Social Robots: Technological, Societal and Ethical Aspects of Human-Robot Interaction (eBook)

Oliver Korn (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2019 | 1st ed. 2019
XIII, 288 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-030-17107-0 (ISBN)

Infos

Social robots not only work with humans in collaborative workspaces - we meet them in shopping malls and even more personal settings like health and care. Does this imply they should become more human, able to interpret and adequately respond to human emotions? Do we want them to help elderly people? Do we want them to support us when we are old ourselves? Do we want them to just clean and keep things orderly - or would we accept them helping us to go to the toilet, or even feed us if we suffer from Parkinson's disease?

The answers to these questions differ from person to person. They depend on cultural background, personal experiences - but probably most of all on the robot in question. This book covers the phenomenon of social robots from the historic roots to today's best practices and future perspectives. To achieve this, we used a hands-on, interdisciplinary approach, incorporating findings from computer scientists, engineers, designers, psychologists, doctors, nurses, historians and many more. The book also covers a vast spectrum of applications, from collaborative industrial work over education to sales. Especially for developments with a high societal impact like robots in health and care settings, the authors discuss not only technology, design and usage but also ethical aspects.

Thus this book creates both a compendium and a guideline, helping to navigate the design space for future developments in social robotics.

Inhalt

Introduction to Social Robots 6
Contents 10
Contributors 12
1 A Short History of the Perception of Robots and Automata from Antiquity to Modern Times 15
1.1 Introduction 15
1.2 Ancient Perceptions 16
1.3 Medieval Perceptions 19
1.4 Modern Perceptions 21
1.5 Conclusion and Outlook 23
References 25
2 Designing Social Robots at Scales Beyond the Humanoid 27
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Toward Ubiquitous Social Robots 29
2.3 What Are Non-humanoid Social Robots “NH-SRs”? 30
2.4 The Characteristics of Non-humanoid Social Robots (“NH-SR”) 32
2.4.1 Functional Characteristics 34
2.4.2 Formal Characteristics 37
2.4.3 Aesthetical Characteristics 38
2.5 Social Robots at Scales Beyond the Humanoid 39
2.5.1 “Minimalism” in Non-humanoid Social Robots 40
2.5.2 “High-Tech” in Non-humanoid Social Robots 42
2.5.3 “Biomimicry” in Non-humanoid Social Robots 43
2.5.4 “Postmodernism” in Non-humanoid Social Robots 44
2.5.5 “Classicism” in Non-humanoid Social Robots 45
2.5.6 “Eclecticism” in Non-humanoid Social Robots 46
2.6 Coming Age of Ubiquitous Social Robots 46
References 47
3 A Study on Robot-Initiated Interaction: Toward Virtual Social Behavior 50
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Related Literature 52
3.3 System Overview 54
3.4 Rationale Behind the Approach 55
3.4.1 Theoretical Approach 56
3.4.2 Theory of Planned Behavior 56
3.4.3 Theory of Reasoned Action 58
3.5 Human Behavior 58
3.5.1 Measuring Behavioral Responses 58
3.5.2 Observable Nonverbal Human Behavior 58
3.5.3 Decision-Making Criteria 59
3.6 MiRob: The Social Robot 62
3.6.1 Monitoring Human Behavior 63
3.6.2 Experiment 1 65
3.6.3 Experiment 2 65
3.7 User Responses Toward the Robot 66
3.8 Conclusions and Implications 69
3.8.1 Conclusions 69
3.8.2 Implications for Theory 69
3.8.3 Implications for Design 70
References 71
4 The Role of Gesture in Social Telepresence Robots—A Scenario of Distant Collaborative Problem-Solving 74
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 Related Work 76
4.2.1 Service Robots 76
4.2.2 Social Robots 77
4.2.3 Tele-operation and Avatar Robots 78
4.2.4 Mobile Robotic Telepresence 79
4.2.5 Telepresence Robots with Physical Embodiment 81
4.3 The Role of Gesture in Human–Robot Interaction 83
4.4 Scenario of a Telepresence Robot Around Tangible User Interfaces 85
4.4.1 Collaborative Problem-Solving on Tangible Interfaces 86
4.4.2 An Avatar Robot for Collaborative Problem-Solving 87
4.5 Discussion and Future Prospects 93
References 94
5 Unobtrusive Vital Data Recognition by Robots to Enhance Natural Human–Robot Communication 97
5.1 Motivation 98
5.2 Related Work 99
5.2.1 Touchy Sensors 100
5.2.2 Optical Sensors 101
5.3 Detection Algorithm 104
5.4 Optimization Strategies 106
5.5 Study 108
5.6 Discussion 109
5.7 Conclusion 111
References 111
6 Interacting with Collaborative Robots—A Study on Attitudes and Acceptance in Industrial Contexts 113
6.1 Introduction 113
6.2 Related Work 115
6.2.1 Human–Robot Interaction 115
6.2.2 Attitude Toward Robots 116
6.3 Study 118
6.3.1 Task and Procedure 118
6.3.2 Participants 121
6.3.3 Method 121
6.4 Results 122
6.4.1 Robot-Related Experiences 122
6.4.2 Negative Attitudes Toward Robots (NARS) 122
6.4.3 Eurobarometer 124
6.5 Conclusion 125
6.5.1 Limitations and Future Work 127
References 127
7 A Social Robot in a Shopping Mall: Studies on Acceptance and Stakeholder Expectations 130
7.1 Introduction 131
7.2 Related Work 133
7.3 Studies in MuMMER 135
7.3.1 Study 1. Customer Workshop 136
7.3.2 Study 2. Customer Acceptance Survey 138
7.3.3 Study 3. Store Managers’ and Mall Managers’ Perspective 144
7.4 Summary and Discussion 148
7.5 Conclusions, Limitations and Future Work 152
References 153
8 Multi-party Interaction in Public Spaces: Cross-Cultural Variations in Parental and Nonparental Response to Robots’ Adaptive Strategies 156
8.1 Introduction 156
8.2 Related Work 157
8.2.1 Robots in Public Spaces 158
8.2.2 Cultural Differences by Hofstede 159
8.2.3 Cross-Cultural HRI 160
8.3 Studies 161
8.3.1 Robots’ Adaptive Scenarios for Self-introductions 161
8.3.2 Study 1: Shopping Mall 162
8.3.3 Method 162
8.3.4 Results and Discussion 163
8.3.5 Study II: Online Survey 164
8.3.6 Structure 164
8.3.7 Participants 165
8.3.8 Results 167
8.4 Discussion and Conclusion 172
8.4.1 Future Work 173
References 173
9 Cross-Collaborative Approach to Socially-Assistive Robotics: A Case Study of Humanoid Robots in a Therapeutic Intervention for Autistic Children 176
9.1 Introduction 176
9.2 Literature Review 178
9.2.1 Social Robots in Therapy and Education 178
9.2.2 Social StoriesTM 179
9.2.3 Applied Behavior Analysis 181
9.3 KASPAR the Robot 182
9.4 Pilot Study 183
9.5 Study Design 184
9.5.1 Wizard of Oz Technique 184
9.5.2 Space 185
9.5.3 Procedure 185
9.6 Results 187
9.6.1 Case Study 1: Jack Develops Social Communication Skills 187
9.6.2 Case Study 2: Carl Develops Focus and Attentiveness 189
9.7 Discussion 192
9.8 Conclusions 194
References 195
10 Social Robots and Human Touch in Care: The Perceived Usefulness of Robot Assistance Among Healthcare Professionals 198
10.1 Introduction 199
10.2 The Importance of Touching in Care of Older People 200
10.3 Robotic Technology and Care Work 204
10.4 Desirable and Non-desirable Robot Assistance 205
10.4.1 Results 206
10.5 Social Robots Assisting in Human Care 209
10.6 Discussion 211
References 213
11 Attitudes of Professionals Toward the Need for Assistive and Social Robots in the Healthcare Sector 216
11.1 Introduction 216
11.1.1 Social Robotics 218
11.1.2 Need for Social Robots 219
11.1.3 Examples of Use Cases of Social Robots 220
11.1.4 Challenges of Using Robots 221
11.2 Concepts, Approaches, and Factors for Defining Social Robots 222
11.3 Study Design 223
11.4 Study Among Healthcare Workers 224
11.4.1 Materials and Methods 224
11.4.2 Survey Data, Variable Design, and Analyses 224
11.4.3 Results Among Healthcare Workers 225
11.5 Study Among Well-Being and Healthcare Technology Professionals 231
11.5.1 Materials and Methods 231
11.5.2 Survey Data, Variable Design, and Analyses 231
11.5.3 Results Among Well-Being and Healthcare Technology Professionals 231
11.6 Study Among Healthcare Educators 236
11.6.1 Materials and Methods 236
11.6.2 Survey Data, Variable Design, and Analyses 236
11.6.3 Results Among Healthcare Educators 236
11.7 Discussion 238
References 243
12 Evaluating the Sense of Safety and Security in Human–Robot Interaction with Older People 248
12.1 Introduction 248
12.2 The Sense of Safety and Security 250
12.2.1 Conceptual Definitions of Sense of Safety and Security 250
12.2.2 Older People's Sense of Safety and Security 250
12.2.3 Sense of Safety and Security in HRI 251
12.3 Designing a Tool for Evaluating Sense of Safety and Security in Social HRI: A Video-Based Study 253
12.3.1 The Robot 253
12.3.2 Experimental Design 253
12.3.3 Participants 255
12.3.4 Questionnaires 256
12.3.5 Procedure 258
12.3.6 Experimental Results 258
12.4 Revising and Validating the Tool for Evaluating Sense of Safety and Security in Social HRI: Older People Interacting with Pepper 262
12.5 The Initial Model of Sense of Safety and Security 265
12.5.1 Human-Related Factors 265
12.5.2 The Model of Sense of Safety and Security 266
12.5.3 Robot-Related Factors 268
12.6 Discussion and Conclusion 270
References 272
13 AMIGO—A Socially Assistive Robot for Coaching Multimodal Training of Persons with Dementia 276
13.1 Introduction 277
13.2 Related Work 279
13.2.1 Motivation and Dementia 279
13.2.2 Socially Assistive Robots for Dementia in Health Care 279
13.3 The Coaching System AMIGO 282
13.3.1 Robot-Based Coaching for Playful Training 282
13.3.2 Playful Multimodal Training 282
13.3.3 Theratainment App 283
13.3.4 Measures for the Analysis of Motivation for Stimulating Training 284
13.4 First Results of the AMIGO Study 286
13.4.1 Qualitative Study 287
13.4.2 First Field Trial 288
13.5 Future Work 292
References 292
Index 296

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 1.7.2019
• Reihe/Serie: Human–Computer Interaction Series
• Reihe/Serie: Human–Computer Interaction Series
• Zusatzinfo: XIII, 288 p. 73 illus., 57 illus. in color.
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Betriebssysteme / Server
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: Affective computing • Assistive Technology • Human-Computer interaction • Human-Machine Interaction • Human-Robot Interaction • Robot Assistance • service robots • social robots
• ISBN-10: 3-030-17107-8 / 3030171078
• ISBN-13: 978-3-030-17107-0 / 9783030171070