Mechanisms of Cracking and Debonding in Asphalt and Composite Pavements (eBook)

State-of-the-Art of the RILEM TC 241-MCD

William G. Buttlar, Armelle Chabot, Eshan V. Dave, Christophe Petit, Gabriele Tebaldi (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2018 | 1. Auflage
256 Seiten
Springer-Verlag
978-3-319-76849-6 (ISBN)

Infos

Premature cracking in asphalt pavements and overlays continues to shorten pavement lifecycles and creates significant economic and environmental burden. In response, RILEM Technical Committee TC 241-MCD on Mechanisms of Cracking and Debonding in Asphalt and Composite Pavements has conducted a State-of-the-Art Review (STAR), as detailed in this comprehensive book.  Cutting-edge research performed by RILEM members and their international partners is presented, along with summaries of open research questions and recommendations for future research.

This book is organized according to the theme areas of TC 241-MCD - i.e., fracture in the asphalt bulk material, interface debonding behaviour, and advanced measurement systems. This STAR is expected to serve as a long term reference for researchers and practitioners, as it contributes to a deeper fundamental understanding of the mechanisms behind cracking and debonding in asphalt concrete and composite pavement systems.  

Inhalt

Preface 6
History of the Previous RILEM Technical Committees on Pavement Cracking 6
Main Objectives of TC241-MCD (2011–2017) 7
Acknowledgements 9
References 10
RILEM Publications 12
Contents 22
1 Introduction 23
1.1 Field and Accelerated Pavement Testing Studies 23
1.1.1 French Motorways 23
1.1.1.1 Thick Bituminous Pavements 24
1.1.1.2 Semi Rigid Pavements 25
1.1.2 United States Roadways 26
1.1.3 Other Pavement Configurations 29
1.1.3.1 Example of Typical UTW Degradations for Urban Use 29
1.1.3.2 Example of Polymer Modified Stress Absorbing Membrane Interlayer Trails 30
1.1.4 Accelerated Pavement Cracking Studies Examples 31
1.1.4.1 IFSTTAR Cracking and Debonding APT Examples 31
1.1.4.2 Cracking Mechanism Observed on the IFSTTAR Pavement Fatigue Carousel 31
1.1.4.3 Evaluation of Interface Behaviour During APT Test 36
1.1.4.4 Information Coming from Fiber Grid Use for Pavement Reinforcement 37
1.1.4.5 UIUC Reflective Cracking APT Interlayer Study 40
1.1.4.6 Accelerated Pavement Test Loading System 41
1.1.4.7 Cracking Mechanisms in Control Section 41
1.1.4.8 Cracking Mechanisms in Single RCRI Overlay System 42
1.1.4.9 Cracking Mitigation in Double RCRI Overlay System 43
1.1.4.10 APT Conferences 44
1.2 Studies with Integrated Fracture Testing and Modelling Approaches 44
1.2.1 QVCV as a Rational Framework for Advancing Cracking Research 44
1.2.2 Modeling and Testing Approaches Used in Past Research: Shortcomings of Empirical Approaches 47
1.3 Summary 49
References 50
2 Cracking in Asphalt Materials 54
2.1 Introduction 54
2.2 Lab Tests: Static Cracking and Damage 56
2.2.1 Fracture Energy Measurements Using Disk-Shaped Compact Tension Test and Compact Tension Test 56
2.2.1.1 Test Setup, Procedures, and Analysis 57
2.2.1.2 Examples of Test Results 58
2.2.2 Fracture Energy Measurements Using Fenix Test 60
2.2.2.1 Test Setup, Procedures, and Analysis 60
2.2.2.2 Examples of Test Results 62
2.2.2.3 Repeatability and Sensitivity 63
2.2.3 Four Point Bending Notch Fracture 65
2.2.3.1 Test Setup, Procedures, and Analysis 65
2.2.3.2 Results 69
2.2.3.3 Summary 70
2.3 Lab Tests: Cyclic Cracking and Damage 70
2.3.1 Complex Modulus Testing Using Uniaxial Cylindrical Test Setup, Procedures and Analysis 70
2.3.1.1 Test Results 72
2.3.2 Complex Modulus and Fatigue Testing Using Cantilever Trapazoidal Beam Test 73
2.3.2.1 Complex Modulus Testing: Specimen Geometry and Equipment 73
2.3.2.2 Complex Modulus: Brief Test Description 75
2.3.2.3 Fatigue Testing: Specimen Geometry and Laboratory Device 76
2.3.2.4 Test Results 77
2.3.3 Skrinkage-Bending Test from LRPC of Autun 78
2.3.3.1 Specimen Geometry and Equipment 78
2.3.3.2 Brief Test Description 79
2.4 Constitutive Models for Crack Initiation and Propagation 80
2.4.1 Crack Growth Initiation Model for Viscoelastic Materials 80
2.4.1.1 Model Introduction 80
2.4.1.2 Model Formulation 81
2.4.1.3 Example Application of the Crack Growth Initiation Model: Numerical Modelling of the Bitumen Fracture 83
2.4.2 Cohesive Zone Fracture Model 86
2.4.2.1 Model Introduction 86
2.4.2.2 Model Formulation 86
2.4.2.3 Model Verification, Calibration and Validation 88
2.4.3 Hot Mix Asphalt Fracture Mechanics Model 89
2.4.3.1 Model Introduction 89
2.4.3.2 Model Formulation 89
2.4.3.3 Use of Model for Evaluation of Cracking Performance 94
2.4.3.4 Summary of Models for Discrete Cracking in Asphalt Mixtures 97
2.5 Constitutive Models for Cyclic Degradation 97
2.5.1 Dissipated Energy Concept 97
2.5.1.1 Model Introduction 97
2.5.1.2 Model Formulation 98
2.5.2 Non-local Modeling of Fatigue Microcracking with Application to Specimen Size Effects 102
2.5.2.1 Model Description 102
2.5.2.2 Results of the Model Prediction for Study of Specimen Size Effects 104
2.5.3 Viscoelstoplastic Continuum Damage Model 105
2.5.3.1 Model Introduction 105
2.5.3.2 Time-Temperature Superposition (TTS) with Growing Damage 106
2.5.3.3 Viscoelastic Continuum Damage (VECD) Model 106
2.5.3.4 Work Potential Theory 109
2.5.3.5 Determination of Material Parameters 112
2.5.3.6 Determination of VECD Model Parameters with Example from RILEM TC-CAP Material 114
2.5.3.7 Summary of Models for Cyclic Degradation 116
2.6 Summary 116
2.6.1 Summary and Observations on the State of the Art for Laboratory Tests and Constitutive Models for Characterization of Fracture in Bulk Asphalt Material 116
2.6.2 Scientific Lack and Future Research Suggested 118
References 119
3 Interface Debonding Behavior 124
3.1 Introduction 124
3.2 Mode I—Opening Mode 130
3.2.1 Tensile Bond Test (TBT) 131
3.2.1.1 Cylindrical Specimen 132
3.2.1.2 Cubical Specimen 134
3.2.1.3 In Situ Tensile Bond Test 136
3.2.2 Tensile Notch Bond Test (TNBT) 137
3.2.2.1 Interface Bond Test (IBT) 138
3.2.2.2 Wedge Splitting Test (WST) 138
3.3 Mode II—In Plane Shear Mode 140
3.3.1 Shear Bond Test (SBT) Without Normal Stress 141
3.3.1.1 Layer-Parallel Direct Shear (LPDS) 145
3.3.1.2 Laboratorio de Caminos de Barcelona Shear Test (LCB) 147
3.3.1.3 Double Shear Test (DST) 147
3.3.2 Shear Bond Test (SBT) with Normal Stress 148
3.4 Mode III—Out of Plane Shear Mode 150
3.5 Mixed Mode—Combination of Modes I and II 153
3.5.1 Three Point Bending Test 153
3.5.2 Four Point Bending Test 154
3.5.3 Composite Specimen Interface Cracking Test (CSIC) 157
3.6 Summary 159
3.6.1 Summary Tables 159
3.6.1.1 Summary of Mode I Configuration 160
3.6.1.2 Summary of Mode II Configuration 161
3.6.1.3 Summary of Mode III Configuration 163
3.6.1.4 Summary of Mixed Mode Configuration 163
3.6.2 Scientific Knowledge Gaps & Future Research Suggested
3.6.2.1 Summary of Scientific Knowledge Gaps Given Specifically in the Ten Contributions 164
3.6.2.2 Future Research Needs 165
References 167
4 Advanced Measurement Systems For Crack Characterization 175
4.1 Introduction 175
4.2 X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT) with Tension/Compression Testing System with Climate Control 177
4.2.1 Introduction 178
4.2.1.1 Phenomenon to Be Analyzed by the Proposed System 178
4.2.1.2 How the System Works 178
4.2.2 Theoretical Basis 179
4.2.3 Description and Test Setup 179
4.2.4 Examples 181
4.2.5 Benefits and Limits 183
4.2.5.1 Benefits 183
4.2.5.2 Limits 183
4.3 High Speed Stereo Vision System (HS-SVS) for Measuring Displacements and Strains During Laboratory Tests 183
4.3.1 Theoretical Basis 184
4.3.2 Asphalt Mixture Performance Tests (AMPT) 186
4.3.3 Results 188
4.3.4 Benefits and Limits of HS-SVS 188
4.3.5 Examples 189
4.4 Mechanical Field Measurement Using Optical Full-Field Techniques 189
4.4.1 Introduction 190
4.4.2 Digital Image Correlation 191
4.4.3 Materials and Methods Used in Two Lab Tests 193
4.4.4 Displacement and Strain Fields Results 194
4.4.5 Conclusion 196
4.5 Characterization of Interface Behaviors Using DIC Technics 197
4.5.1 Use of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) for Characterizing Interface Behaviors 198
4.5.2 Experimental Procedure and Obtainable Results 201
4.5.3 Benefits and Limitations 203
4.6 An Optical Strain Measurement System for Asphalt Mixtures 204
4.6.1 Experimental Setup 205
4.6.1.1 Specimen Preparation 205
4.6.2 Theoretical Principles 206
4.6.2.1 Data Extraction 207
4.6.3 Verification of the Method Accuracy 208
4.6.3.1 Accuracy in Displacement Measurements 208
4.6.3.2 Accuracy in Strain Measurements 209
4.6.4 Tests on Asphalt Mixture Specimens 209
4.6.5 Description of Software Tools 211
4.7 The Colibri Device 212
4.7.1 Colibri Device and Test 212
4.7.2 Theoretical Basis 214
4.7.3 Obtainable Results 215
4.8 Deflection Devices 217
4.8.1 Theoretical Basis and Deflection Measurement Apparatus 218
4.8.2 Obtainable Results 219
4.8.2.1 Rolling Apparatus Results [37] 220
4.8.3 Examples 221
4.8.3.1 FWD Measurement Over a Delamination 221
4.8.3.2 Evaluation of Radius of Curvature with an Inclinometer Near a Crack 222
4.8.4 Benefits and Limits of Deflection Measurement Tools 222
4.9 Radar Systems 223
4.9.1 Theoretical Basis 225
4.9.2 Radar Systems Measurement 225
4.9.3 Obtainable Results 227
4.9.3.1 Short Background on the Detection of Layer Interfaces 227
4.9.4 Examples 228
4.9.5 Benefits and Limits of Radar System 229
4.10 Evaluation of Low Temperature Asphalt Binder and Mixture Behavior Using the Acoustic Emission Technique 229
4.10.1 Experimental Procedure and Theoretical Basis 232
4.10.2 Benefits, Limitations and Future Extensions 235
4.11 An Overview on the Passive and Active Seismic NDT in Asphalt Pavements 235
4.11.1 Passive Seismic NDT (AE) 236
4.11.1.1 AE Principle 236
4.11.1.2 Cold Cracking: Embrittlement Temperature and Thermal Fatigue 237
4.11.1.3 Static and Dynamic Loading: Fracture Process and Fatigue Behavior 238
4.11.2 Active Seismic NDT 239
4.11.2.1 Seismic NDT Principle 239
4.11.2.2 Laboratory Applications 240
4.11.2.3 Field Applications 241
4.11.3 Experimental Device Proposed by GEMH-GCD-Limoges 242
4.12 Summary 243
Acknowledgements 245
References 245
5 Summary 248
5.1 Introduction 248
5.2 TC-241 MCD Star Document Summary 249
5.2.1 Summary of STAR Chapter 1 250
5.2.2 Summary of STAR Chapter 2: Cracking in Asphalt Material 251
5.2.3 Summary of STAR Chapter 3: Interface Debonding Behavior 252
5.2.4 Summary of STAR Chapter 4: Advanced Measurement Techniques 254
5.3 Assessment of Research Needs 255
References 256

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 26.5.2018
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Mathematik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• ISBN-10: 3-319-76849-2 / 3319768492
• ISBN-13: 978-3-319-76849-6 / 9783319768496