention 145
Malreduction 147
Definition 147
Risk factors 147
Diagnosis 147
Treatment 147
Prevention 147
Malunion (see Chapter 100) 147
Fracture disease 147
Definition 147
Risk factors 147
Diagnosis 148
Treatment 148
Prevention 149
Progression of presurgical degenerativejoint disease 149
Definition 149
Risk factors 149
Diagnosis 149
Treatment 149
Prevention 149
Relevant literature 150
References 151
SECTION 3 Surgery of the Head and Neck 153
19 Dorsal Rhinotomy 155
Hemorrhage 155
Etiopathogenesis 155
Diagnosis 155
Treatment 155
Prevention 156
Entrance into the cranial vault 156
Etiopathogenesis 156
Diagnosis 156
Treatment 156
Prevention 156
Pneumocephalus and septic meningoencephalitis 156
Subcutaneous emphysema 156
Etiopathogenesis 156
Diagnosis 156
Treatment 156
Prevention 157
Failure to mouth breathe 157
Etiopathogenesis 157
Diagnosis 157
Treatment 157
Prevention 158
Aspiration pneumonia 158
Etiopathogenesis 158
Diagnosis 158
Treatment 158
Prevention 158
Anorexia and pain 158
Etiopathogenesis 158
Diagnosis 158
Treatment 158
Prevention 158
Persistent nasal discharge or respiratory noise and recurrence of disease 158
Etiopathogenesis 158
Diagnosis 159
Treatment 159
Prevention 160
Relevant literature 160
References 161
20 Sublingual and Mandibular Sialadenectomy 162
Mucocele recurrence 162
Definition 162
Risk factors 162
Diagnosis 163
Treatment 163
Outcome 164
Prevention 164
Respiratory and swallowing problems 164
Definition 164
Risk factors 164
Diagnosis 164
Treatment 164
Outcome 167
Prevention 167
Relevant literature 167
References 167
21 Incisional Drainage of Aural Hematomas 168
Cosmetic alterations 169
Definition 169
Risk factors 169
Diagnosis 169
Treatment 169
Outcome 169
Prevention 169
Recurrence of hematoma 170
Definition 170
Risk factors 170
Diagnosis 170
Treatment 170
Outcome 170
Prevention 170
Pinna necrosis 170
Definition 170
Risk factors 170
Diagnosis 170
Treatment 170
Outcome 171
Prevention 171
Relevant literature 171
References 172
22 Ear Canal Surgery 173
Lateral and vertical ear canal resection 173
Infection 173
Incisional dehiscence 173
Etiopathogenesis 173
Diagnosis 174
Treatment 174
Prevention 174
Stenosis of the horizontal ear canal 174
Etiopathogenesis 174
Diagnosis 174
Treatment 174
Prevention 174
Facial nerve palsy 174
Cosmetic complications 174
Relevant literature 174
Total ear canal resection with lateral bulla osteotomy 175
Hemorrhage 175
Etiopathogenesis 175
Treatment 175
Prevention 175
Facial nerve palsy 176
Etiopathogenesis 176
Diagnosis 176
Treatment 176
Prevention 176
Horner’s syndrome 176
Etiopathogenesis 176
Diagnosis 176
Treatment 176
Prevention 176
Other neurologic complications 177
Etiopathogenesis 177
Diagnosis 177
Treatment 177
Prevention 177
Cosmetic complications 177
Etiopathogenesis 177
Prevention 177
Infection, cellulitis, abscessation, and fistulation 178
Etiopathogenesis 178
Diagnosis 178
Treatment 179
Prevention 179
Relevant literature 179
References 180
23 Ventral Bulla Osteotomy 182
Infection 182
Definition 182
Risk factors 182
Diagnosis 182
Treatment 183
Outcome 183
Prevention 183
Hemorrhage 184
Definition 184
Risk factors 185
Diagnosis 185
Treatment 185
Outcome 185
Prevention 185
Incisional swelling 185
Definition 185
Risk factors 185
Diagnosis 185
Treatment 185
Outcome 185
Prevention 186
Horner’s syndrome 186
Definition 186
Risk factors 186
Diagnosis 186
Treatment 186
Outcome 186
Prevention 186
Facial nerve palsy 186
Definition 186
Risk factors 187
Diagnosis 187
Treatment 187
Outcome 187
Prevention 187
Vestibular syndrome 187
Definition 187
Risk factors 187
Diagnosis 187
Treatment 187
Outcome 187
Prevention 187
Relevant literature 188
References 188
24 Surgical Management of Brachycephalic Airway Obstructive Syndrome 189
Anesthetic complications 189
Definition 189
Risk factors 189
Diagnosis 190
Treatment 190
Outcome 190
Prevention 190
Postoperative upper airway obstruction 190
Definition 190
Risk factors 190
Diagnosis 190
Treatment 191
Outcome 191
Prevention 191
Nasal wound healing complications 191
Definition 191
Risk factors 191
Diagnosis 191
Treatment 191
Outcome 191
Prevention 191
Aspiration pneumonia 191
Definition 191
Risk factors 191
Diagnosis 192
Treatment 192
Outcome 192
Prevention 192
Perioperative gastrointestinal signs 192
Definition 192
Risk factors 193
Diagnosis 193
Treatment 193
Prevention 193
Outcome 193
Persistent signs of upper airway obstruction 193
Definition 193
Risk factors 193
Diagnosis 193
Outcome and treatment 193
Prevention 194
Relevant literature 194
References 195
25 Surgical Management of Laryngeal Paralysis 196
Hemorrhage 196
Penetration into the laryngeal lumen 196
Etiopathogenesis 196
Diagnosis 197
Treatment 197
Prevention 197
Esophageal laceration 197
Cartilage laceration and fracture 197
Etiopathogenesis 197
Diagnosis 197
Treatment 197
Prevention 197
Postoperative edema 197
Etiopathogenesis 197
Diagnosis 197
Treatment 197
Prevention 198
Aspiration pneumonia and coughing and gagging with eating and drinking 199
Etiopathogenesis 199
Diagnosis 199
Treatment 199
Prevention 199
Seroma formation 199
Persistent upper airway obstruction 199
Etiopathogenesis 199
Diagnosis 200
Treatment 200
Prevention 200
Relevant literature 200
References 201
26 Thyroidectomy 203
Anesthetic risks of thyrotoxicosis 203
Definition 203
Risk factors 203
Diagnosis 203
Treatment 203
Outcome 204
Prevention 204
Hypothyroidism 204
Definition 204
Risk factors 204
Diagnosis 204
Treatment 204
Outcome 204
Prevention 204
Hemorrhage 204
Definition 204
Risk factors 204
Diagnosis 204
Treatment 205
Outcome 205
Prevention 206
Hypocalcemia 206
Risk factors 206
Diagnosis 206
Treatment 206
Outcome 207
Prevention 207
Recurrence of signs 207
Definition 207
Risk factors 207
Diagnosis 207
Treatment 207
Outcome 207
Prevention 207
Neurologic complications 207
Definition 207
Risk factors 208
Diagnosis 208
Treatment 208
Outcome 208
Prevention 208
Relevant literature 208
Feline 208
Canine 209
References 209
27 Parathyroidectomy 211
Hypercalcemia 211
Definition 211
Risk factors 211
Diagnosis 211
Treatment 211
Outcome 212
Prevention 212
Hypocalcemia 212
Definition 212
Risk factors 212
Diagnosis 213
Treatment 213
Outcome 213
Prevention 213
Neurologic complications 213
Definition 213
Risk factors 213
Diagnosis 213
Treatment 213
Outcome 214
Prevention 214
Relevant literature 214
References 215
28 Tracheal Surgery 216
Temporary tracheostomy 216
Definition 217
Risk factors 218
Diagnosis 218
Treatment 219
Outcome 219
Prevention 219
Permanent tracheostomy 220
Definition 220
Risk factors and outcome 220
Diagnosis 220
Treatment 220
Prevention 221
Tracheal resection and anastomosis 221
Definition 221
Risk factors 222
Diagnosis 222
Treatment 222
Outcome 223
Prevention 223
References 223
29 Tracheal Stenting 224
Complications associated with deployment 224
Definition 224
Risk factors 224
Diagnosis 224
Treatment 224
Outcome 225
Prevention 225
Anesthetic complications 225
Definition 225
Risk factors 225
Diagnosis 226
Treatment 226
Outcome 226
Prevention 226
Stent obstruction caused by granulomaformation 226
Definition 226
Risk factors 226
Diagnosis 226
Treatment 226
Outcome 227
Prevention 227
Stent migration 227
Definition 227
Risk factors 227
Diagnosis 227
Treatment 227
Outcome 228
Prevention 228
Stent fracture 228
Definition 228
Risk factors 228
Diagnosis 228
Treatment 229
Outcome 229
Prevention 229
Tracheitis 229
Definition 229
Risk factors 229
Diagnosis 229
Treatment 230
Outcome 230
Prevention 230
Bacterial pneumonia 230
Definition 230
Risk factors 230
Diagnosis 230
Treatment 230
Outcome 230
Prevention 230
Progressive tracheal collapse or mainstem bronchus collapse 230
Definition 230
Risk factors 230
Diagnosis 230
Treatment 230
Prevention 230
Persistent clinical signs with extratracheal complications 231
Definition 231
Risk factors 231
Diagnosis 231
Treatment 231
Outcome 231
Prevention 231
Relevant literature 231
References 232
SECTION 4 Dental and Oral Surgery 233
30 Repair of Mandibular and Maxillary Fractures 235
Airway obstruction 235
Definition 235
Risk factors 235
Diagnosis 235
Treatment 235
Outcome 235
Prevention 236
Brain injury 236
Definition 236
Risk factors 236
Diagnosis 236
Treatment 237
Outcome 237
Prevention 237
Malocclusion 237
Definition 237
Risk factors 238
Diagnosis 238
Treatment 238
Outcome 239
Prevention 239
Nonunion 239
Definition 239
Risk factors 239
Diagnosis 239
Treatment 239
Outcome 240
Prevention 240
Temporomandibular joint luxation, dysplasia, fracture, or locked coronoid process 240
Definition 240
Risk factors 240
Diagnosis 240
Treatment 241
Outcome 242
Prevention 242
Temporomandibular joint ankylosis 242
Definition 242
Risk factors 242
Diagnosis 242
Treatment 243
Prevention 243
Relevant literature 243
References 245
31 Partial Mandibulectomy 247
Hemorrhage 247
Definition 247
Risk factors 247
Diagnosis 247
Treatment 247
Outcome 247
Prevention 247
Incisional swelling 247
Definition 247
Risk factors 247
Diagnosis 247
Treatment 247
Outcome 247
Prevention 247
Ranula-like lesions 248
Definition 248
Risk factors 248
Diagnosis 248
Treatment 248
Outcome 248
Prevention 248
Wound dehiscence 248
Definition 248
Risk factors 248
Diagnosis 248
Treatment 248
Outcome 248
Prevention 249
Ptyalism 249
Definition 249
Risk factors 249
Diagnosis 249
Treatment 249
Outcome 249
Prevention 249
Mandibular drift and malocclusion 249
Definition 249
Risk factors 249
Diagnosis 249
Treatment 249
Outcome 249
Prevention 249
Eating difficulties 250
Definition 250
Risk factors 250
Diagnosis 250
Treatment 250
Outcome 250
Prevention 250
Grooming difficulties 250
Definition 250
Risk factors 250
Diagnosis 250
Treatment 250
Outcome 250
Prevention 251
Tongue protrusion 251
Definition 251
Risk factors 251
Diagnosis 251
Treatment 251
Outcome 251
Prevention 251
Relevant literature 251
References 253
32 Partial Maxillectomy 255
Intraoperative hemorrhage 255
Definition 255
Risk factors 255
Diagnosis 255
Treatment 255
Outcome 255
Prevention 255
Incisional swelling 255
Definition 255
Risk factors 255
Diagnosis 256
Treatment 256
Outcome 256
Prevention 256
Wound dehiscence and oronasal fistula 256
Definition 256
Risk factors 256
Diagnosis 256
Treatment 256
Outcome 256
Prevention 256
Wound dehiscence and oronasal fistula 256
Definition 256
Risk factors 256
Diagnosis 256
Treatment 256
Outcome 256
Prevention 256
Ulcer formation secondary to trauma by teeth 257
Definition 257
Risk factors 257
Diagnosis 257
Treatment 257
Outcome 258
Prevention 258
Eating difficulties 258
Definition 258
Risk factors 258
Diagnosis 258
Treatment 258
Outcome 258
Prevention 258
Cosmetic appearance 258
Definition 258
Risk factors 258
Diagnosis 258
Treatment 258
Outcome 259
Prevention 259
Relevant literature 259
References 262
33 Lingual Surgery 263
Intraoperative hemorrhage 263
Definition 263
Risk factors 263
Diagnosis 263
Treatment 263
Outcome 263
Prevention 263
Wound dehiscence 263
Definition 263
Risk factors 263
Diagnosis 263
Treatment 263
Outcome 263
Prevention 264
Ptyalism 264
Definition 264
Risk factors 264
Diagnosis 264
Treatment 264
Outcome 264
Prevention 264
Eating difficulties 264
Definition 264
Risk factors 264
Diagnosis 264
Treatment 264
Outcome 265
Prevention 265
Relevant literature 265
References 265
34 Tooth Extractions 267
Retention of broken tooth roots 267
Definition 267
Risk factors 267
Diagnosis 267
Treatment 267
Outcome 268
Prevention 268
Oronasal communication and fistula 269
Definition 269
Risk factors 269
Diagnosis 269
Treatment 269
Outcome 270
Prevention 270
Fractured mandible 270
Definition 270
Risk factors 270
Diagnosis 271
Treatment (Figure 34.10) 271
Outcome 272
Prevention 273
Persistent hemorrhage 273
Migration of roots 273
Definition 273
Risk factors 273
Diagnosis 275
Treatment 275
Outcome 276
Prevention 276
Infection and osteomyelitis 276
Bacteremia and septicemia 276
Traumatic occlusion 276
Definition 276
Risk factors 276
Diagnosis 277
Treatment (Figure 34.16) 277
Outcome 277
Prevention 277
Relevant literature 277
References 279
35 Tonsillectomy 281
Hemorrhage 281
Pharyngeal edema 281
Aspiration pneumonia 281
Recurrence of disease 281
Definition 281
Risk factors 281
Diagnosis 281
Treatment 281
Outcome 281
Prevention 281
Relevant literature 281
References 282
36 Repair of Congenital Defects of the Hard and Soft Palates 283
Hemorrhage 283
Pharyngeal edema 283
Aspiration pneumonia 283
Dehiscence and oronasal fistula formation 283
Definition 283
Risk factors 283
Diagnosis 284
Treatment 284
Outcome 284
Prevention 284
Growth abnormalities 284
Definition 284
Risk factors 284
Diagnosis 284
Treatment 284
Prevention 284
Relevant literature 284
References 285
SECTION 5 Thoracic Surgery 287
37 General Complications 289
Hemothorax 289
Definition 289
Risk factors 289
Diagnosis 290
Treatment (Figure 37.3) 290
Outcome 290
Prevention 290
Pneumothorax 291
Definition 291
Risk factors 291
Diagnosis 291
Treatment (Figure 37.5) 291
Outcome 292
Prevention 292
Pyothorax 292
Definition 292
Risk factors 292
Diagnosis 292
Treatment 292
Outcome 294
Prevention 294
Neoplastic effusion 294
Definition 294
Risk factors 294
Diagnosis 294
Treatment 294
Outcome 294
Prevention 295
Chylothorax 295
Definition 295
Risk factors 295
Diagnosis 295
Treatment 295
Outcome 295
Pulmonary atelectasis 295
Definition 295
Risk factors 295
Treatment 295
Outcome 296
Prevention 296
Reexpansion pulmonary edema 296
Definition 296
Risks factors 296
Diagnosis 296
Treatment 296
Outcome 296
Prevention 296
Secretion retention (sputum) 296
Definition 296
Risk factors 296
Diagnosis 296
Treatment 297
Outcome 297
Prevention 297
Pneumonia 297
Definition 297
Risk factors 297
Diagnosis 297
Treatment 297
Outcome 297
Prevention 297
Lung lobe torsion 297
Definition 297
Risk factors 297
Diagnosis 297
Treatment 297
Outcome 297
Prevention 298
Hypoxemia 298
Definition 298
Risk factors 298
Diagnosis 298
Treatment 298
Outcome 298
Prevention 298
Hypoventilation 298
Definition 298
Risk factors 298
Diagnosis 298
Treatment 299
Outcome 299
Prevention 299
Phrenic nerve injury 299
Anatomy 299
Risk factors 299
Diagnosis 299
Treatment 299
Outcome 299
Prevention 299
Postoperative pain 299
Relevant literature 299
References 300
38 Thoracostomy and Thoracocentesis 302
Inability to place a tube 302
Definition 302
Risk factors 302
Treatment 302
Outcome 302
Prevention 302
Improper tube placement 302
Definition 302
Risk factors 302
Diagnosis 302
Treatment 303
Outcome 303
Prevention 303
Problems with tube maintenance 303
Definition 303
Risk factors 303
Diagnosis 303
Treatment 303
Outcome 303
Prevention 306
Iatrogenic intrathoracic or abdominal damage 306
Definition 306
Risk factors 306
Diagnosis 307
Treatment 307
Outcome 307
Prevention 307
Insufficient pleural drainage 308
Definition 308
Risk factors 308
Diagnosis 308
Treatment 308
Outcome 308
Prevention 308
Pyothorax 308
Definition 308
Risk factors 308
Diagnosis 308
Treatment 308
Outcome 308
Prevention 308
Pneumothorax 309
Definition 309
Risk factors 309
Diagnosis 309
Treatment 309
Outcome 309
Prevention 309
Pleural effusion 309
Definition 309
Risk factors 309
Diagnosis 309
Treatment 309
Outcome 309
Prevention 309
Pain 309
Definition 309
Risk factors 309
Diagnosis 310
Treatment 310
Outcome 310
Prevention 310
Relevant literature 310
References 311
39 Complications After Intercostal and Sternal Thoracotomy 312
Excessive wound inflammation, bruising, edema, or swelling 312
Definition 312
Risk factors 312
Diagnosis 313
Treatment 313
Outcome 313
Prevention 313
Seroma 313
Definition 313
Risk factors 313
Diagnosis 313
Treatment 314
Outcome 314
Prevention 314
Wound discharge, dehiscence, and infection 314
Definition 314
Risk factors 314
Diagnosis 314
Treatment 314
Outcome 314
Prevention 315
Osteomyelitis 315
Definition 315
Risk factors 315
Diagnosis 315
Treatment 315
Outcome 315
Prevention 315
Displaced or fractured sternebrae and fractured ribs 315
Incidence 315
Risk factors 315
Diagnosis 315
Treatment 315
Outcome 315
Prevention 315
Wound hemorrhage 316
Definition 316
Risk factors 316
Diagnosis 316
Treatment 316
Outcome 316
Prevention 316
Ipsilateral thoracic limb lameness and neurologic deficits 316
Definition 316
Risk factors 316
Diagnosis 316
Treatment 316
Outcome 316
Prevention 316
Relevant literature 316
References 317
40 Thoracoscopy 318
INTRAOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS 318
Lack of visualization 318
Definition 318
Risk factors 318
Diagnosis 318
Treatment 318
Outcome 319
Prevention 319
Iatrogenic injuries 319
Definition 319
Risk factors 319
Diagnosis 319
Treatment 319
Outcome 319
Prevention 319
Contamination or metastasis of the thoracic wall 320
Definition 320
Risk factor 320
Diagnosis 320
Prevention 320
POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS 320
Pneumothorax 320
Definition 320
Risk factor 320
Diagnosis 320
Treatment 320
Prevention 320
Hemorrhage 320
Definition 320
Risk factors 320
Diagnosis 320
Treatment 320
Prevention 320
Relevant literature 320
References 322
41 Bronchial and Pulmonary Surgery 323
Perioperative bronchopleural fistula 323
Definition 323
Risk factors 323
Diagnosis 323
Treatment 323
Outcome 323
Prevention 323
Perioperative failure to achieve air-thigh seal suture 323
Definition 323
Risk factors 324
Treatment 324
Outcome 324
Prevention 324
Perioperative hemorrhage 324
Definition 324
Risk factors 325
Treatment 325
Outcome 325
Prevention 325
Airway obstruction 325
Definition 325
Risk factors 325
Diagnosis 325
Treatment 325
Outcome 326
Prevention 326
Intraoperative pleural contamination 326
Definition 326
Risk factors 326
Treatment 326
Outcome 326
Prevention 326
Postoperative subcutaneous emphysema 326
Definition 326
Risk factors 326
Diagnosis 326
Treatment 326
Outcome 326
Prevention 326
Postoperative pulmonary complications 327
Postoperative cardiac complications 327
Definition 327
Risk factors 327
Diagnosis 327
Treatment 327
Outcome 327
Prevention 327
Mediastinal shift 327
Definition 327
Diagnosis 327
Treatment 327
Outcome 327
Prevention 327
Postoperative bronchopleural fistula 327
Definition 327
Risk factors 327
Diagnosis 327
Treatment 328
Outcome 328
Prevention 328
Acute respiratory distress syndrome and postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema 328
Definition 328
Risk factors 328
Diagnosis 328
Treatment 328
Outcome 328
Prevention 328
Respiratory insufficiency 328
Definition 328
Risk factors 328
Diagnosis 328
Treatment 328
Outcome 328
Prevention 328
Relevant literature 328
References 329
42 Chylothorax 331
Continued chylous pleural effusion 331
Definition 331
Risk factors 331
Diagnosis 331
Treatment 332
Outcome 333
Prevention 333
Continued nonchylous pleural effusion 333
Definition 333
Risk factors 333
Diagnosis 333
Treatment 333
Outcome 333
Prevention 333
Fibrosing pleuritis 333
Definition 333
Risk factors 333
Diagnosis 334
Treatment 334
Outcome 334
Prevention 334
Postoperative chyloabdomen 334
Definition 334
Risk factors 335
Diagnosis 335
Treatment and outcome 335
Prevention 335
Relevant literature 335
References 335
43 Esophagoscopy and Esophageal Surgery 337
Perforation 338
Definition 338
Risk factors 338
Diagnosis 338
Treatment 338
Outcome 338
Prevention 338
Infection 338
Stricture 338
Definition 338
Risk factors 339
Diagnosis 339
Treatment 339
Outcome 339
Prevention 339
Diverticulum 339
Definition 339
Risk factors 339
Diagnosis 340
Treatment 340
Outcome 340
Prevention 340
Relevant literature 340
References 340
44 Aortic Arch Anomalies 341
Hemorrhage 342
Infection 342
Aspiration pneumonia 342
Megaesophagus 342
Definition 342
Risk factors 343
Diagnosis 343
Treatment 343
Outcome 343
Prevention 343
Regurgitation 343
Definition 343
Risk factors 343
Diagnosis 343
Treatment 343
Outcome 343
Prevention 343
Relevant literature 343
References 344
45 Thymectomy 346
Intraoperative and early postoperative mortality 347
Definition 347
Risk factors 347
Hemorrhage 347
Acquired myasthenia gravis 347
Definition 347
Risk factors 347
Diagnosis 347
Metastasis or residual tumor 348
Definition 348
Risk factors 348
Diagnosis 348
Treatment 349
Outcome 349
Hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia 349
Definition 349
Risk factors 349
Diagnosis 349
Treatment 349
Outcome 349
Neurologic complications 349
Definition 349
Risk factors 349
Diagnosis 350
Treatment 350
Outcome 350
Relevant literature 350
References 352
46 Pericardial Surgery 353
Hemorrhage 353
Definition 353
Risk factors 353
Diagnosis 353
Treatment 353
Outcome 353
Prevention 353
Cardiac tamponade 353
Definition 353
Risk factors 354
Diagnosis 354
Treatment 354
Outcome 354
Prevention 354
Cardiac herniation 354
Definition 354
Risk factor 354
Diagnosis 354
Treatment 354
Outcome 354
Prevention 354
Phrenic nerve injury 354
Definition 354
Risk factors 354
Diagnosis 354
Treatment 354
Outcome 354
Prevention 354
Recurrence of pericardial effusion 355
Definition 355
Risk factor 355
Diagnosis 355
Treatment 355
Outcome 355
Prevention 355
References 355
47 Patent Ductus Arteriosus 356
Intraoperative hemorrhage 357
Definition 357
Risk factors 358
Treatment 358
Outcome and Prevention 358
Recanalization of the ductus 359
Definition 359
Risk factors 359
Diagnosis 359
Treatment 359
Outcome 359
Prevention 359
Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury 359
Definition and risk factors 359
Diagnosis 359
Outcome 359
Prevention 359
Left atrial herniation 359
Definition and risk factors 359
Diagnosis 359
Treatment 359
Outcome 359
Prevention 359
Ductus aneurysmal rupture 360
Definition 360
Prevention 360
References 360
48 Cardiac Pacemaker Implantation 361
Ventricular premature complexes and ventricular tachycardia 362
Definition 362
Risk factors 362
Diagnosis 362
Outcome 362
Prevention 362
Ventricular fibrillation 363
Definition 363
Risk factors 363
Diagnosis 363
Treatment 363
Outcome 363
Prevention 363
Supraventricular arrhythmias: supraventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation 363
Definition 363
Risk factors 363
Diagnosis 363
Treatment 363
Outcome 363
Prevention 363
Ventricular asystole 363
Definition 363
Risk factors 363
Diagnosis 363
Treatment 363
Prevention 363
Surgical wound complications 363
Definition 363
Risk factors 363
Diagnosis 364
Treatment 364
Prevention 364
Infection 364
Definition 364
Risk factors 364
Diagnosis 364
Treatment 364
Outcome 364
Prevention 365
Electrode detachment 365
Definition 365
Risk factors 365
Diagnosis 366
Treatment 366
Outcome 366
Prevention 366
Lead breakage 366
Definition 366
Risk factors 366
Diagnosis 366
Treatment 366
Outcome 367
Prevention 367
Electrode fibrosis 367
Definition 367
Risk factors 367
Diagnosis 367
Treatment 367
Outcome 367
Prevention 367
Power source depletion or failure 367
Definition 367
Risk factors 367
Diagnosis 367
Treatment 367
Outcome 367
Prevention 367
Skeletal muscle stimulation 367
Definition 367
Risk factors 367
Diagnosis 367
Treatment 367
Outcome 368
Prevention 368
Thrombosis or thromboembolism 368
Definition 368
Risk factors 368
Diagnosis 368
Treatment 368
Outcome 368
Prevention 368
Right ventricular perforation by the pacing lead 368
Definition 368
Risk factors 368
Diagnosis 368
Treatment 368
Outcome 368
Prevention 368
Pacemaker syndrome 368
Definition 368
Risk factors 368
Diagnosis 368
Treatment 368
Outcome 368
Prevention 368
Relevant literature 368
References 370
SECTION 6 General Abdominal Surgery 371
49 Celiotomy 373
Infections 373
Peritonitis 373
Dehiscence 373
Herniation and evisceration 373
Definition 373
Risk factors 373
Diagnosis 373
Treatment 373
Outcome 375
Prevention 376
Adhesions 376
Definition 376
Risk factors 376
Diagnosis 376
Treatment 377
Outcome 377
Prevention 377
Iatrogenic abdominal foreign body 377
Definition 377
Risk factors 377
Diagnosis 377
Treatment 377
Outcome 378
Prevention 378
Relevant literature 378
References 379
50 Laparoscopy 380
Advantages of laparoscopic surgery 380
Disadvantages of laparoscopic surgery 380
Major versus minor complications 380
Contraindications of laparoscopic surgery 380
PERIOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS 381
Material dysfunction 381
Definition 381
Diagnosis 381
Prevention 381
Prognosis 381
Anesthetic and pneumoperitoneum complications 381
Definition 381
Respiratory effects 381
Cardiovascular effects 381
Diagnosis 381
Treatment 382
Prognosis 382
Hypothermia and fogging effect 382
OPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS 382
Entry-related complications 382
Definition 382
Prevention and treatment 382
Prognosis 384
Tension pneumothorax 384
Definition 384
Diagnosis 384
Treatment 384
Prognosis 384
Subcutaneous emphysema 384
Hemorrhage 384
Definition 384
Prevention and treatment 384
Prognosis 385
Thermal damage 385
Conversion 385
POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS 385
Portal site complications 385
Herniation and wound complication 385
Portal site metastasis 385
Pain 385
Definition 385
Prevention and treatment 385
Prognosis 386
References 386
51 Hiatal Herniorrhaphy 388
Dehiscence and recurrence 388
Definition 388
Risk factors 388
Diagnosis 388
Treatment 389
Outcome 389
Prevention 389
Gastroesophageal reflux 389
Definition 389
Risk factors 389
Diagnosis 389
Treatment 389
Outcome 390
Prevention 390
Esophageal obstruction 390
Definition 390
Risk factors 390
Diagnosis 390
Treatment 390
Outcome 390
Prevention 390
Pneumothorax 390
Definition 390
Risk factors 390
Diagnosis 390
Treatment 390
Outcome 390
Prevention 390
Relevant literature 391
Overview of surgery 391
Sphincter-enhancing techniques 392
Closure of the hiatus 392
Fixation of the herniated organs 392
Overview of surgery 392
References 392
52 Diaphragmatic Herniorrhaphy 393
Pneumothorax 393
Definition 393
Risk factors 393
Diagnosis 393
Treatment 393
Outcome 394
Prevention 394
Hemothorax 394
Definition 394
Risk factors 394
Diagnosis 394
Treatment 394
Outcome 394
Prevention 394
Hydrothorax 394
Definition 394
Risk factors 394
Diagnosis 394
Treatment 395
Outcome 395
Prevention 395
Chylothorax 395
Definition 395
Risk factors 395
Diagnosis 395
Treatment 395
Outcome 395
Prevention 395
Pulmonary atelectasis 395
Definition 395
Risk factors 395
Diagnosis 395
Treatment 395
Outcome 396
Prevention 396
Other pulmonary lesions: edema, contusions, and pneumonia 396
Definition 396
Risk factors 396
Diagnosis 396
Treatment 396
Outcome 397
Prevention 397
Lung lobe torsion 397
Definition 397
Risk factors 397
Diagnosis 397
Treatment 397
Outcome 397
Prevention 397
Dehiscence and reherniation 397
Definition 397
Risk factors 397
Diagnosis 397
Treatment 398
Outcome 398
Prevention 398
Incarceration of abdominal viscera 398
Definition 398
Risk factors 398
Diagnosis 398
Treatment 398
Outcome 398
Prevention 398
Loss of abdominal domain 399
Definition 399
Risk factors 399
Diagnosis 399
Treatment 399
Outcome 399
Prevention 399
Relevant literature 400
References 400
53 Peritoneal Pericardial Herniorrhaphy 401
Incarceration of abdominal viscera 401
Cardiac tamponade 401
Definition 401
Risk factors 401
Diagnosis 401
Treatment 401
Outcome 402
Prevention 402
Adhesions 402
Definition 402
Risk factors 402
Diagnosis 402
Treatment 402
Outcome 403
Prevention 403
Reperfusion injury 403
Definition 403
Risk factors 403
Diagnosis 403
Treatment 403
Outcome 403
Prevention 403
Pneumothorax 403
Definition 403
Risk factors 403
Diagnosis 403
Treatment and outcome 403
Prevention 403
Pleural effusion 403
Definition 403
Risk factors 403
Diagnosis 403
Treatment 404
Outcome 404
Hypoventilation 404
Concurrent defects 404
Risk factors 404
Diagnosis 404
Treatment 404
Outcome 404
Prevention 404
Dehiscence or reherniation 404
Outcome 404
Prevention 404
Relevant literature 404
References 405
54 Perineal Herniorrhaphy 406
Recurrence 406
Definition 406
Risk factors 406
Diagnosis 406
Treatment 407
Outcome 407
Prevention 407
Wound infection 408
Wound seroma 408
Definition 408
Risk factors 408
Diagnosis 408
Treatment 408
Outcome 408
Prevention 408
Sciatic nerve entrapment 408
Definition 408
Risk factors 408
Diagnosis 408
Treatment 408
Outcome 408
Prevention 408
Fecal incontinence 408
Definition 408
Risk factors 409
Diagnosis 409
Treatment 409
Outcome 409
Prevention 409
Rectal prolapse 409
Definition 409
Risk factors 409
Diagnosis 409
Treatment 409
Outcome 410
Prevention 410
Anuria and urinary incontinence 410
Definition 410
Risk factors 410
Diagnosis 410
Treatment 411
Outcome 411
Prevention 411
Relevant literature 411
References 412
55 Adrenalectomy 413
GENERAL COMPLICATIONS 413
Intraoperative and early postoperative mortality 413
Definition 413
Risk factors 413
Treatment and prevention 413
Outcome 413
Postoperative hypoadrenocorticism 413
Definition 413
Risk factors 414
Diagnosis 414
Treatment 414
Outcome 414
Prevention 414
Renal and hepatic trauma and pancreatitis 414
Definition 414
Risk factors 414
Diagnosis and treatment 414
Outcome 414
Prevention 414
Pulmonary thromboembolism 414
Definition 414
Risk factors 414
Diagnosis 414
Treatment and prevention 415
Outcome 415
SPECIFIC COMPLICATIONS 415
Complications associated with pheochromocytomas 415
Definition 415
Risk factors 415
Diagnosis 415
Prevention 415
Outcome 415
Postoperative persistence or recurrence of hyperadrenocorticism 415
Definition 415
Risk factors 415
Diagnosis and treatment 415
Prevention 416
Central nervous system complications 416
Definition 416
Risk factors 416
Diagnosis 416
Treatment 416
Prevention 416
Outcome 416
COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH LAPAROSCOPIC ADRENALECTOMY 416
Tumor size and invasiveness 416
Definition 416
Risk factor 416
Diagnosis 416
Treatment 416
Outcome 416
Complications associated with entrytechniques 416
Definition 416
Risk factors 416
Diagnosis 416
Treatment 416
Outcome 416
Hemorrhage 417
Definition 417
Risk factors 417
Treatment 417
Outcome 417
Capsule rupture and tumor cell seeding 417
Definition 417
Diagnosis 417
Prevention 417
Outcome 417
Relevant literature 417
References 417
56 Splenectomy 419
EARLY POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS 419
Hemorrhage and hemostatic abnormalities 420
Definition 420
Risk factors 420
Diagnosis 421
Treatment 421
Outcome 421
Cardiac arrhythmias 421
Definition 421
Risk factors 421
Diagnosis 422
Treatment 422
Outcome 422
Damage to the left pancreatic lobe and gastric wall 423
Definition 423
Risk factors 423
Diagnosis 423
Treatment 423
Outcome 423
Prevention 423
LATE POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS 423
Metastatic disease 423
Definition 423
Diagnosis 423
Treatment 424
Outcome 424
Gastric dilation and volvulus 424
Definition 424
Risk factors 424
Prevention 424
Sepsis 424
Definition 424
Risk factors 424
Diagnosis 424
Treatment 424
Outcome 425
Prevention 425
Histopathologic misdiagnosis 425
Definition 425
Risk factors 425
Outcome 425
Relevant literature 425
References 426
SECTION 7 Gastrointestinal Surgery 429
57 Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus and Gastropexies 431
SYSTEMIC COMPLICATIONS 431
Hypotension 431
Definition 431
Treatment and prevention 431
Cardiac arrhythmias 431
Definition 431
Risk factors 431
Diagnosis 431
Treatment 432
Outcome 432
Prevention 432
Sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome 432
Hypoventilation 433
Definition 433
Risk factors 433
Diagnosis 433
Treatment 433
Aspiration pneumonia 433
ABDOMINAL COMPLICATIONS 433
Gastric necrosis 433
Definition 433
Risk factors 433
Diagnosis 433
Treatment 433
Outcome 433
Prevention 433
Inadvertent penetration of the gastric lumen 434
Postoperative ileus 435
Definition 435
Diagnosis 435
Treatment 435
Outcome 435
Prevention 435
Miscellaneous abdominal injury 435
Splenic necrosis 436
Definition 436
Diagnosis 436
Treatment 436
Outcome 436
Prevention 436
Intraabdominal hemorrhage 436
Definition 436
Risk factors 436
Diagnosis 436
Treatment (see Chapter 12) 436
Prevention 436
Recurrence 437
Definition 437
Risk factors 437
Diagnosis 437
Prevention and treatment 437
Relevant literature 439
Predictors of mortality 439
Systemic effects of gastric dilatation and volvulus syndrome 439
Abdominal complications 439
References 440
58 Gastric Outflow Procedures 442
Persistence of signs 442
Definition 442
Risk factors 443
Diagnosis 443
Treatment 443
Outcome 443
Prevention 443
Dehiscence 443
Traumatic pancreatitis 443
Definition 443
Risk factors 444
Diagnosis 444
Treatment 444
Outcome 444
Prevention 444
Biliary obstruction 444
Definition 444
Risk factors 444
Diagnosis 444
Treatment 444
Outcome 444
Prevention 445
Duodenal reflux 445
Definition 445
Risk factors 445
Diagnosis 445
Treatment 445
Outcome 445
Prevention 445
Relevant literature 445
References 446
59 Small Intestine Surgery 447
Postoperative intussusception 447
Definition 447
Risk factors 447
Diagnosis 447
Treatment 447
Outcome 448
Prevention 448
Postoperative bowel obstruction 448
Definition 448
Risk factors 448
Diagnosis 449
Treatment 449
Outcome 449
Prevention 449
Short bowel syndrome 449
Definition 449
Risk factors 449
Diagnosis 449
Treatment (Table 59.1) 450
Outcome 450
Prevention 450
Ileus 450
Definition 450
Risk factors 450
Diagnosis 451
Treatment 451
Outcome 451
Prevention 451
Relevant literature 451
Intussusception 451
Postoperative intestinal obstruction 451
Short bowel syndrome 452
References 452
60 Large Intestine Surgery 453
Intraoperative contamination of the abdomen 453
Definition 453
Risk factors 453
Diagnosis 453
Treatment 453
Outcome 453
Prevention 453
Post–subtotal colectomy diarrhea 453
Definition 453
Risk factors 453
Diagnosis 454
Treatment 454
Outcome 454
Prevention 454
Rectal incisional dehiscence 454
Definition 454
Risk factors 454
Diagnosis 454
Treatment 454
Outcome 454
Prevention 454
Stricture 455
Definition 455
Risk factors 455
Diagnosis 455
Treatment 455
Outcome 455
Prevention 455
Fecal incontinence 455
Definition 455
Risk factors 456
Diagnosis 456
Treatment 456
Outcome 456
Prevention 456
Recurrence of rectal prolapse 456
Definition 456
Risk factors 456
Diagnosis 456
Treatment 456
Outcome 457
Prevention 457
Relevant literature 457
References 458
61 Hepatic and Biliary Tract Surgery 459
Hemorrhage 459
Bile peritonitis 459
Definition 459
Risk factors 459
Diagnosis 459
Treatment 459
Outcome 459
Prevention 459
Hypoglycemia 459
Definition 459
Risk factors 460
Diagnosis 460
Treatment 460
Outcome 460
Prevention 460
Hypoalbuminemia 460
Definition 460
Risk factors 460
Diagnosis 460
Treatment 460
Outcome 460
Prevention 460
Hepatic hypofunction 460
Definition 460
Risk factors 460
Diagnosis 460
Treatment 461
Outcome 461
Prevention 461
Hepatic ischemia 461
Definition 461
Risk factors 461
Diagnosis 461
Treatment 461
Outcome 461
Prevention 461
Bacterial contamination of the liver and biliary systems 461
Definition 461
Risk factors 461
Diagnosis 461
Treatment 461
Outcome 461
Prevention 461
Persistent biliary obstruction 461
Definition 461
Risk factors 461
Diagnosis 461
Treatment 462
Outcome 462
Prevention 462
Cholangitis 462
Definition 462
Risk factors 462
Diagnosis 462
Treatment 462
Outcome 463
Prevention 463
Relevant literature 463
References 463
62 Pancreatic Surgery 464
Postoperative pancreatitis 464
Definition 464
Risk factors 464
Diagnosis 464
Treatment 465
Outcome 466
Prevention 466
Persistent or recurrent abscess 466
Definition 466
Risk factors 466
Diagnosis 466
Treatment 467
Outcome 467
Prevention 467
Biliary obstruction 467
Definition 467
Risk factors 467
Diagnosis 467
Treatment 468
Outcome 469
Prevention 470
Septic peritonitis 470
Hemorrhage 470
Disruption of blood supply to adjacent organs 470
Definition 470
Risk factors 470
Diagnosis 470
Treatment 470
Outcome 470
Prevention 470
Disruption of the duct system and occlusion 471
Definition 471
Risk factors 471
Diagnosis 471
Treatment 472
Outcome 472
Prevention 472
Decreased gastrointestinal motility 472
Definition 472
Risk factors 472
Diagnosis 472
Treatment 473
Outcome 473
Prevention 473
Diabetes mellitus after pancreatectomy 473
Definition 473
Risk factors 473
Diagnosis 473
Treatment 474
Outcome 474
Prevention 474
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency 474
Definition 474
Risk factors 474
Diagnosis 474
Treatment 474
Outcome 474
Prevention 475
Perioperative hypoglycemia 475
Definition 475
Risk factors 475
Diagnosis 475
Treatment 475
Outcome 475
Prevention 475
Persistent hypoglycemia 475
Definition 475
Risk factors 475
Diagnosis 476
Treatment 476
Outcome 476
Prevention 476
References 476
63 Portosystemic 479
Prognostic factors 480
Hypotension 480
Hypoglycemia 480
Hemorrhage 481
Hypoalbuminemia 481
Ascites 481
Portal hypertension 481
Status epilepticus 482
Urinary tract calculi 482
Portal vein thrombosis 482
Persistent elevation of serum bile acids 483
Multiple extrahepatic shunts 483
Device-associated complications 483
Septic complications 483
References 483
SECTION 8 Surgery of the Urinary Tract 485
64 General Complications 487
Retroperitoneal and peritoneal urine leakage 487
Definition 487
Risk factors 487
Diagnosis 487
Treatment 487
Outcome 487
Prevention 487
Renal failure 487
Definition 487
Risk factors 487
Diagnosis 487
Treatment 487
Outcome 488
Prevention 488
Urinary tract infection 488
Definition 488
Risk factors 488
Diagnosis 488
Treatment 488
Outcome 488
Prevention 488
Hemorrhage 488
Hematuria 488
Definition 488
Risk factors 488
Diagnosis 488
Treatment 488
Outcome 489
Prevention 489
Recurrence of uroliths 489
Definition 489
Risk factors 489
Diagnosis 489
Treatment 489
Outcome 489
Prevention 489
Relevant literature 490
References 490
65 Complications Specific to Lithotripsy 491
Laser lithotripsy via cystoscopy 491
COMPLICATIONS OCCURRING DURING THE PROCEDURE 491
Cystoscopy-associated trauma to bladder and urethra 491
Laser-associated trauma to the bladder or urethra 492
Trauma caused by retrieval and passage of uroliths and fragments 492
Incomplete fragmentation and removal (failure) 492
Length of procedure 493
Complications involving the cystoscope 493
COMPLICATIONS OCCURRING AFTER THE PROCEDURE 493
Lower urinary tract clinical signs 493
Urethral obstruction 493
Urinary tract infection 493
EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK-WAVE LITHOTRIPSY 494
Incomplete fragmentation 494
Definition 494
Risk factors 494
Diagnosis 494
Treatment 495
Outcome 495
Prevention 495
Steinstrasse and ureteral obstruction 495
Definition 495
Risk factors 495
Diagnosis 495
Treatment 495
Outcome 495
Prevention 495
Kidney injury 495
Definition 495
Risk factors 495
Diagnosis 496
Treatment 496
Outcome 496
Prevention 496
Infection or urosepsis 496
Definition 496
Risk factors 496
Diagnosis 496
Treatment 496
Outcome 496
Prevention 496
Injury to surrounding tissue 496
Definition 496
Risk factors 496
Diagnosis 496
Treatment 496
Outcome 496
Prevention 497
Arrhythmias and other anesthetic complications 497
Definition 497
Risk factors 497
Diagnosis 497
Treatment 497
Outcome 497
Prevention 497
Relevant literature 497
References 498
66 Renal Transplantation 499
PERIOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS 499
Vascular complications 499
Ureteral complications 500
Delayed graft function 500
Hypertension and congestive heart failure 500
Neurologic complications 501
Hemolytic uremic syndrome 501
LONG-TERM COMPLICATIONS 501
Allograft rejection 501
Infection 502
Posttransplant diabetes mellitus 502
Neoplasia 502
MISCELLANEOUS LONG-TERM COMPLICATIONS 503
Urolith recurrence 503
Retroperitoneal fibrosis 503
Renal allograft rupture 503
References 503
67 Ureteral Surgery 504
Ureteral stricture 504
Definition 504
Risk factors 504
Diagnosis 504
Treatment 505
Outcome 505
Prevention 505
Uroabdomen 506
Definition 506
Risk factors 506
Diagnosis 506
Treatment 506
Outcome 506
Prevention 506
Incontinence 506
Definition 506
Risk factors 506
Diagnosis 507
Treatment 507
Outcome 507
Prevention 507
Relevant literature 507
References 509
68 Surgery of the Urinary Bladder 510
Urine leakage 510
Definition 510
Risk factors 510
Diagnosis 511
Treatment 511
Outcome 511
Prevention 511
Hematuria 511
Recurrence of uroliths 511
Small bladder volume 512
Definition 512
Risk factors 512
Diagnosis 512
Treatment 512
Outcome 512
Prevention 512
Tumor recurrence 512
Definition 512
Risk factors 512
Diagnosis 512
Treatment 512
Outcome 513
Prevention 513
Relevant literature 513
References 514
69 Urethrostomy in Male Dogs 515
Hemorrhage 515
Definition 515
Risk factors 515
Diagnosis 515
Treatment 515
Outcome 515
Prevention 515
Urine leakage 515
Definition 515
Risk factors 515
Diagnosis 515
Treatment 516
Outcome 516
Prevention 516
Urethral stricture 516
Definition 516
Risk factors 516
Diagnosis 516
Treatment 516
Outcome 516
Prevention 516
Urinary tract infection 516
Urine scalding 516
Definition 516
Risk factors 516
Diagnosis 516
Treatment 516
Outcome 516
Prevention 516
Relevant literature 516
References 517
70 Feline Perineal Urethrostomy 518
Hemorrhage 518
Wound dehiscence 518
Subcutaneous urine leakage 518
Definition 518
Risk factors 518
Diagnosis 518
Treatment 518
Outcome 519
Prevention 519
Urinary incontinence 519
Definition 519
Risk factors 519
Diagnosis 519
Treatment 519
Outcome 519
Prevention 519
Urinary tract infection 519
Urethral stricture 519
Definition 519
Risk factors 519
Diagnosis 519
Treatment 521
Outcome 521
Prevention 521
Relevant literature 521
References 521
SECTION 9 Surgery of the Reproductive Tract 523
71 Ovariectomy and Ovariohysterectomy 525
Hemorrhage 525
Definition 525
Risk factors 525
Diagnosis 525
Treatment 525
Outcome 526
Prevention 526
Vaginal bleeding 526
Definition 526
Risk factors 526
Treatment 526
Outcome 526
Prevention 526
Ovarian remnant syndrome 526
Definition 526
Risk factors 526
Diagnosis 526
Treatment 526
Outcome 527
Prevention 527
Pyometra and uterine stump pyometra 527
Definition 527
Risk factors 527
Diagnosis 527
Treatment 527
Outcome 527
Prevention 527
Ovarian or uterine stump granuloma and sinus tracts 527
Definition 527
Risk factors 527
Diagnosis 527
Treatment 528
Outcome 528
Prevention 528
Iatrogenic injury to the urinary tract 528
Definition 528
Risk factors 528
Diagnosis 528
Treatment 529
Outcome 529
Prevention 529
Urinary incontinence 529
Definition 529
Risk factors 529
Diagnosis 529
Treatment and outcome 529
Relevant literature 530
References 532
72 Pyometra 535
Systemic complications 535
Definition 535
Risk factors 535
Diagnosis 536
Treatment, outcome, and prevention 536
Persistent azotemia 536
Definition 536
Risk factors 536
Diagnosis 537
Treatment 537
Uterine stump abscess 537
Definition 537
Risk factors 537
Diagnosis 537
Treatment 538
Peritonitis and sepsis 538
Relevant literature 538
References 538
73 Cesarean Section 540
Systemic disturbances and positional complications 540
Definition 540
Risk factors 540
Diagnosis 540
Treatment 540
Outcome 540
Prevention 540
Hemorrhage 540
Definition 540
Risk factors 541
Diagnosis 541
Treatment 541
Outcome 541
Prevention 541
Incisional complications 541
Definition 541
Risk factors 541
Diagnosis 542
Treatment 542
Outcome 542
Prevention 542
Infectious complications 542
Definition 542
Risk factors 542
Diagnosis 542
Treatment 542
Outcome 542
Prevention 542
Uterine prolapse 543
Definition 543
Risk factors 543
Diagnosis 543
Treatment 543
Outcome 543
Prevention 543
Agalactia 543
Definition 543
Risk factors 543
Diagnosis 543
Treatment 543
Outcome 543
Prevention 543
Complications associated with neonates 543
Definition 543
Risk factors 543
Diagnosis 544
Treatment 544
Outcome 544
Prevention 544
Relevant literature 544
References 545
74 Orchiectomy 546
Scrotal inflammation and swelling 546
Definition 546
Risk factors 546
Diagnosis 546
Treatment 546
Outcome 546
Prevention 546
Hemorrhage 547
Definition 547
Risk factors 547
Diagnosis 547
Treatment 547
Outcome 547
Prevention 548
Surgical site inflammation and infection 548
Definition 548
Risk factors 548
Diagnosis 548
Treatment 548
Outcome 549
Prevention 549
Urethral trauma 549
Definition 549
Risk factors 549
Diagnosis 549
Treatment 549
Outcome 549
Prevention 549
Complications associated with removal of cryptorchid testes 549
Definition 549
Risk factors 549
Diagnosis 550
Treatment 550
Outcome 550
Prevention 550
Relevant literature 550
References 551
75 Prostatic Cyst and Abscess Drainage 552
Systemic complications 552
Definition 552
Risk factors 552
Diagnosis 552
Treatment 553
Outcome 553
Prevention 553
Peripheral edema 553
Definition 553
Risk factors 553
Treatment, outcome, and prevention 553
Prostatic abscess or cyst recurrence 553
Definition 553
Risk factors 553
Diagnosis 554
Treatment 554
Outcome 554
Prevention 554
Urinary incontinence 555
Definition 555
Risk factors 555
Diagnosis 555
Treatment 555
Outcome 555
Prevention 555
Urinary retention 555
Definition 555
Risk factors 555
Diagnosis 555
Treatment 555
Outcome 556
Prevention 556
Relevant literature 556
References 556
76 Prostatectomy 557
Systemic complications 557
Definition 557
Risk factors 557
Diagnosis 557
Treatment 557
Outcome 558
Prevention 558
Urinary incontinence 558
Tumor recurrence 558
Definition 558
Risk factors 558
Diagnosis 558
Treatment 558
Outcome 558
Prevention 558
Relevant literature 558
References 559
SECTION 10 Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 561
77 Open Wounds 563
Incomplete healing or delayed healing 563
Definition 563
Risk factors 564
Diagnosis 564
Treatment (Figure 77.3) 564
Outcome 565
Prevention 565
Scar formation 566
Definition 566
Risk factors 566
Diagnosis 566
Treatment 567
Outcome 568
Prevention 568
Infection (see Chapter 1) 568
Wound dehiscence (see Chapter 9) 568
Hematoma and seroma 568
Definition 568
Risk factors 569
Diagnosis 569
Treatment (Figure 77.12) 569
Outcome 570
Prevention 570
Relevant literature 570
References 571
78 Reconstructive Flaps 572
Ischemia and necrosis 572
Definition 572
Risk factors 572
Diagnosis 572
Treatment 573
Outcome 573
Prevention 573
Hematoma and seroma 574
Definition 574
Risk factors 574
Diagnosis 575
Treatment 575
Outcome 575
Prevention 575
Inadequate flap immobilization 575
Definition 575
Risk factors 575
Diagnosis 576
Treatment 576
Outcome 576
Prevention 576
Edema 576
Definition 576
Risk factors 576
Diagnosis 576
Treatment 576
Outcome 576
Prevention 577
Infection 577
Relevant literature 577
References 578
79 Skin Grafting 579
Inadequate graft preparation 579
Definition 579
Risk factors 579
Diagnosis 579
Treatment 579
Outcome 579
Prevention 579
Inadequate preparation of the graft bed 580
Definition 580
Risk factors 580
Diagnosis 580
Treatment 580
Outcome 580
Prevention 581
Hematoma and seroma 581
Definition 581
Risk factors 581
Diagnosis 581
Treatment 581
Outcome 581
Prevention 581
Infection (see Chapter 1) 582
Inadequate graft immobilization 582
Definition 582
Risk factors 582
Diagnosis 582
Treatment 582
Outcome 582
Prevention 582
Tissue ischemia 582
Definition 582
Risk factors 582
Diagnosis 582
Treatment 582
Outcome 582
Prevention 582
Lack of reinnervation 583
Cosmetic defects 583
Definition 583
Risk factors 583
Diagnosis 584
Treatment 584
Outcome 584
Prevention 584
Relevant literature 584
References 586
80 Anal Sac Excision 587
Persistent infection and drainage 587
Definition 587
Risk factors 587
Diagnosis 588
Treatment 588
Outcome 588
Prevention 588
Fecal incontinence 589
Definition 589
Risk factors 589
Diagnosis 589
Treatment 589
Outcome 589
Prevention 589
Anal stricture 589
Definition 589
Risk factors 589
Diagnosis 589
Treatment 589
Outcome 590
Prevention 590
Relevant literature 590
References 590
81 Feline Onychectomy 591
Infection 591
Pain and lameness 591
Definition 591
Risk factors 591
Diagnosis 591
Treatment 592
Outcome 592
Prevention 592
Nail regrowth 592
Definition 592
Risk factors 592
Diagnosis 592
Treatment 593
Outcome 593
Prevention 593
Relevant literature 593
References 594
SECTION 11 Neurologic Surgery 595
82 General Complications 597
Neuropraxia 597
Definition 597
Risk factors 597
Diagnosis 597
Treatment 597
Prevention 597
Axonotmesis 597
Definition 597
Risk factors 598
Diagnosis 598
Treatment 598
Prevention 598
Neurotomesis 598
Definition 598
Risk factors 598
Diagnosis 598
Treatment 598
Prevention 598
Urine scalding 598
Definition 598
Risk factors 598
Diagnosis 598
Treatment 598
Prevention 599
Decubital ulcers 599
Definition 599
Risk factors 599
Diagnosis 599
Treatment 599
Prevention 599
Relevant Literature 599
References 601
83 Practical Guide to Myelographic Complications 602
Myelography 602
Seizures 602
Definition 602
Risk factors 602
Diagnosis 602
Treatment 602
Outcome 602
Prevention 602
Meningitis 602
Definition 602
Risk factors 602
Diagnosis 602
Treatment 602
Outcome 603
Prevention 603
Neurologic deterioration 603
Definition 603
Risk factors 603
Diagnosis 603
Treatment 603
Outcome 603
Prevention 603
Damage to the spinal cord 603
Definition 603
Risk factors 604
Diagnosis 604
Treatment 604
Outcome 604
Prevention 604
Magnetic resonance imaging gadoliniumtoxicity 605
Definition 605
Risk factors 605
Diagnosis 605
Treatment 605
Outcome 605
Prevention 605
Relevant literature 605
References 606
84 Ventral Slot and Fenestration 608
Hemorrhage 608
Definition 608
Risk factor 608
Diagnosis 608
Treatment 608
Outcome 608
Prevention 608
Horner’s syndrome 608
Hypotension 608
Definition 608
Risk factors 608
Diagnosis 608
Treatment 608
Outcome 608
Prevention 608
Cardiac arrhythmias 609
Definition 609
Risk factors 609
Diagnosis 609
Treatment 609
Outcome 609
Prevention 609
Definition 609
Risk factors 609
Diagnosis 609
Treatment 609
Outcome 609
Prevention 609
Respiratory distress 609
Definition 609
Risk factors 610
Diagnosis 610
Treatment 610
Outcome 610
Prevention 610
Iatrogenic spinal injury 610
Definition 610
Risk factors 610
Diagnosis 610
Treatment 610
Outcome 610
Prevention 610
Death 610
Definition 610
Risk factors 610
Diagnosis 610
Treatment 610
Outcome 610
Prevention 610
Hematoma formation 610
Postoperative disk disease 610
Definition 610
Risk factors 611
Diagnosis 611
Treatment 611
Outcome 611
Prevention 611
Diskospondylitis 611
Definition 611
Risk factors 611
Diagnosis 611
Treatment and outcome 611
Prevention 611
Recurrence and pain 611
Relevant literature 611
References 612
85 Dorsal Laminectomy 614
Pain 614
Seroma formation 614
Definition 614
Risk factors 615
Diagnosis 615
Treatment 615
Outcome 616
Prevention 616
Vertebral instability 616
Definition 616
Risk factors 616
Diagnosis 616
Treatment 616
Outcome 616
Prevention 616
Iatrogenic spinal or nerve root injury 616
Definition 616
Risk factors 617
Diagnosis 617
Treatment 617
Outcome 617
Prevention 617
Laminectomy membrane formation 618
Definition 618
Risk factor 618
Diagnosis 618
Treatment 618
Outcome 618
Prevention 618
Relevant literature 618
References 618
86 Hemilaminectomy 620
Seroma 620
Iatrogenic spinal injury 620
Laminectomy membrane 620
Hematoma formation 620
Definition 620
Risk factors 620
Diagnosis 621
Treatment 621
Outcome 621
Prevention 621
Recurrence 621
Definition 621
Risk factors 621
Diagnosis 621
Treatment 621
Outcome 621
Prevention 621
Further disk extrusion 622
Decubital ulcers 622
Urine scalding 622
Myelomalacia 622
Definition 622
Risk factor 622
Diagnosis 623
Treatment 623
Outcome 623
Prevention 623
Relevant literature 623
References 623
87 Ventral Cervical Fusion 624
Implant failure and migration 624
Definition 624
Risk factors 624
Diagnosis 625
Treatment 625
Outcome 625
Prevention 625
Continued degeneration or recurrence of clinical signs 625
Definition 625
Risk factors 625
Diagnosis 626
Treatment 626
Outcome 626
Prevention 626
Relevant literature 626
References 627
88 Vertebral Fracture Repair 628
Spinous process fracture 628
Definition 628
Risk factors 628
Diagnosis 628
Treatment 628
Outcome 628
Prevention 629
Implant failure or migration 629
Definition 629
Risk factors 629
Diagnosis 629
Treatment 629
Outcome 629
Prevention 629
Seroma 629
Hemorrhage 629
Definition 629
Risk factors 630
Diagnosis 630
Treatment 630
Outcome 630
Prevention 630
Spinal compression caused by soft tissues 631
Definition 631
Risk factor 631
Diagnosis 631
Treatment 631
Outcome 631
Prevention 631
Relevant literature 631
References 632
89 Craniotomy and Craniectomy 633
Iatrogenic peripheral nerve injury 633
Definition 633
Risk factors 633
Diagnosis 633
Treatment 633
Outcome 633
Prevention 633
Iatrogenic brain injury 634
Definition 634
Risk factors 634
Diagnosis 634
Treatment 634
Outcome 634
Prevention 634
Increased intracranial pressure 634
Definition 634
Risk factors 634
Diagnosis 635
Treatment 635
Prevention 635
Surgical recommendations 635
Outcome 635
Coma 636
Definition 636
Risk factors 636
Diagnosis 636
Treatment 636
Outcome 636
Prevention 636
Relevant literature 636
References 637
90 Intracranial Shunt Placement 638
Undershunting 639
Overshunting 641
Seizures 642
Relevant literature 642
References 643
SECTION 12 Management of Fractures and Osteotomies: Perioperative Complications 645
91 Inadequate Fracture Reduction 647
Definitions 647
Risk factors 647
Diagnosis 647
Treatment 648
Outcome 649
Prevention 649
Relevant literature 649
References 650
92 Improper Implant Placement 651
Definition 651
Risk factors 651
Diagnosis 651
Treatment 652
Outcome 653
Prevention 653
Relevant literature 653
References 653
93 Limb Shortening 655
Definition 655
Risk factors 655
Diagnosis 655
Treatment 655
Outcome 656
Prevention 658
Relevant literature 658
References 658
94 Implant Failure 659
Definition 659
Risk factors 661
Diagnosis 663
Treatment 664
Outcome 664
Prevention 665
Relevant literature 665
References 666
95 Premature Physeal Closure After Fracture 667
Definition 667
Risk factors 667
Diagnosis 667
Treatment 668
Outcome 668
Prevention 669
Relevant literature 670
References 671
96 Avascular Necrosis 673
Definition 673
Risk factors 673
Diagnosis 673
Treatment 673
Outcome 673
Prevention 674
Relevant literature 674
References 675
97 Bone Resorption 676
Definition 676
Risk factors 676
Diagnosis 676
Treatment 676
Outcome 676
Prevention 678
Relevant literature 678
References 682
98 Delayed Union 683
Definition 683
Risk factors 683
Diagnosis 683
Treatment 684
Outcome 685
Prevention 685
Relevant literature 685
References 685
99 Nonunion 687
Definitions 687
Risk factors 687
Diagnosis 688
Treatment 688
Outcome 689
Prevention 689
Relevant literature 689
References 690
100 Malunion 691
Definition 691
Risk factors 691
Diagnosis 692
Radiographic assessment of malunions 693
Radiographic tracing method 693
The center of rotational angulation method 694
Advanced imaging techniques 694
Treatment 694
Prevention 696
Relevant literature 696
References 697
101 Loss of Function in Performance Dogs 698
Definition 698
Risk factors 698
Diagnosis 699
Treatment 699
Prognosis 700
Prevention 700
Relevant literature 701
References 703
102 Carpal Contracture 704
Flexural contracture of the carpus associated with limb lengthening procedures 704
Definition 704
Risk factors 704
Diagnosis 704
Treatment 704
Outcome 704
Prevention 704
Flexural contracture of the carpus associated with bandages 705
Definition 705
Risk factors 705
Diagnosis 707
Treatment 707
Outcome 708
Prevention 708
Relevant literature 708
References 709
103 Quadriceps Contracture 710
Definition 710
Risk factors 710
Diagnosis 711
Treatment 711
Algorithm 711
Surgical treatment 711
Static and dynamic stifle flexion 712
Physical rehabilitation 712
Treatment 712
Prognosis 713
Prevention 713
Relevant literature 713
References 714
104 Fracture-Associated Sarcoma 715
Definition 715
Risk factors 715
Diagnosis 715
Treatment 716
Outcome 717
Prevention 717
Relevant literature 717
References 719
105 Thermal Pain 720
Definition 720
Risk factors 720
Diagnosis 720
Treatment 720
Outcome 720
Prevention 720
Relevant literature 721
References 721
106 Complications in External Skeletal Fixation 722
Postoperative edema 722
Definition 722
Risk factors 722
Diagnosis 722
Treatment 722
Prevention 722
Pin and wire tract drainage 722
Definition 722
Risk factors 722
Diagnosis 723
Treatment 723
Prevention 723
Osteomyelitis and deep sepsis 724
Definition 724
Risk factors 724
Diagnosis 724
Treatment 724
Prevention 724
Implant failure 724
Definition 724
Risk factors 724
Diagnosis 725
Treatment 725
Prevention 725
Iatrogenic and iterative bone fractures 726
Definition 726
Risk factors 727
Diagnosis 727
Treatment 727
Prevention 727
Neurovascular damage 728
Definition 728
Risk factors 728
Diagnosis 728
Treatment 728
Prevention 728
Residual deformities 728
Definition 728
Risk factors 728
Diagnosis 729
Treatment 729
Prevention 729
Relevant literature 729
References 730
107 Complications Specific to Locking Plates 732
Implant failure 732
Definition 732
Risk factors 732
Diagnosis 736
Treatment 736
Outcome 736
Prevention 736
Relevant literature 738
Technical failures 738
Improper application related to the tenets of locking plate fixation 738
Limitations of the different locking plate systems 742
Conclusion 743
References 743
SECTION 13 Salvage Orthopedic Procedures 745
108 Arthrodesis 747
Complications associated with bandages and splints 747
Delayed healing 747
Infection 747
Implant failure 747
Definition 747
Risk factors 747
Diagnosis 747
Treatment 748
Outcome 748
Prevention 748
Bone fractures 749
Definition 749
Risk factors 749
Diagnosis 749
Treatment 749
Outcome 749
Prevention 749
Loss of function 750
Definition 750
Risk factors 750
Diagnosis 750
Treatment 750
Outcome 751
Prevention 751
Relevant literature 751
References 752
109 Amputation 753
Tissue swelling 753
Definition 753
Risk Factors 753
Diagnosis 754
Treatment 754
Outcome 754
Prevention 754
Inappropriate level of amputation 754
Definition 754
Risk factors 755
Diagnosis 755
Treatment 755
Outcome 755
Prevention 755
Loss of function 755
Definition 755
Risk factors 755
Diagnosis 755
Treatment 755
Outcome 756
Prevention 757
Complications associated with onychectomy 757
Definition 757
Risk factors 757
Diagnosis 757
Treatment 757
Outcome 758
Prevention 758
Relevant literature 758
References 760
110 Limb-Spare Procedures 761
Implant failure 761
Definition 761
Risk factors 761
Diagnosis 761
Treatment 761
Outcome 762
Prevention 762
Infection 763
Definition 763
Risk factors 763
Diagnosis 763
Treatment 764
Outcome 764
Prevention 765
Lameness and limb function 765
Definition 765
Risk factors 765
Diagnosis 765
Treatment 765
Outcome 765
Prevention 765
Local recurrence 765
Definition 765
Risk factors 765
Diagnosis 765
Treatment 766
Outcome 766
Prevention 766
Relevant literature (and comparative aspects) 766
References 767
SECTION 14 Surgery of the Coxofemoral Joint 769
111 Femoral Head and Neck Excision 771
Fracture of the proximal femur 771
Definition 771
Risk factors 771
Diagnosis 771
Treatment 771
Outcome 772
Prevention 772
Inadequate removal of the femoral neck 772
Definition 772
Risk factors 772
Diagnosis 772
Treatment 772
Outcome 772
Prevention 773
Injury to the sciatic nerve 773
Definition 773
Risk factors 773
Diagnosis 773
Treatment 773
Outcome 774
Prevention 774
Loss of function 774
Definition 774
Risk factors 774
Diagnosis 774
Treatment 774
Outcome 774
Prevention 774
Relevant literature 775
References 775
112 Complications of Double and Triple Pelvic Osteotomies 777
Implant failure 777
Definition 777
Risk factors 777
Diagnosis 778
Treatment 779
Outcome 780
Prevention 781
Intraoperative hemorrhage 784
Definition 784
Risk factors 785
Diagnosis 785
Treatment 785
Outcome 787
Prevention 787
Nerve damage 787
Definition 787
Risk factors 787
Diagnosis 788
Treatment 789
Outcome 789
Prevention 789
Pelvic canal narrowing 789
Definition 789
Risk factors 789
Diagnosis 790
Treatment 790
Outcome 790
Prevention 790
Progression of degenerative joint disease 791
Definition 791
Risk factors 791
Diagnosis 791
Treatment 791
Outcome 791
Prevention 791
Relevant literature 793
References 794
113 Total Hip Replacement 796
Introduction 796
Aseptic loosening 797
Definition 797
Incidence goal 797
Risk factors 798
Diagnosis 799
Incidence goal 800
Treatment 800
Outcome 802
Prevention 802
Relevant literature 803
Cement granuloma 803
Definition 803
Risk factors 803
Diagnosis 803
Incidence goal 804
Treatment 804
Outcome 804
Prevention 804
Relevant literature 804
Cortical perforation (acetabulum and femur) 804
Definition 804
Risk factors 804
Diagnosis 805
Incidence goal 807
Treatment 807
Outcome 809
Prevention 809
Femoral fractures (fissures and displaced) 809
Definition 809
Risk factors 809
Surgical technique 809
Anatomic factors 809
Diagnosis 811
Incidence goal 812
Treatment 812
Outcome 812
Prevention 812
Relevant literature 812
Incision granuloma 815
Definition 815
Risk factors 815
Diagnosis 815
Incidence goal 816
Treatment 816
Outcome 817
Prevention 817
Infarction of the femoral medullary canal 817
Definition 817
Risk factors 817
Incidence goal 819
Diagnosis 819
Treatment 819
Outcome 819
Prevention 819
Relevant literature 819
Infection 822
Definition 822
Risk factors 822
Diagnosis 822
Incidence goal 822
Treatment 822
Outcome 823
Prevention 824
Relevant literature 824
Luxation 827
Definition 827
Risk factors 827
Diagnosis 829
Incidence goal 830
Treatment 830
Outcome 833
Prevention 833
Relevant literature 835
Neurapraxia 836
Definition 836
Risk factors 836
Diagnosis 836
Incidence goal 836
Treatment 836
Outcome 836
Prevention 837
Relevant literature 837
Protrusio acetabuli 838
Definition 838
Risk factors 838
Diagnosis 838
Incidence goal 838
Treatment 838
Outcome 840
Prevention 840
Relevant literature 840
Pulmonary embolism 840
Definition 840
Risk factors 841
Diagnosis 841
Incidence goal 842
Treatment 842
Outcome 843
Prevention 843
Relevant literature 843
Subsidence 843
Definition 843
Risk factors 843
Diagnosis 843
Incidence goal 843
Treatment 843
Outcome 844
Prevention 844
Miscellaneous complications 844
Intraoperative instability of a cementless acetabular cup 844
Incomplete cup seating 844
Cemented cup displacement 844
Resorption of the proximal medial femoral cortex 845
Femoral cortical hypertrophy 845
Implant failure 846
Cement fugitive 847
References 848
114 Complications of Total Hip Replacement with the Zurich Cementless System 852
Luxation 852
Definition 852
Risk factors 852
Diagnosis 852
Treatment 853
Outcome 853
Prevention 853
Femoral fractures 854
Definition 854
Risk factors 854
Diagnosis 854
Treatment 854
Outcome 854
Prevention 856
Cup loosening or breakage 856
Definition 856
Risk factors 856
Diagnosis 856
Treatment 857
Outcome 858
Prevention 858
Stem loosening or breakage 859
Definition 859
Risk factors 859
Diagnosis 859
Treatment 859
Outcome 860
Prevention 861
Relevant literature 861
References 862
115 Open Reduction of Coxofemoral Luxations 863
Infection 863
Recurrence 863
Definition 863
Risk factors 863
Diagnosis 865
Treatment 866
Outcome 867
Prevention 868
Implant failure 870
Definition 870
Risk factors 871
Diagnosis 871
Treatment 871
Outcome 871
Prevention 871
Sciatic neuropraxia 871
Definition 871
Risk factors 871
Diagnosis 872
Treatment 872
Outcome 872
Prevention 872
Relevant literature 872
References 873
SECTION 15 Surgery of the Stifle 875
116 Complications Associated with Open Versus Arthroscopic Examination of the Stifle 877
Lack of visualization of intraarticular structures 877
Definition 877
Risk factors 877
Diagnosis 877
Treatment 877
Outcome 877
Prevention 877
Iatrogenic damage 879
Definition 879
Risk factors 879
Diagnosis 879
Treatment 881
Outcome 881
Prevention 881
Postoperative pain 882
Definition 882
Relevant literature 882
References 883
117 Complications associated with cranial cruciate ligament repair 885
Introduction 885
Degenerative joint disease 886
Infection 886
Delayed bone healing 886
Postliminary meniscal disease 886
Definition 886
Risk factors 886
Diagnosis 886
Treatment 886
Outcome 886
Prevention 886
Complications specific to extracapsular suture placement 886
Incorrect implant placement 886
Definition 886
Risk factors 888
Diagnosis 888
Treatment 889
Outcome 890
Prevention 890
Postoperative implant loosening 891
Definition 891
Risk factors 891
Diagnosis 891
Treatment 891
Outcome 891
Prevention 892
Complications specific to tibial plateau leveling osteotomies 892
Osteosarcoma 892
Patellar tendon thickening and tendonitis 892
Definition 892
Risk factors 892
Diagnosis 893
Treatment 893
Outcome 893
Prevention 893
Implant failure 893
Definition 893
Risk factors 893
Diagnosis 896
Treatment 896
Outcome 896
Prevention 896
Bone fractures 896
Definition 896
Risk factors 896
Diagnosis 897
Treatment 897
Outcome 898
Prevention 898
Complications specific to tibial tuberosity advancement 898
Bone fracture 898
Definition 898
Risk factors 898
Diagnosis 898
Treatment 898
Outcome 898
Prevention 898
Implant failure 898
Definition 898
Risk factors 898
Diagnosis 898
Treatment 902
Outcome 902
Prevention 902
Medial patellar luxation 902
Definition 902
Risk factors 902
Diagnosis 902
Treatment 902
Outcome 902
Prevention 902
Relevant literature 902
References 905
118 Complications Associated with the Treatment of Patellar Luxation 907
Wound complications 907
Degenerative joint disease 907
Septic arthritis 907
Reluxation 907
Definition 907
Risk factors 907
Diagnosis 907
Treatment 907
Outcome 908
Prevention 908
Complications of tibial crest transposition 908
Implant migration and implant failure 908
Definition 908
Risk factors 908
Diagnosis 908
Treatment 908
Outcome 908
Prevention 909
Fracture of tibial tuberosity 909
Definition 909
Risk factors 909
Diagnosis 909
Treatment 909
Outcome 909
Prevention 909
Patella tendon rupture or severance 910
Definition 910
Risk factors 910
Diagnosis 910
Treatment 910
Outcome 910
Prevention 910
Inadvertent severance of the long digital extensor tendon 910
Tibial fracture 910
Proximodistal patella malpositioning or malalignment 910
Definition 910
Risk factors 910
Diagnosis 910
Treatment 910
Outcome 910
Prevention 910
Complications of trochlear recession 910
Inadequate trochleoplasty dimensions 911
Definition 911
Risk factors 911
Diagnosis 911
Treatment 911
Outcome 911
Prevention 911
Loss of osteochondral autograft 911
Definition 911
Risk factors 911
Diagnosis 911
Treatment 911
Outcome 911
Prevention 911
Migration of the trochlear wedge 911
Definition 911
Risk factors 911
Diagnosis 911
Treatment 911
Outcome 911
Prevention 911
Fracture of the trochlear ridge 912
Definition 912
Risk factors 912
Diagnosis 912
Treatment 912
Outcome 912
Prevention 912
Complications of femoral osteotomy 912
Relevant literature 912
References 913
119 Complications Associated with Autogenous Osteochondral Repair 915
Osteochondral plug fracture 915
Definition 915
Risk factors 915
Diagnosis 915
Treatment 915
Prevention 915
Donor site collapse 915
Definition 915
Risk factors 916
Diagnosis 916
Treatment 916
Outcome 916
Prevention 916
Donor plug recipient site mismatch 917
Definition 917
Risk factors 917
Diagnosis 917
Treatment 917
Prevention 917
Graft failure 918
Definition 918
Risk factors 918
Diagnosis 918
Treatment 918
Outcome 918
Prevention 918
Hemarthrosis 918
Definition 918
Risk factors 918
Diagnosis 918
Treatment 918
Outcome 918
Prevention 918
Relevant literature 918
References 919
SECTION 16 Surgery of the Scapulohumeral Joint 921
120 Shoulder Dislocation and Instability 923
Degenerative joint disease 923
Recurrent instability and lameness 923
Definition 923
Risk factors 923
Diagnosis 923
Treatment 924
Outcome 925
Prevention 925
Implant failure 928
Definition 928
Risk factors 929
Diagnosis 929
Treatment 929
Outcome 929
Prevention 929
Fracture 930
Definition 930
Risk factors 930
Diagnosis 930
Treatment 930
Outcome 931
Prevention 931
Infection 931
Definition 931
Risk factors 931
Diagnosis 931
Treatment 931
Outcome 931
Prevention 931
Relevant literature 932
References 932
SECTION 17 Surgery of the Elbow 935
121 Reduction of Elbow Luxations 937
Elbow luxation 937
Recurrence 937
Definition 937
Risk factors 938
Diagnosis 938
Treatment 939
Outcome 939
Prevention 939
Loss of function 939
Definition 939
Risk factors 940
Diagnosis 940
Treatment 940
Outcome 940
Prevention 940
Relevant literature 940
References 941
122 Ulnar Osteotomy and Ostectomy 942
Infection 942
Premature healing 942
Caudal tipping and varus deformation of the proximal ulna 944
References 947
123 Complications of Sliding Humeral Osteotomy 948
Implant or humeral failure 948
Definition 948
Risk factors 948
Diagnosis 949
Treatment 950
Prevention 950
Delayed osteotomy union 952
Definition 952
Risk factors 952
Diagnosis 952
Treatment 952
Prevention 952
Surgical wound complications 952
Definition 952
Risk factors 952
Diagnosis 952
Treatment 952
Prevention 952
Relevant literature 952
References 953
Index 955
EULA 968

Rezensionen

"Complications in Small Animal Surgery" is complete, illustrated, and thoroughly 'user friendly' in commentary, text, organization, and presentation, making it very highly recommended for Veterinary School curriculums and academic library Veterinary Medicine reference collections and supplemental studies reading lists." (Midwest Book Review 2016)

"Discussions are in-depth and include all the physiological and medical background needed for veterinary practitioners to make basic assessments in clinical and emergency settings." (Donovan's literary Services 2016)

"The organization of this book is optimized for quick reference for practicing veterinary surgeons......This will be a useful companion for all veterinarians performing surgery and students learning surgery." (Doody Enterprises 2016)

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 4.12.2015
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie
• Themenwelt: Veterinärmedizin ► Klinische Fächer ► Chirurgie
• Themenwelt: Veterinärmedizin ► Kleintier
• Schlagworte: Bleeding • canine • Cat • complication • dehiscence • Dog • edema • feline • Hemorrhage • Kleintier • operate • operating • small animal • Surgery • surgical • surgical infection • Veterinärchirurgie • Veterinärmedizin • Veterinärmedizin / Chirurgie, Orthopädie, Trauma • Veterinärmedizin / Hunde u. Katzen • Veterinärchirurgie • Veterinärmedizin • Veterinärmedizin / Chirurgie, Orthopädie, Trauma • Veterinärmedizin / Hunde u. Katzen • Veterinary Medicine • Veterinary Medicine - Dogs & Cats • Veterinary Surgery, Orthopedics & Trauma
• ISBN-10: 1-118-81388-X / 111881388X
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-81388-1 / 9781118813881