Applications of Biomedical Engineering in Dentistry (eBook)

Lobat Tayebi (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2019 | 1st ed. 2020
X, 474 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-030-21583-5 (ISBN)

Infos

This book offers readers a valuable overview of recent advances in biomedical engineering, as applied to the modern dentistry.  It begins by studying the biomaterials in dentistry, and materials used intraoperatively during oral and maxillofacial surgery procedures. Next, it considers the subjects in which biomedical engineers can be influential, such as 3-dimensional (3D) imaging, laser and photobiomodulation, surface modification of dental implants, and bioreactors. Hard and soft tissue engineerings in dentistry are discussed, and some specific and essential methods such as 3D-printing are elaborated. Presenting particular clinical functions of regenerative dentistry and tissue engineering in treatment of oral and maxillofacial soft tissues is the subject of a separate chapter.  Challenges in the rehabilitation handling of large and localized oral and maxillofacial defects is a severe issue in dentistry, which are considered to understand how bioengineers help with treatment methods in this regard.

Recent advances in nanodentistry is discussed followed by a chapter on the applications of stem cell-encapsulated hydrogel in dentistry.Periodontal regeneration is a challenging issue in dentistry, and thus, is going to be considered separately to understand the efforts and achievements of tissue engineers in this matter.  Oral mucosa grafting is a practical approach in engineering and treatment of tissues in ophthalmology, which is the subject of another chapter. Microfluidic approaches became more popular in biomedical engineering during the last decade; hence, one chapter focuses on the advanced topic of microfluidics technologies using oral factors as saliva-based studies.  Injectable gels in endodontics is a new theme in dentistry that bioengineering skills can advance its development, specifically by producing clinically safe and effective gels with regeneration and antibacterial properties.  Engineered products often need to be tested in vivo before being clinical in dentistry; thus, one chapter is dedicated to reviewing applicable animal models in dental research. The last chapter covers the progress on the whole tooth bioengineering as a valuable and ultimate goal of many dental researchers.

• Offers readers an interdisciplinary approach that relates biomedical engineering and restorative dentistry
• Discusses recent technological achievements in engineering with applications in dentistry
• Provides useful tool to dental companies for future product planning, specifically to biomedical engineers engaged in dental research

Lobat Tayebi is graduated from University of California-Davis in 2011 and joined Oklahoma State University, at the same year, as an Assistant Professor of Materials Science and Engineering. After three years of working as an Assistant Professor, she became Associate Professor and Director of Research at Marquette University School of Dentistry (2014-present).  She is a researcher in materials and regenerative medicine with multiple patents in the field, She has published about 200 journal articles and book chapters, and her research interests include 3D-printing, smart- bio-materials, soft/hard/interfacial tissue engineering, treatment of critically-sized craniomaxillofacial defects, growth factor delivery, vascularization and stem cell seeding in patient specific 3D-printed scaffolds, and preservation of oral tissues.

Inhalt

Contents 5
Contributors 7
Chapter 1: Introduction to Application of Biomedical Engineering in Dentistry 11
Reference 12
Chapter 2: Biomedical Materials in Dentistry 13
1 Introduction 13
2 Metallic Biomaterials 13
2.1 Dental Amalgam 14
2.2 Alloys for Metallic Restorations 15
2.3 Titanium in Implant Dentistry 16
3 Polymeric Biomaterials 17
3.1 Bonding Agents 17
3.2 Luting Agents 18
3.3 Prosthetic Polymers and Resins 19
3.4 Endodontic Obturation Materials 19
3.5 PEEK in Dentistry 20
3.6 Membranes and Polymeric Periodontal Biomaterials 20
3.7 Sutures and Alternatives 21
4 Ceramic Biomaterials 21
4.1 Dental Ceramics 22
4.2 HA and Other Bioceramics 23
4.3 Bioactive Glass 24
4.4 Endodontic Obturation Materials: MTA and Others 24
4.5 Zirconia in Dentistry 25
5 Composite Biomaterials 25
5.1 Resin-Based Composites 26
5.2 Modified Composites and GIOMERS 26
5.3 Bone Augmentation Materials 27
6 Conclusion 27
References 28
Chapter 3: Materials Used Intraoperatively During Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Procedures 31
1 Introduction 31
2 Grafting and Growth Factors 32
2.1 Grafting 32
2.2 Growth Factors Relevant to Surgery 33
2.2.1 Bone Morphogenetic Protein 34
2.2.2 Transforming Growth Factor 34
2.2.3 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor 34
2.2.4 Fibroblast Growth Factor 35
3 Growth Factor Enhancements 35
3.1 The Biology of Wound Healing 36
3.2 Collection and Preparation of Platelet Derivatives 36
3.3 Applications in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 37
3.4 Future Applications 37
4 Implantable Devices 38
4.1 Replacement of Teeth 38
4.2 Reconstruction of the Craniomaxillofacial Skeleton 39
4.2.1 Natural Bone Grafts 39
4.2.2 Synthetic Bone Grafts 40
5 Maintenance of Structural Integrity and Fixation 41
5.1 Plates and Screws 41
5.1.1 Midface 41
5.1.2 Mandible 42
5.1.3 Absorbable Materials 43
6 Summary 43
References 44
Chapter 4: 3D Imaging in Dentistry and Oral Tissue Engineering 53
1 Introduction 53
2 Computed Tomography (CT) 54
2.1 Image Reconstruction 58
2.1.1 Multiplanar Reformation (MPR) 58
2.1.2 Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) 58
2.1.3 Shaded Surface Display (SSD) 59
2.1.4 Volume Rendered 60
2.2 Advantages of CT Compared to Conventional Radiography 61
2.3 Advantages of MDCT Compared to Conventional Step-and-Shoot CT 61
2.4 Disadvantages of CT 61
2.5 Applications of CT 61
2.6 Rapid Prototyping 62
2.7 Tissue Engineering 62
3 Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) 62
3.1 CBCT Basic Formats for Image Reconstruction 66
3.1.1 Multiplanar Reformation (MPR) 66
3.1.2 Ray Sum 66
3.1.3 Volume Rendering 67
3.2 Advantages of CBCT 68
3.3 Limitations of CBCT 70
3.4 Applications of CBCT 70
3.4.1 Determining the Proper Location for Dental Implants 70
3.4.2 Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases 71
3.4.3 Cysts and Tumors 71
3.4.4 Endodontics 71
3.4.5 Orthodontics 72
3.4.6 Surgery 72
3.4.7 Dental Anomalies 72
3.4.8 Temporomandibular Joint 72
3.4.9 Paranasal Sinuses 73
3.5 Rapid Prototyping 73
3.6 Tissue Regeneration 73
4 Microcomputed Tomography (Micro-CT) 75
4.1 Advantages and Limitations of Micro-CT 77
4.2 Applications of Micro-CT 77
4.2.1 Evaluation of Enamel Thickness, Measurement of Dental Structures, and Assessment of Mineral Content 77
4.2.2 Evaluation of Root Canal Morphology 78
4.2.3 Biomechanics 78
4.2.4 Structure, Diseases, Development, and Adaptation of the Bone 79
4.2.5 Implants 80
4.2.6 Vascular Imaging 80
4.2.7 Imaging with Contrast Medium 81
4.2.8 Drug Delivery 81
4.3 Rapid Prototyping 82
4.4 Tissue Engineering 82
5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 83
5.1 Contrast Media 89
5.2 Spin Echo 90
5.3 Short Tau Inversion Recovery (STIR) and Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) 90
5.4 Flow 91
5.5 Determining the Section of Imaging 91
5.6 Advantages of MRI 91
5.7 Limitations of MRI 92
5.8 Applications of MRI 92
5.8.1 Imaging and Evaluation of Soft Tissue 92
5.8.2 Pathologies Involving the Soft Tissues 92
5.8.3 MR Spectroscopy 93
5.8.4 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging 93
5.8.5 Magnetic Resonance Angiography 93
5.9 Tissue Regeneration Appraisal 94
6 Summary 94
References 95
Chapter 5: Application of Bioreactors in Dental and Oral Tissue Engineering 98
1 Introduction 98
2 Bioreactor Design Requirements in Dental/Oral Tissue Engineering 99
3 Types of Bioreactors 100
3.1 Spinner Flask Bioreactors 101
3.2 Rotating Wall Vessel Bioreactors 102
3.3 Rocker Bioreactors 102
3.4 Flow Perfusion Bioreactors 104
3.5 Hydrostatic Pressure Bioreactors 105
3.6 Strain Bioreactors 105
3.7 Compression Bioreactors 107
3.8 Electrical Stimulation Bioreactors 107
3.9 Combined Bioreactors 107
3.10 In Vivo Bioreactors 108
4 Applied Bioreactors in Dental/Oral Tissue Engineering 109
4.1 Bone Tissue 109
4.2 Oral Cartilage, Tendon, and Ligament Tissue 110
5 Conclusion 153
References 153
Chapter 6: Engineering of Dental Titanium Implants and Their Coating Techniques 158
1 Introduction 158
2 Overview 159
3 Implant Coating Materials and Techniques 160
4 Immobilization 161
4.1 Peptide Immobilization 163
4.2 Nanoparticles 163
5 Discussion and Future Trends 164
6 Summary 166
References 166
Chapter 7: Applications of Laser in Dentistry 170
1 Introduction 170
2 Photobiomodulation in Regenerative Dentistry 172
2.1 Photobiomodulation and Bone Regeneration 172
2.2 Wound Healing Effects of Photobiomodulation 173
2.3 Anti-inflammatory and Pain Therapy of Photobiomodulation 174
2.4 Nerve Regeneration and Photobiomodulation Therapy 175
2.5 Stem Cells and Photobiomodulation Therapy 175
3 The Combination of Laser Therapy and Nanotechnology in Dentistry 176
3.1 Laser and Nanotechnology in Oral Cancer Therapy 177
3.2 Laser-Assisted Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Using Nanoparticles 179
3.3 Nanophotodynamic Therapy and Dental Caries 181
3.4 Nanophotodynamic Therapy in Periodontitis and Peri-implantitis 182
4 Summary 184
References 184
Chapter 8: Applications of Hard and Soft Tissue Engineering in Dentistry 187
1 Introduction 187
2 Tissue Engineering Strategies 188
3 Application of Tissue Engineering in Dentistry 188
3.1 Tooth Regeneration 188
3.2 Bone Tissue Regeneration 190
3.3 Cartilage Tissue Regeneration 190
3.4 Enamel Regeneration 191
3.5 Dentin and Dental Pulp Regeneration 192
3.6 Periodontal Tissue Regeneration 193
3.7 Oral Mucosa Regeneration 193
3.8 Salivary Gland Regeneration 194
3.9 Temporomandibular Joint Regeneration 194
4 Tissue Engineering: Challenges and Opportunities in Dentistry 195
5 Conclusions and Future Trends 197
References 197
Chapter 9: 3D Printing in Dentistry 202
1 Introduction 202
2 3D Printing Methodology 203
2.1 Subtractive Manufacturing (SM) 203
2.2 Additive Manufacturing (AM) 204
2.2.1 Laser-Based Methods 204
2.2.2 Flash Technology 205
2.2.3 Extrusion 206
2.2.4 Jet Printing 206
3 Biomaterials for 3D Printing in Dentistry 207
4 Incorporation of Cells and Biomolecules in 3D Printing 208
5 Growth Factor (GF) and Drug Delivery Using 3D Printing 208
6 Cells in 3D Printing 211
6.1 Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) 212
6.2 Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth (SHED) 213
6.3 Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells (PDLSCs) 214
6.4 Stem Cells from the Apical Papilla (SCAP) 214
7 3D Printing Approaches for Vasculature in Tissue-Engineered Constructs 215
7.1 Hollow Fiber Printing 215
7.2 Sacrificial Method 216
7.3 Cell Spheroid-Based 3D Bioprinting 217
7.4 Sprouting 217
7.5 Direct Printing of Vessel-like Structures 217
8 Advances in 3D Printing for Dental Tissue Engineering 218
9 Summary 220
References 221
Chapter 10: Clinical Functions of Regenerative Dentistry and Tissue Engineering in Treatment of Oral and Maxillofacial Soft Tissues 229
1 Introduction 229
2 Regeneration of the Oral Mucosa 230
3 Wound Dressing 231
4 Skeletal Muscle Regeneration 234
5 Nerve Regeneration 235
5.1 Tissue Engineering and Peripheral Nerve Regeneration 236
5.2 Role of Stem Cells in Regeneration of Peripheral Nerves 238
6 Osteochondral Tissue Engineering 238
7 Conclusion 240
References 240
Chapter 11: Challenges in the Rehabilitation Handling of Large and Localized Oral and Maxillofacial Defects 245
1 Introduction 245
2 Bone Defects’ Classifications in Oral and Maxillofacial Region 246
2.1 Large Bone Defects 246
2.2 Localized Bone Defects in Oral and Maxillofacial Region 248
2.2.1 Alveolar Bone Defects 248
Horizontal and Vertical Alveolar Defects 248
Khojasteh’s Classification for Alveolar Ridge 248
Fenestration and Dehiscence 249
2.2.2 Clefts 249
3 Treatment Approaches and Challenges 250
3.1 Reconstruction of Large Bone Defects and Suggested Treatment Algorithm 251
3.1.1 Midface Region 251
3.1.2 Mandibular Defects 252
3.1.3 Cranial Defects 253
3.1.4 Tissue Engineering as an Alternative Therapeutic Approach 254
3.2 Algorithm-Based Selection of Treatment Options Based on the Defect Site and Type 256
3.2.1 Alveolar Bone Defects 256
Alveolar Fenestration and Dehiscence 258
3.2.2 Clefts 259
4 Conclusion and Future Direction 261
References 261
Chapter 12: Recent Advances in Nanodentistry 269
1 Introduction 269
2 Nanodentistry 271
2.1 The Bottom-Up Approach 271
2.2 The Top-Down Approach 272
2.3 In the Functional Approach 272
2.4 The Biomimetic Approach 273
3 Nano-/Bio Dental Materials 273
4 Nano-/Biomaterials as Dental Drug Carriers 273
4.1 Various Delivery Vehicles 275
4.1.1 Liposomes 276
4.1.2 Solid Biodegradable Nanoparticles 276
4.1.3 Micelles 276
4.1.4 Dendrimers 277
4.1.5 Polymers 277
4.1.6 Carbon Nanotubes 277
4.1.7 Gold Nanoparticles 277
4.1.8 Nanodiamonds 278
4.1.9 Nanogel 278
5 Nano-/Biomaterials as Dental Filling Agents 278
6 Nano-/Biomaterials as Dental Adhesive Agents 279
7 Nano-/Biomaterials as Dental Implants 280
8 Nanodiagnosis in Dentistry 281
9 Clinical Applications of Nano-/Bio Dental Materials 283
9.1 Local Anesthesia 283
9.2 Hypersensitivity Cure 284
9.3 Diagnosis of Oral Cancer 284
9.4 Treatment of Oral Cancer 284
9.5 Dental Durability, Appearance, and Dentifrobots 285
9.6 Orthodontic Treatment 285
9.7 Tooth Repair 285
9.8 Dentition Renaturalization 286
9.9 Nanocomposites 286
9.10 Nanosolution 286
9.11 Impression Materials 286
9.12 Nanoencapsulation 287
9.13 Other Products of SWRI 287
9.14 Nanoneedles 287
9.15 Materials Applied for Bone Replacement 287
10 Possible Hazards Resulting from NPs 288
11 Summary 288
References 288
Chapter 13: Application of Stem Cell Encapsulated Hydrogel in Dentistry 294
1 Introduction 294
2 Hydrogel 295
3 Biodegradable Hydrogels 296
4 Hydrogels in Dental Tissue Engineering 296
5 Cell Delivery/Cell Encapsulation by Hydrogels 297
6 Role of Hydrogels in Bone Regeneration 300
7 Mineralization of Injectable Hydrogels and In Situ Hybridization 300
8 Conclusion 303
References 303
Chapter 14: Tissue Engineering in Periodontal Regeneration 306
1 Introduction 306
2 Conventional Approaches for Periodontal Regeneration 308
2.1 Bone Grafts 308
2.1.1 Autologous Bone Grafts 308
2.1.2 Allogeneic Bone Grafts 308
2.1.3 Alloplastic Grafts 309
2.2 Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR) 309
3 Cell-Based Approaches for Periodontal Regeneration 309
3.1 Progenitor Cells 310
3.1.1 Intraoral Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Periodontal Regeneration 311
3.1.2 Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells (PDLSCs) 311
Dental Follicle Stem Cells (DFSCs) 312
Gingival Epithelial Cells and Fibroblasts 312
Periosteal Cells 312
Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) 313
Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth (SHED) 313
Stem Cells from Apical Papilla (SCAP) 314
3.1.3 Extraoral Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Periodontal Regeneration 314
Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMMSCs) 314
Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Cells (ATSCs) 315
3.2 Signaling Molecules 315
3.2.1 Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGFs) 315
3.2.2 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) 315
3.2.3 Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) 316
3.2.4 Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) 317
3.2.5 Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-?) 317
3.2.6 Periodontal Ligament-Derived Growth Factor (PDL-CTX) 317
3.2.7 Enamel Matrix Derivative (EMD) 318
3.2.8 Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) 318
3.3 Scaffolds 318
3.3.1 Biomaterials Used as Scaffolds 319
Ceramics 319
Metals and Alloys 319
Polymers 319
Synthetic Polymers 320
Naturally Derived Polymers 320
4 Cell Sheet Technique 321
5 Conclusions 322
References 322
Chapter 15: Oral Mucosal Grafting in Ophthalmology 333
1 Introduction 333
2 Types of Oral Mucosal Grafts 334
2.1 Buccal Mucosa-Based OMG 334
2.2 Labial Mucosa-Based OMG 335
2.3 Lingual Mucosa-Based OMG 335
3 Procedure and Complications of Oral Mucosal Grafting 335
3.1 Graft Harvesting and Surgical Procedures 335
3.2 Complications 336
4 Applications of Oral Mucosal Grafting in Ophthalmology 337
4.1 Ocular Surface Reconstruction 337
4.2 Socket Reconstruction 338
4.3 Correction of Eyelid Abnormalities 339
4.4 Glaucoma Surgery 339
4.5 Retinal Surgery 339
4.6 Lacrimal Drainage Surgery 340
5 Summary 340
References 340
Chapter 16: Microfluidic Technologies Using Oral Factors: Saliva-Based Studies 343
1 Introduction 343
2 Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool 344
2.1 Detection of Disease on Microfluidic Chips 345
2.2 Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices (?PADs) 347
2.3 Smartphone-Based Microfluidic Devices 348
3 Detection of Oral Cancer 353
4 Biofilm Formation 355
5 Summary 357
References 359
Chapter 17: Injectable Gels for Dental and Craniofacial Applications 363
1 Introduction 363
2 Hydrogel Materials Used in Tissue Engineering 364
2.1 Collagen/Gelatin 365
2.2 Chitin/Chitosan 365
2.3 Hyaluronic Acid (HA) 365
2.4 Alginate 366
3 Injectable Scaffolds Used in Dental and Craniofacial Applications 366
3.1 Injectable Hydrogels 366
3.1.1 Types of Injectable Hydrogels According to the Method of Cross-Linking 367
Chemically Cross-Linked Hydrogels 367
Photopolymerizable Injectable Hydrogels 367
Injectable Hydrogels Prepared by Click Chemistry 368
Injectable Hydrogels Cross-Linked by Michael Addition Reaction 368
Enzymatically Cross-Linked Injectable Hydrogels 369
Injectable Hydrogels Prepared by Schiff Base Reaction 369
Physical Hydrogels 369
Temperature-Sensitive Injectable Hydrogels 369
pH-Sensitive Hydrogels 370
Injectable Hydrogels Prepared by Ionic Cross-Linking 370
3.1.2 Nanocomposite Injectable Hydrogels 371
3.2 Self-Assembled Peptide Amphiphiles 371
3.3 Injectable Microspheres 372
4 Conclusion 374
References 374
Chapter 18: Animal Models in Dental Research 380
1 Introduction 380
2 Animal Model Classifications 381
3 Animal Selection for Different Field of Dentistry 383
3.1 Endodontics 383
3.2 Pediatric Dentistry 387
3.2.1 Immature Pulp Regeneration 387
3.2.2 Avulsed Teeth Replantation 391
3.3 Periodontics and Implant Dentistry 392
3.4 Maxillofacial Surgery 402
3.4.1 Bone Defect 403
3.4.2 Bone Augmentation 409
3.5 Orthodontics 411
3.5.1 Tooth Movement 411
3.5.2 Distraction Osteogenesis 413
3.5.3 Trans-sutural Expansion of Maxilla 414
4 Experimental Procedure and Guidelines 416
4.1 Presurgical Preparation 416
4.2 Surgical Considerations 417
4.3 Postsurgical Care 419
5 Ethical Considerations 420
5.1 Number of the Animals 420
5.2 Veterinarian Consult 420
5.3 The Three R’s Concepts 421
5.4 Species Choosing 421
5.5 Euthanasia 421
5.6 Pain and Distress 422
5.7 The Pilot Study 422
5.8 Training 422
6 Future Perspectives 422
7 Conclusion 424
References 425
Chapter 19: Whole Tooth Engineering 446
1 Introduction 446
2 Cell Sources for Whole Tooth Engineering 448
2.1 Embryonic Stem Cells 448
2.2 Adult Stem Cells 448
3 Cell Signaling 450
4 Approaches for Whole Tooth Organ 452
4.1 Organ Germ Method 452
4.1.1 Embryonic Tooth Germ-Derived Epithelial and Mesenchymal Stem Cells 452
4.1.2 Non-embryonic Tooth Germ-Derived Epithelial and Mesenchymal Stem Cells 453
4.2 Scaffolds for Tooth Bioengineering Approach 455
4.2.1 Synthetic Polymeric Scaffolds 456
4.2.2 Decellularized Scaffold as Natural Scaffolds 456
4.3 Cell Sheets for Tooth Regeneration 457
5 Investigation the Functionality the Whole Bioengineered Teeth 458
5.1 Successful Transplantation 458
5.2 Integration with Periodontal Ligament Tissues 459
5.3 Responses to Mechanical Load of Bioengineered Teeth 459
5.4 Perceptive Potential for Noxious Stimuli in Bioengineered Teeth 460
6 Summary 461
References 461
Index 466

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 27.8.2019
• Zusatzinfo: X, 474 p. 105 illus., 90 illus. in color.
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Zahnmedizin
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: 3D-Printing in Dentistry • Biomaterials in dentistry • Engineering of Dental Prostheses • Engineering of Oral and Dental Products • Hard and soft Tissue Engineering in Dentistry
• ISBN-10: 3-030-21583-0 / 3030215830
• ISBN-13: 978-3-030-21583-5 / 9783030215835