Smart Antennas for 5G+ (eBook)

David A. Sánchez-Hernández, Steven R. Best, Manos M. Tentzeris, Sungtek Kahng, Gert F. Pedersen (Autoren)

eBook Download: EPUB

2024 | 1. Auflage
320 Seiten
Wiley-IEEE Press (Verlag)
978-1-394-21052-7 (ISBN)

Infos

Comprehensive reference text for the development of advanced antenna systems for 5G and beyond

Smart Antennas for 5G+ addresses the transformation that simple, conventional antennas have gone through to fulfill the complex and challenging performance expectations of 5G wireless communications and beyond. It also describes the 5G physical layer including the gNodeB, basics of the propagation channel, and user equipment (UE) specific antenna aspects. The authors present various broadband antennas covering mmW bands for 5G+ and B5G applications, explore recent developments in array calibration and plane wave generators, and consider future challenges for 5G+ radio system testing.

Novel key performance indicators in which not only conventional RF parameters, but also other parameters and overall radio performance, are examined. The huge shrinkage which was prioritized in 4G modules are now combined with extremely versatile and precise beamforming capacities, thermal mitigation, and link budget compensation design strategies that bring antennas into a new era. As such, antenna integration, flexible and 3D printed elements, the use of metamaterials, and advanced testing of new features are key elements of this book.

Additional topics covered in Smart Antennas for 5G+ include:

• Beamforming, beam-steering, power control, cell breathing, and many other 5G concepts that make the evaluation of a 5G antenna structure a complex process
• Multi-probe anechoic chamber, reverberation chamber, and wireless cable solutions, RF testing of the 5G antenna systems, and small-cell repeaters for 5G/B5G beamforming
• Powering and sensing applications in 5G+ printed electronic steerable antenna arrays for reconfigurable intelligent surfaces that stem from metasurfaces
• 3GPP/ITU standards and models for 5G MIMO base station antennas, propagation channel modeling, and link budget considerations

The connection between complex but realistically used designs and the way testing has evolved to determine the value of novel designs makes Smart Antennas for 5G+ a must-have resource for advanced engineers as well as newcomers in the field of 5G wireless communications.

David A. Sánchez-Hernández, PhD, is a Full Professor holding the Antennas & Propagation and 5G Chair position at Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain, and founder of EMITE Ingeniería, S.L., Spain.

Steven R. Best, PhD, is Senior Principal Electromagnetics and Sensor Systems Engineer with the MITRE Corporation, located in Bedford, MA.

Manos M. Tentzeris, PhD, is a Ken Byers Professor in the area of Flexible Electronics with the School of ECE, Georgia Tech, USA.

Sungtek Kahng, PhD, is a Professor with Incheon National University, Head of Korea's Ministry of Science and ICT-sponsored research and development center on RF and Satellite Communication and an Executive Director at the Korean Institute of Communication and Information Science and the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineering.

Gert F. Pedersen, PhD, is a Full Professor heading the Antenna, Propagation and Millimetre-Wave Systems Laboratory at Aalborg University, Denmark.

Textauszug

List of Figures

Figure 2.1 High level block diagram of the transmit side of a communication link.

Figure 2.2 Depiction of the 96-element massive MIMO array and its generic beam pattern.

Figure 2.3 8 × 8, 64-element dual-polarized AAS implementation.

Figure 2.4 MIMO modes of the 8 × 8, 64-element dual-polarized AAS.

Figure 2.5 Depiction of the 8 × 8, 64-element dual-polarized AAS in the usual spherical coordinate system.

Figure 2.6 Generic traffic beam patterns for MIMO modes (a) 2T2R and (b) 4T4R for an 8 × 8 array.

Figure 2.7 Generic traffic beam patterns for MIMO modes (a) 8T8R and (b) 16T16R for an 8 × 8 array.

Figure 2.8 Generic traffic beam patterns for MIMO modes (a) 32T32R and (b) 64T64R for an 8 × 8 array.

Figure 2.9 Generic broadcast beam patterns for MIMO mode 2T2R for an 8 × 8 array.

Figure 2.10 Depiction of the 3GPP 8-panel mmWave MIMO array

Figure 2.11 Depiction of a 16-element mmWave UE array and its boresight beam pattern.

Figure 2.12 Depiction of a 16-element mmWave UE array and a scanned beam pattern.

Figure 3.1 (a) The effects of exposure time on the 3D-printed flexible substrates (b) Demonstration of massive production, and (c) Flexibility of 3D-printed substrate (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2018] with permission).

Figure 3.2 The silver nanoparticle ink adhesion (a) without surface treatment and (b) after applying UV ozone surface treatment (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2018] with permission).

Figure 3.3 The silver conductor printing quality (a) without SU-8 coating and (b) with a thin layer of SU-8 coating (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2018] with permission).

Figure 3.4 (a) The fabrication process of the proposed additive manufacturing 5G broadband AiP and (b) the proof-of-concept samples (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2018] with permission).

Figure 3.5 (a) The measured scattering parameters and (b) gain of the proposed broadband 5G antenna (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2018] with permission).

Figure 3.6 (a) The schematic of the 5G energy harvester SiP with broadband AiP using fully AM multilayered packaging and (b) the fabrication process (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2019] with permission).

Figure 3.7 (a) 3D-printed substrate with 3D structures including cavity, ramps, and via holes, (b) coating substrate with SU-8, (c) inkjet-printed silver on the top of the 3D-printed substrate, (d) component attachment, (e) cavity filling with flexible 3D-printed material, and (f) inkjet-printed antenna array on the top layer (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2019] with permission).

Figure 3.8 (a) Measured and simulated output voltage with respect to different input power at 26 GHz for the embedded energy harvester and (b) Measured S11 for the antenna array (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2019] with permission).

Figure 3.9 (a) Measured radiation pattern at 26 GHz for the antenna array and (b) The wireless performance measurement setup for the system (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2019] with permission).

Figure 3.10 (a) The stack-up for the 5G broadband and miniaturized AiP design and (b) the fabrication process of the glass SAP (reproduced from [Lin et al., [2020b] with permission).

Figure 3.11 Prototypes of the proposed 5G broadband and miniaturized Yagi AiP (a) element and (b) array design (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2020b] with permission).

Figure 3.12 Measured and simulated (a) S11 and (b) gain of the 5G broadband and miniaturized Yagi AiP element (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2020b] with permission).

Figure 3.13 Measured and simulated normalized radiation patterns for Yagi AiP element at (a) 24.25 GHz E-plane, (b) 24.25 GHz H-plane, (c) 40 GHz E-plane, and (d) 40 GHz H-plane (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2020b] with permission).

Figure 3.14 Measured and simulated (a) S11 and (b) gain of the 5G broadband and miniaturized Yagi AiP array (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2020b] with permission).

Figure 3.15 Measured and simulated normalized radiation patterns for Yagi AiP array at (a) 24.25 GHz E-plane, (b) 24.25 GHz H-plane, (c) 40 GHz E-plane, and (d) 40 GHz H-plane (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2020b] with permission).

Figure 3.16 Diagram of the eggbox unit cell denoting the folding angles (a) and the printed cross-shaped conductive elements (b); (c) Fabricated prototype of 6 × 6 cross-dipole eggbox FSS and corresponding incidence angles: normal incidence (blue), rotate y-axis (green), and rotate x-axis (red) (reproduced from [Cui et al., 2021b] with permission).

Figure 3.17 Simulation and measurement results for (a) horizontal (x-axis) and (b) vertical (y-axis) polarization response for different folding angles (reproduced from [Cui et al., 2021b] with permission).

Figure 3.18 Simulation and measurement results for (a) horizontal (x-axis) and (b) vertical (y-axis) polarization response for different rotating angles (reproduced from [Cui et al., 2021b] with permission).

Figure 3.19 Fabrication process for Miura 3D/inkjet-printed structure. Comparison of SU-8 surface modification: (a) rough surface on curved area and (b) smooth surface with SU-8 buffer layer (reproduced from [Cui et al., 2019] with permission).

Figure 3.20 (a) Perspective and top view of the multilayer Miura individual FSS element (“unit cell”) design, (b, c) Fabricated prototype of the 8 × 10 multilayer Miura FSS. Simulated and measured frequency response for different folding angles, and (d) incident angles (e) (reproduced from [Lynch et al., 2023] with permission).

Figure 3.21 (a) Diagram of the Rotman-based harmonic mmID. Characterization of gain and angular coverage for the Rotman lens operating at 14 GHz (b) and 28 GHz (c). Conversion loss of the doubler circuit (d) (reproduced from [Lynch et al., 2022a] with permission).

Figure 3.22 (a) Estimated angle-dependent harmonic RCS at 28 GHz and range of 5 m. (b) Measured received power of the fully passive harmonic mmID at EIRP = 48 dBm (reproduced from [Lynch et al., 2023] with permission).

Figure 3.23 (a) Schematic of the RF front end of the 60 GHz mmID with Wp = 1.87 mm, Lp = 1.42 mm, ds = 1.31 mm, WTL = 0.59 mm, and Rs = 1.62 mm. (b) Flexible, inkjet-printed RF front end of mmID tag (reproduced from [Lynch et al., 2022b] with permission).

Figure 3.24 (a) Measured S11 of 4 × 1 patch antenna array of mmID. (b) Phase difference of mmID load for bias of 0 and 0.8 V for phase-based modulation (reproduced from [Lynch et al., 2022b] with permission).

Figure 3.25 (a) Schematic of the inkjet-printed resistive-based temperature sensor with total footprint of 2.89 cm x 1.0 cm. (b) %ΔR vs. temperature of resistive based sensor (reproduced from [Lynch et al., 2022b] with permission).

Figure 3.26 Estimated range and local temperature of the mmID as it passes the heat source (reproduced from [Lynch et al., 2022b] with permission).

Figure 3.27 Scalability demonstration of the tile-based phased array (reproduced from [Hu et al., 2022] with permission).

Figure 3.28 (a) Microstrip-to-microstrip transition (reproduced from [Hu et al., 2021] with permission) and (b) Front view of the 4-tile array (c) Back view of the 4-tile array.

Figure 3.29 Simulation and measurement results for a single tile phased array (a) and for the 2 × 2 tiles (“unit cell”) phased array and (b) (reproduced from [Hu et al., 2022] with permission).

Figure 3.30 (a) Picture of the flexible Rotman lens-based antenna array and (b) measured (solid lines) and simulated (dashed lines) gains of the antenna array held in a planar position (reproduced from [Eid et al., 2021] with permission).

Figure 3.31 (a) Picture of the fully flexible Rotman-based rectenna and (b) plot of the measured voltages and output powers versus incident power density for the Rotman-based rectenna (reproduced from [Eid et al., 2020] with permission).

Figure 3.32 Simulated and measured voltages and output powers versus incident power density for the rectenna with and without the Rotman Lens (reproduced from [Eid et al., 2019] with permission).

Figure 3.33 Measured harvested powers versus incidence angles for different curvatures (reproduced from [Eid et al., 2021] with permission).

Figure 4.1 An example of mobile handsets and scenario of its attachment to the human...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 14.11.2024
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Schlagworte: 3GPP • 5G engineering • 5G radios • 5G research • 5G system engineering • 5G testing • antennas • Array Antennas • Beamforming • cell breathing • metasurfaces • millimeter-wave components and antennas • MIMO antennas • MIMO-OTA testing • OTA testing • polarization diversity • Power Control • RF Testing • SISO tests • Spectral Efficiency • wireless cable solution
• ISBN-10: 1-394-21052-3 / 1394210523
• ISBN-13: 978-1-394-21052-7 / 9781394210527