This lecture provides an introduction to the problem of managing the energy demand of mobile devices. Reducing energy consumption, primarily with the goal of extending the lifetime of battery-powered devices, has emerged as a fundamental challenge in mobile computing and wireless communication. The focus of this lecture is on a systems approach where software techniques exploit state-of-the-art architectural features rather than relying only upon advances in lower-power circuitry or the slow improvements in battery technology to solve the problem. Fortunately, there are many opportunities to innovate on managing energy demand at the higher levels of a mobile system. Increasingly, device components offer low power modes that enable software to directly affect the energy consumption of the system. The challenge is to design resource management policies to effectively use these capabilities. The lecture begins by providing the necessary foundations, including basic energy terminology andwidely accepted metrics, system models of how power is consumed by a device, and measurement methods and tools available for experimental evaluation. For components that offer low power modes, management policies are considered that address the questions of when to power down to a lower power state and when to power back up to a higher power state. These policies rely on detecting periods when the device is idle as well as techniques for modifying the access patterns of a workload to increase opportunities for power state transitions. For processors with frequency and voltage scaling capabilities, dynamic scheduling policies are developed that determine points during execution when those settings can be changed without harming quality of service constraints. The interactions and tradeoffs among the power management policies of multiple devices are discussed. We explore how the effective power management on one component of a system may have either a positive or negative impact on overall energy consumption or on the design of policies for another component. The important role that application-level involvement may play in energy management is described, with several examples of cross-layer cooperation. Application program interfaces (APIs) that provide information flow across the application-OS boundary are valuable tools in encouraging development of energy-aware applications. Finally, we summarize the key lessons of this lecture and discuss future directions in managing energy demand.
Carla Schlatter Ellis is a Professor of Computer Science at Duke University. She received her Ph.D. degree in Computer Science from the University of Washington, Seattle in 1979. Before coming to Duke as an Associate Professor in 1986, she was a member of the Computer Science faculties at the University of Oregon, Eugene, from 1978 to 1980, and at the University of Rochester, Rochester NY, from 1980 to 1986. She is on the board of the Computing Research Association (CRA) and is Editor-in-Chief of ACM Transactions on Computing Systems. In the past, she served as a member of ACM Council and as Chair of the Special Interest Group on Operating Systems (SIGOPS). She is a member of ACM and USENIX. Her research interests are in operating systems, mobile computing, and sensor networks.
Introduction.- System Energy Models and Metrics.- Management of Device Power States.- Dynamic Voltage Scheduling (DVS).- Multiple Devices-Interactions and Tradeoffs.- Energy-Aware Application Code.- Challenges and Opportunities.
