Self-standing Substrates (eBook)

Materials and Applications

Inamuddin, Rajender Boddula, Abdullah M. Asiri (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2019 | 1st ed. 2020
VIII, 368 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-030-29522-6 (ISBN)

Infos

This book systematically describes free-standing films and self-supporting nanoarrays growing on rigid and flexible substrates, and discusses the numerous applications in electronics, energy generation and storage in detail. The chapters present the various fabrication techniques used for growing self-supporting materials on flexible and rigid substrates, and free-standing films composed of semiconductors, inorganic, polymer and carbon hybrid materials.

Dr. Inamuddin is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. He is a permanent faculty member (Assistant Professor) at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He obtained Master of Science degree in Organic Chemistry from Chaudhary Charan Singh (CCS) University, Meerut, India, in 2002. He received his Master of Philosophy and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in Applied Chemistry from Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), India, in 2004 and 2007, respectively. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of Analytical Chemistry, Materials Chemistry, and Electrochemistry and, more specifically, Renewable Energy and Environment. He has worked on different research projects as project fellow and senior research fellow funded by University Grants Commission (UGC), Government of India, and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India. He has received Fast Track Young Scientist Award from the Department of Science and Technology, India, to work in the area of bending actuators and artificial muscles. He has completed four major research projects sanctioned by University Grant Commission, Department of Science and Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, and Council of Science and Technology, India. He has published 145 research articles in international journals of repute and eighteen book chapters in knowledge-based book editions published by renowned international publishers. He has published fifty-four edited books with Springer, United Kingdom, Elsevier, Nova Science Publishers, Inc. U.S.A., CRC Press Taylor & Francis Asia Pacific, Trans Tech Publications Ltd., Switzerland, IntechOpen Limited, U.K. and Materials Science Forum LLC, U.S.A. He is the member of various journals editorial boards. He is also serving as Associate Editor for journals, Environmental Chemistry Letter, Applied Water Science and Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, Springer-Nature; Frontiers Section Editor, Current Analytical Chemistry, Bentham Science Publishers, Editorial Board Member, Scientific Reports-Nature, Editor, Eurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry and Review Editor, Frontiers in Chemistry, Frontiers, U.K. He is also guest editing various special thematic special issues to the journals of Elsevier, Bentham Science Publishers and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. He has attended as well as chaired sessions in various international and national conferences. He has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow, leading a research team at the Creative Research Initiative Center for Bio-Artificial Muscle, Hanyang University, South Korea, in the field of renewable energy, especially biofuel cells. He has also worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia, in the field of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and computational fluid dynamics of 

polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. He is a life member of the Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. His research interest includes ion exchange materials, a sensor for heavy metal ions, biofuel cells, supercapacitors and bending actuators.

Dr. Rajender Boddula is currently working as Chinese Academy of Sciences-President's International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include University Grants Commission National Fellowship and many merit scholarships, study-abroad fellowships from Australian Endeavour Research fellowship and CAS-PIFI. He has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals and has authored six book chapters, and also serving as editorial board member and referee for reputed international peer-reviewed journals. He has published edited books with Springer, United Kingdom, Elsevier, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Asia Pacific and Materials Science Forum LLC, U.S.A. His specialized areas of energy conversion and storage, which include nanomaterials, graphene, polymer composites, heterogeneous catalysis, photoelectrocatalytic water splitting, biofuel cell, and supercapacitors.

Prof. Abdullah M. Asiri is the Head of the Chemistry Department at King Abdulaziz University since October 2009 and he is the founder and the Director of the Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) since 2010 till now. He is a Professor of Organic Photochemistry. He graduated from King Abdulaziz University (KAU) with a BSc in Chemistry in 1990 and a PhD from University of Wales, College of Cardiff, UK in 1995. He was promoted to a Professor in 2004. His research interest covers color chemistry, synthesis of novel photochromic, thermochromic systems, synthesis of novel coloring matters and dyeing of textiles, Materials Chemistry, Nanochemistry and nanotechnology Polymers and plastics. Prof. Asiri is the principal supervisors of more than 20 Msc and six PhD thesis; He is the main Author of ten books in different chemistry disciplines. Prof. Asiri is the Editor-in-Chief of King Abdulaziz University Journal of Science. A major achievement of Prof. Asiri is the discovery of tribochromic compounds, a class of compounds which change from slightly or colorless to deep colored when subjected to small pressure or when grind. This discovery  was introduced to the scientific community as a new terminology Published by IUPAC in 2000. This discovery was awarded a patent from European Patent office and from UK patent and some other patents office in Europe. Prof. Asiri involved in many committees at the KAU level and also on the national level, he took a major roll in the Advanced materials committee working for KACST to identify the National plan for science and technology in 2007. Prof. Asiri played a major role in advancing the chemistry education and research in KAU, he has been awarded the best Researchers from KAU for the past five years. He also awarded the Young Scientist award from the Saudi Chemical society in 2009, and also the first prize for the distinction in science from the Saudi chemical society in 2012. He also received a recognition certificate from the American Chemical society (Gulf region Chapter) for the advancement of chemical science in the Kingdome. Also he received a Scopus certificate for the most Publishing Scientist in Saudi Arabia in chemistry in 2008. He is also a member of the Editorial Board of Pigments and Resin Technology (UK), Organic Chemistry in Sight (New Zealand), Designed Monomers & Polymers and Journal of Single Molecule Research . He is the Vice- President of Saudi Chemical Society (Western Province Branch).  He hold Four USA patents, more than 800 Publications in international Journals, Seven book Chapters, and 10 Books.

Inhalt

Preface 6
Contents 7
1 Self-standing Nanoarchitectures 9
Abstract 9
1 Introduction 10
1.1 Dimensions of Nanomaterials 11
1.2 Difference Between Nanostructures and Bulk Structures 13
1.3 Fabrication Methods 13
1.4 How to Look at Nanostructures? 15
2 Nanoparticles 17
2.1 Noble Metal Nanoparticles 18
2.2 Core-Shell Type Nanoparticles 19
2.3 Dendrimers 20
2.4 Fullerenes 22
3 Nanowires 23
3.1 Metallic Nanowires 23
3.2 Noble Metals 24
3.3 Non-noble Metallic Nanowires 24
3.4 Oxide Nanowires 25
3.5 Non-oxide Semiconducting Nanowires 26
3.6 Organic Nanowires 28
3.7 Superconducting Nanowires 29
4 Nanowalls 30
4.1 Semiconducting Nanowalls 30
4.2 Oxide Nanowalls 31
4.3 Carbon-Based Nanowalls 32
5 Nanopores 32
5.1 Porous Anodic Aluminium Oxides 33
5.2 Porous Anodic Titanium Oxide 35
6 Nanotubes 36
6.1 Carbon Nanotubes 37
6.2 From 1st to 4th Generation of TiO2 NTs 40
6.3 ZnO Nanotubes 42
7 Mimetic Nanomaterials 44
7.1 Nanotrees 44
7.2 Nanoflowers 45
7.3 Nanourchins 48
8 Heterostructures 49
8.1 Quantum Nanodots 50
8.2 Dimensional Hybrid Nanostructures 51
References 57
2 Application of Self-supported Materials for Photo and Photoelectrocatalysis 65
Abstract 65
1 Introduction 66
2 Fabrication and Modification of Self-support Nanostructure Photocatalyst/Photoelectrode 67
2.1 Electrodeposition 67
2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition 69
2.3 Hydrothermal and Solvothermal 72
2.4 Other Methods 75
3 Recent Application of Self-support Nanostructure Photocatalyst/Photoelectrode 77
3.1 Efficient Wastewater Treatment with Self-supported Photocatalyst 77
3.2 Enhanced PEC Water-Splitting Reaction with Highly Photoactive Self-supported Photocatalyst/Photoelectrode 80
3.3 Reduction of CO2 to Valuable Products with Highly Photoactive Self-supported Photocatalyst or Photoelectrode 83
4 Conclusion 86
References 87
3 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications 91
Abstract 91
1 Introduction 92
2 Electromagnetic Enhancement Contribution to SERS 94
3 Chemical Enhancement Contribution to SERS 96
4 SERS Is Simply an Enhancement of the Raman Effect? 96
5 HOT Spots 97
6 Why Metals Are Preferred for SERS? 99
7 SERS Substrate Fabrication Approaches 101
7.1 Metallic Nanoparticle-Based SERS Substrate Fabrication 102
7.2 Fabrication of the Nanostructures on the Substrate Via Lithography 104
7.3 2D SERS Substrates 108
7.4 3D SERS Substrates 110
8 Applications of SERS Substrates 110
8.1 Biosensing and Bioimaging Applications 111
8.2 Food Safety Evaluation 112
8.3 SERS Technique for Environmental Pollutants 114
8.4 SERS Technique in Forensic Science 114
8.5 SERS in Art and Archaeology 115
9 Conclusion and Future Outlook 116
Acknowledgements 117
References 117
4 Ultrafiltration Membrane for Water Treatment 127
Abstract 127
1 Introduction and History 128
2 UF Membrane Type, Characteristics and Preparation 131
2.1 Polymeric Membrane 131
2.2 Ceramic Membrane 134
3 Application of UF Membrane in Industrial Influent 138
3.1 Textile Industry 138
3.2 Dairy Industry 139
3.3 Beverage Industry 140
3.4 Petrochemical Industries 143
4 Application of UF Membrane in Industrial Effluent 145
4.1 Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Industries 145
4.2 Food Processing Industries 146
4.3 Iron and Steel Industries 148
5 Conclusion and Future Direction 149
References 150
5 Conducting Polymer Membranes and Their Applications 154
Abstract 154
1 Introduction 154
1.1 Conductive Polymer Background 156
1.2 Conductive Polymers and Their Mechanism of Conductivity 158
1.3 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers 160
1.3.1 Fabrication Techniques Conductive Polymer Composites 160
Solution Mixing Techniques 160
In situ Fabrication Technique 161
Melt Processing 162
Latex Technology of Fabrication 162
2 Applications of Conductive Composites 163
2.1 Polymer Materials for Sensor Application 163
2.1.1 Ion Sensor 164
2.1.2 pH Sensor 164
2.1.3 Gas Sensors 165
2.1.4 Stress Sensors 165
2.2 Conducting Membrane for Wastewater Treatment 170
3 Conclusions 171
Acknowledgements 172
References 172
6 Self-supported Electrocatalysts 184
Abstract 184
1 Introduction 184
1.1 Electrocatalysts 186
1.2 What Is ‘Self-supported Catalyst’? 188
1.3 Factors Affecting the Electrocatalytic Activity of Self-supported Catalyst 189
1.3.1 Size 189
1.3.2 Shape 190
1.3.3 Crystalline Facets 190
1.3.4 Composition of the Catalyst 191
1.3.5 Integration of Catalyst and Electrode 191
2 Role of Electrocatalysts in Energy Applications 191
2.1 Evaluating Parameters of Electrocatalysis 192
2.1.1 Onset Potential and Overpotential 193
2.1.2 Tafel Slope 193
2.1.3 Faradaic Efficiency (FE) 194
2.1.4 Electrochemically Active Surface Area (ECSA) 194
2.1.5 Exchange Current Density (Jo) 195
3 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) 196
4 Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) 200
5 Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) 204
6 CO2 Reduction Reaction 208
7 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) 209
8 Future Aspects and Conclusion 210
Author Declaration 211
References 211
7 Conductive Polymer Based Flexible Supercapacitor 217
Abstract 217
1 Introduction 217
2 Different Components of a Supercapacitor 219
3 Materials for Supercapacitor 220
3.1 Conductive Polymer Based Flexible Supercapacitor 220
3.1.1 Polyaniline Based Flexible Supercapacitor 221
3.1.2 Polypyrrole Based Flexible Supercapacitor 224
3.1.3 Polythiophene and Its Derivatives Based Flexible Supercapacitor 232
4 Summary 236
References 236
8 Self-healing Substrates: Fabrication, Properties and Applications 240
Abstract 240
1 Introduction 240
2 Self-healing Substrates and Their Healing Chemistries 242
2.1 Polymeric Substrates 243
2.1.1 Thermoplastic Polymers 243
Molecular Inter-diffusion 244
Photo-Induced Healing 245
Recombination of Chain Ends 246
Reversible Bond Formation 246
Living Polymer Approach 247
Anisotropic Systems Self-repairing 247
2.1.2 Thermoset Polymers 248
Hollow Fiber Approach 249
Microencapsulation Approach 250
Microvascular Networks 252
Thermally Reversible Cross-Linked Polymers 253
Thermoplastic Additives 253
Chain Rearrangement 253
Metal-Ion Mediated Healing 253
Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs) 253
Swelling of Polymer Matrix 255
2.2 Ceramic Substrates 255
2.2.1 Microencapsulation 255
2.2.2 Dynamic Oxidation/Diffusion 256
Oxidation of an A Element in a MAX Phase System 256
2.2.3 Self-healing Using NPs Additives 256
2.3 Metallic Substrates 256
2.3.1 Precipitation of Solute Atoms to Fill Voids and Micro-cracks 257
2.3.2 Low Melting Point Alloys as Reinforcement 257
2.3.3 Additives 257
2.3.4 Electro Healing 257
2.4 Concrete Substrates 258
2.4.1 Hollow Fiber and Microcapsule Encapsulation 258
2.4.2 Bacteria 258
2.4.3 Shape-Memory Polymers (SMPs) 259
2.4.4 Super-Absorbent Polymers 259
2.4.5 Additives to Aid Hydration of Concrete 259
2.5 Asphalt Substrates 259
3 Preparation of Self-healing Substrates 259
3.1 In Situ Emulsification Polymerization 260
3.2 Interfacial Polymerization 260
3.3 Pickering Emulsion Templating 260
3.4 Mini-emulsion Polymerization 261
3.5 Solvent Evaporation/Solvent Extraction 261
3.6 Sol-Gel 262
3.7 Click Chemistry 262
4 Applications of Self-healing Substrates 262
4.1 Electronic Devices 262
4.2 Food Packaging 264
4.3 Textiles 264
4.4 Medical Applications 265
4.5 Construction/Coatings 266
4.6 Water Treatment 267
5 Conclusion and Outlook 268
Acknowledgements 268
References 268
9 Self-supported Materials for Flexible/Stretchable Sensors 273
Abstract 273
1 Introduction 273
2 Fundamental of Flexible/Stretchable Sensors 275
2.1 Types and Transduction Mechanisms of Flexible/Stretchable Sensors 276
2.1.1 Piezoresistive Sensors 276
2.1.2 Piezocapacitive Sensors 277
2.1.3 Piezoelectric Sensors 277
2.1.4 Triboelectric Sensors 278
2.2 Key Parameters for Flexible/Stretchable Sensors 278
3 Functional Materials and Applications of Sensors 279
3.1 Substrate Materials 279
3.2 Representative Self-supporting Sensing Materials 280
3.2.1 Metallic Materials and Inorganic Semiconductors 281
Metallic Nanomaterials 281
Inorganic Semiconductors 283
3.2.2 Carbon Nanomaterials 283
CNT 284
Graphene and Derivative 287
3.2.3 Conductive Polymers 290
3.3 Flexible Electrodes 292
4 Conclusions and Outlook 293
Acknowledgements 294
References 295
10 Graphene-Based Materials for Flexible Supercapacitors 301
Abstract 301
1 Introduction 302
2 Flexible Graphene Based Composites 304
2.1 Electrode Material 304
2.1.1 Synthesis Approach 304
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 304
Electrodeposition 305
In-Situ Polymerization 305
Chemical Precipitation Method 306
Direct Coating 306
2.1.2 Fabrication of Electrode for Symmetric Supercapacitor 307
Electrodes with Additives (Carbonaceous or Pseudo-Capacitive Materials) 307
Electrodes with Binders 308
Binderless Electrodes 309
Pure Graphene Electrode 309
Conducting Polymer/Graphene Composites 311
Metal Oxides or Hydroxides/Graphene Composite 312
Graphene Based Ternary Composite 314
2.1.3 Asymmetric Supercapacitor 316
2.2 Electrolyte 316
2.3 Architectural Variations 318
3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 319
References 321
11 Free-Standing Graphene Materials for Supercapacitors 331
Abstract 331
1 Introduction 332
1.1 Classification of Graphene Based Nanomaterials 333
1.2 Synthesis of Graphene Based Nanomaterials 334
1.3 Synthesis of Free Standing Graphene 335
1.4 Characterization of Free Standing Graphene 337
2 What Is Supercapacitor? 338
3 Role of Free Standing Graphene as Supercapacitor 342
3.1 Graphene Foam 342
3.2 Graphene Films 343
3.3 Graphene Monoliths 346
3.4 Graphene Aerogel 348
4 Conclusion and Future Aspects 349
Author Declaration 350
References 350
12 Organic Electrode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries 356
Abstract 356
1 Introduction 357
2 Molecular Design of Electrodes for Organic Sodium Ion Batteries 358
2.1 Organic Electrodes Constituting of C=O Based Reaction 358
2.1.1 Carbonyl Compounds 358
2.1.2 Polyimides 359
2.1.3 Quinones 361
2.1.4 Carboxylates 362
2.1.5 Anhydrides 362
2.2 Organic Electrodes Based on Doping Reaction 362
2.2.1 Organic Radical Polymers 362
2.2.2 Conductive Polymers 363
2.2.3 Conjugated Micro Porous Polymers 364
2.2.4 Organometallic Polymers 365
2.3 Organic Electrode Constituting of C=N Based Reaction 365
2.3.1 Schiff Bases 365
2.3.2 Pteridine Derivatives 366
3 Electrode Design for Sodium Ion Batteries 366
3.1 Molecular Engineering 367
3.2 Polymerization 368
3.3 Combining with Carbon (Carbon Hybrid) 368
3.4 Electrolyte Modification 368
4 Future Challenges 368
References 369

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 12.12.2019
• Reihe/Serie: Engineering Materials
• Reihe/Serie: Engineering Materials
• Zusatzinfo: VIII, 368 p. 155 illus., 114 illus. in color.
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: Energy conversion & storage • Fabrication techniques • Free-standing substrates • Non-volatile Memory • Photoelectrocatalysis • Self-supported nanoarrays • Thin Films • Wearable Devices
• ISBN-10: 3-030-29522-2 / 3030295222
• ISBN-13: 978-3-030-29522-6 / 9783030295226