Urban Archaeology, Municipal Government and Local Planning (eBook)

Preserving Heritage within the Commonwealth of Nations and the United States

Sherene Baugher, Douglas R. Appler, William Moss (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2017 | 1st ed. 2017
VIII, 345 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-319-55490-7 (ISBN)

Infos

Improving the relationship between archaeology and local government represents one of the next great challenges facing archaeology -specifically archaeology done in urban settings. Not only does local government have access to powerful legal tools and policy mechanisms that can offer protection for privately owned archaeological sites, but because local government exists at the grassroots level, it is also often closer to people who have deep knowledge about the community itself, about its values, and about the local meaning of the sites most in need of protection. This partnership between archaeology and local government can also provide visibility and public programing for heritage sites.

This book will explore the experiences, both positive and negative, of small and large cities globally. We have examined programs in the Commonwealth of Nations (formerly known as the British Commonwealth) and in the United States. These countries share similar perspectives on preservation and heritage, although the approaches these cities have taken to address municipal archaeology reveals considerable diversity. The case studies highlight how these innovative partnerships have developed, and explain how they function within local government. Engaging with the political sphere to advocate for and conduct archaeology requires creativity, flexibility, and the ability to develop collaborative partnerships. How these archaeological partnerships benefit the community is a vital part of the equation. Heritage and tourist benefits are discussed. Economic challenges during downturns in the economy are analyzed. The book also examines public outreach programs and the grassroots efforts to protect and preserve a community's archaeological heritage.

​Sherene Baugher, Ph.D., was the first City Archaeologist for New York City (1980-1990).  Since 1991, she has been a professor at Cornell University affiliated with Cornell's Departments of Landscape Architecture, City and Regional Planning, and the Cornell Institute of Archaeology and Material Studies.  Her research on class, ethnicity, gender, and inequality focuses on 18^th and 19^th century sites with a special focus on New York sites.  She has co-edited two other books for Springer, Archaeology and Preservation of Gendered Landscapes (2010) and Past Meets Present: Archaeologists Partnering with Museum Curators, Teachers, and Community Groups (2007).

Douglas R. Appler, Ph.D., AICP, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Historic Preservation at the University of Kentucky.  He is a former practicing city planner whose research emphasizes innovation in the relationship between local government and historic resources.  He received his Ph.D. in City and Regional Planning from Cornell University, and is a member of the American Institute of Certified Planners. 

William Moss coordinates municipal archæological heritage management for the City of Québec, a UNESCO World Heritage site. He was appointed Chief Archaeologist, the first position of its kind in Canada, in 1985. More than two hundred projects carried out under his supervision have generated an important body of knowledge that has been widely communicated to the city's inhabitants, as well as contributing to the conservation and development of numerous sites. Laval University¸ where Mr. Moss is a sessional lecturer, awarded him an honorary Ph.D. for his contribution to the knowledge of, the protection and the development of Québec City's rich archæological heritage.

Inhalt

Contents 5
Editors and Contributors 7
1 Introduction: Thinking Globally and Acting Locally—Exploring the Relationships Between Community, Archaeological Heritage, and Local Government 9
Introduction 9
Urban Archaeology Versus Municipal Archaeology 11
The Focus of This Book 14
The Case Studies in the Book 15
Section I 15
Section II 17
Conclusion 19
References 20
The Challenges and Accomplishments of Local Government Archaeology Programs in the Commonwealth of Nations 22
2 Planning Archaeology in World Cities: Looking at London 23
Introduction 23
A Brief Introduction to Greater London 24
Archaeology and Planning 25
The Background of London’s Archaeology 27
Part I: An Issue of Access and Funding 27
Part II: The Rescue Movement and the Setting up of Archaeological Units 28
Part III: A Change in the Organisational Landscape 33
London’s Archaeology Today 34
An Archaeological Archive 34
Roles, Partnerships and Communities 35
Concluding Discussion: Why It Works, or Does It? 37
References 39
3 Preservation, Participation and the Pursuit of Knowledge: Strategic Policy and Archaeological Practice Within the City of York 1989–2015 41
Introduction 41
Before 1972 43
1972–1989 44
1989–2015 49
References 57
4 Crowdsourcing the Story of Bristol 59
Introduction 59
The Past in the Landscape 60
Digitising Place 62
The Heritage Information Cycle 63
Getting to Know Your Place 64
Crowdsourcing the Story of Place 66
Towards a Shared Understanding 68
Sourcing the Crowd 70
Conclusion 71
Acknowledgements 72
References 72
5 Archaeological Resource Management in Toronto: Planning, Preservation, and Interpretation 74
Introduction 74
Legislative Background 75
Toronto’s Heritage Policies 79
Archaeological Management Planning in Ontario: The Toronto Process 80
Community Involvement and Public Outreach 88
Conclusion 92
Acknowledgements 93
References 93
6 Under the Old Stones of Kingston, Ontario: The City of Kingston Archaeological Master Planning Process (1987–2011) 95
Introduction 95
Municipal Planning and Archaeology 96
The Ontario Context 97
Placing Kingston 100
Kingston Archaeology 102
Kingston’s Archaeological Master Plans 105
The Outer Station Site: The Benefits of Creative Planning 110
The Artillery Park Project 112
Conclusions 114
Acknowledgements 114
References 114
7 Quebec City’s Archaeological Programme and Provincial Cultural Heritage Legislation 118
Introduction: Quebec City 118
Heritage Legislation and Approaches to Archaeology in the Province of Quebec 120
Archaeology and the Municipal Administration 123
General Approach 125
Public Benefits 127
The City and the 2012 Cultural Heritage Act 133
Conclusion 135
Acknowledgements 135
References 135
8 Archaeology Down Under: Management and Outcomes in the First State in Australia 139
Introduction 139
Early Concerns and Initial Legislation 140
Colonial Sites in Sydney 141
The National Level 142
The Local Level 143
The NSW Heritage Act and Archaeology 143
The City of Sydney 145
The Rocks 146
The Push for Public Outcomes 148
The Quadrant 150
Highlands Marketplace 152
Parramatta 153
The Wheatsheaf Hotel 156
Port Macquarie 157
Conclusion 159
References 160
9 From Alliance to Dissonance: Two Centuries of Local Archaeology and Conservation in Indian Cities. The Case of Lucknow, India 163
Introduction 163
From Central to Regional to Local: Evolution of Archaeological Interest and Conservation 164
Development of Archaeology and Conservation in and Around Lucknow 165
Dissonance in Local Urban Archaeology and Conservation: Lucknow 171
Needed: Local Archaeology and Preservation Programmes in Lucknow 178
References 179
The Challenges and Accomplishments of Local Government Archaeology Programs in the United States 183
10 Toward a Theory of Municipal Archaeology: Why Local Government Should Become Public Archaeology’s New Best Friend 184
Introduction 184
Characteristics of Successful Municipal Archaeology Programs that Can Encourage Community Ownership, Understanding of, and Use of Archaeological Information 186
Seeing the Entire City as an Archaeological Site 186
Local Government Means Local Priorities 188
Local Residents Are Both Generators and Consumers of Archaeological Knowledge 189
The Longevity of City Archaeology Programs 190
Local Government Has Unique Powers and Authorities that Can Greatly Facilitate Archaeological Protection 191
Mandating Archaeology Through Local Development Regulations 193
A Publicly Available “Archaeological Areas” Map 194
Inclusion of Municipal Ground Disturbing Activities in Regulations 195
Differences 196
The Presence or Absence of “Archaeological Zones” 196
The Nature of the “Trigger” for Archaeological Review 197
Who Conducts “Archaeological Review?” 198
The Role of the Public in Administering Archaeology Regulations 199
Conclusions 200
References 201
11 We Dig Alexandria: A Reflection on More Than Fifty Years of Community Archaeology 203
Introduction 203
Rescue and Reconstruction 205
Research, Context, and Discovery 205
Museum and Collections 209
Archaeology Code and Master Planning 210
Education, Recreation, Tourism, Promotion 213
Community Projects 215
Contrabands and Freedmen Cemetery Memorial 216
Fort Ward Park 219
Planning and Preservation 220
Conclusion: A Network of Partnerships 221
References 222
12 Reflections on the New York City Archaeology Program (1980–2016) 226
Introduction 226
Legislative Background 227
State Laws 227
New York City 228
Archaeology and the New York City Landmarks Law 228
Legally Required Archaeological Work Under CEQR 230
The City Archaeology Program in the Formative Years 1980–1990 233
Legally Mandated Archaeology Undertaken by CRM Firms 233
The Excavation of a Ship and Public Outreach 234
The 1986 Challenge to CEQR––17 State Street Project 236
Innovative Projects by the Staff of the City Archaeology Program 237
Transformations in the City Archaeology Program 1991–1994 240
Changes Under Mayor Giuliani 1994–2001 244
The Department of Archaeology, 2002–2016 245
Impacts of the Great Recession on CRM Archaeology in New York 246
The Challenges and Successes 247
The CRM Collections 247
Challenge to CEQR—15 Williams Street 249
Conclusions 250
References 251
13 Digging the Hub: The Evolution of the Boston City Archaeology Program 255
Introduction 255
History of Enabling Legislation 255
Stephen Mrozowski (1983–1985) 258
Steven Pendery (1985–1993) 259
Ellen Berkland (1996–2010) 260
Joseph Bagley (2011-Present) 263
The Future 271
References 273
14 Phoenix Rising: The Development of a Municipal Archaeology Program in Arizona, USA 275
Introduction 275
City Archaeologist 276
City of Phoenix Historic Preservation Ordinance 276
Successful City Archaeology Projects 277
Phoenix Chinatown Project 277
Pioneer and Military Memorial Cemetery 278
Heritage Square Project 278
City of Phoenix General Burial Agreement 280
Phoenix General Plan 280
Archaeology and City Department Project Review Process 281
Neighborhood Services Department HUD Program 281
Street Transportation Department 283
Engineering and Architectural Services Department 283
Other City Departments 283
Zoning Department 284
Cultural Resource Training for City Departments 284
GIS Database System 285
Guidelines for Archaeology 285
General Archaeology Treatment Plans 286
Difficult Federal Projects 286
Federal Courthouse Project 287
Valley Metro Light Rail Project 287
Sharing Archaeology with the Public 287
Museum Publication Series 288
Public Exhibits on City Archaeology 288
South Mountains Rock Art Project 291
Saving Our Heritage Piece by Piece 292
Summary and Conclusions 293
Acknowledgments 294
References 294
15 Municipal Archaeology Policies as a Vector in Public Outreach Programs: Digging Up Dirt for the Masses in St. Augustine, Florida 296
Mechanics of the Ordinance 299
Ordinance in Action 303
Program Outcomes 304
Public Outreach 306
Archaeology and Public Outreach in St. Augustine 309
Showcasing a Pivotal Event in St. Augustine’s History 310
Summary and Conclusion 313
Acknowledgements 314
References 314
16 Like No Other Place: Albuquerque’s Archaeological Odyssey 317
Introduction 317
A Brief History of Albuquerque 318
Early Preservation Activity 319
Archaeology 319
Buildings 320
Comprehensive Plan and Open Space 321
Pre-ordinance Case Studies 321
Petroglyph National Monument 322
Piedras Marcadas Pueblo 325
“Hell’s Half-Acre” 326
Early Groundwork for a Local Ordinance 327
An Ordinance Is Born 330
The Ordinance in Practice 332
Retrospective 335
References 337
Index 339

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 28.7.2017
• Zusatzinfo: VIII, 345 p. 85 illus., 73 illus. in color.
• Verlagsort: Cham
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Geschichte ► Allgemeine Geschichte ► Altertum / Antike
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Architektur
• Schlagworte: Engaging with the political sphere to advocate for archaeology • How these how archaeological partnerships benefit the community • local heritage and tourism • municipal archaeology and political environment • partnerships between archaeology and local government • public archaeology and outreach • urban geography and urbanism
• ISBN-10: 3-319-55490-5 / 3319554905
• ISBN-13: 978-3-319-55490-7 / 9783319554907