Bio-inspired Structured Adhesives (eBook)

Biological Prototypes, Fabrication, Tribological Properties, Contact Mechanics, and Novel Concepts

Lars Heepe, Longjian Xue, Stanislav N. Gorb (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2017 | 1st ed. 2017
XVIII, 348 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-319-59114-8 (ISBN)

Infos

This book deals with the adhesion, friction and contact mechanics of living organisms. Further, it presents the remarkable adhesive abilities of the living organisms which inspired the design of novel micro- and nanostructured adhesives that can be used in various applications, such as climbing robots, reusable tapes, and biomedical bandages. The technologies for both the synthesis and construction of bio-inspired adhesive micro- and nanostructures, as well as their performance, are discussed in detail.

 Representatives of several animal groups, such as insects, spiders, tree frogs, and lizards, are able to walk on (and therefore attach to) tilted, vertical surfaces, and even ceilings in different environments. Studies have demonstrated that their highly specialized micro- and nanostructures, in combination with particular surface chemistries, are responsible for this impressive and reversible adhesion. These structures can maximize the formation of large effective contact areas on surfaces of varying roughness and chemical composition under different environmental conditions.

Lars Heepe is a junior research group leader at the Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics at the Zoological Institute of Kiel University, Germany and guest scientist at the nanotechnology centre NanoSYD of the Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark. He received a B.S. degree in Engineering Physics from The Jena University of Applied Sciences, Germany in 2008. In 2011 he received a M.S. in Scientific Instruments from same university. After that, he joined the Prof. Stanislav N. Gorb's group at Kiel University, where he obtained his Ph.D. in Biophysics in 2014. In 2014 he was awarded with the Best Dissertation Award of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Kiel University, Germany and in 2015 he received the Fraunhofer UMSICHT Science Award as well as the best dissertation award in the category 'Nano Life Sciences' of the research focus Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science. He is member of the 'Young Academy' of the Academy of the Science and Literature Mainz (2016). His research interests include adhesion, friction and contact mechanics of biological and biologically inspired attachment systems, the development of space-, time- and force-resolved in situ tribological characterization techniques, as well development of surfaces preventing marine biofouling.

Longjian Xue is Professor of Materials in School of Power and Mechanical Engineering at Wuhan University, China. He received B.S. degree in Chemistry from Wuhan University in 2004. After that, he was recommended for the admission of Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, where he earned his Ph.D. degree in Polymer Chemistry and Physics in 2010. After his short stay in Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Germany, he worked as an Alexander-von-Humboldt Fellow with hosts of Prof. Martin Steinhart from Osnabrück University and Prof. Stanislav N. Gorb from Kiel University. He then joined Prof. Aránzazu del Campo's Group in Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research in Mainz, Germany. In 2015, he was awarded 'young 1000 talents' and joined Wuhan University as Professor. His research interests include investigation of stability/instability of thin polymer films, using bottom-up methods for surface patterning, fabrication and evaluation of bio-inspired micro- and nanomaterials for varies applications. He has authored 40 papers in peer reviewed journals, and has three patents.

Stanislav Gorb is a group leader at the Zoological Institute of the University of Kiel, Germany. He received his PhD degree in zoology and entomology at the Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in Kiev. Gorb was a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Vienna, a research assistant at University of Jena, a group leader at the Max Planck Institutes for Developmental Biology in Tübingen and for Metals Research in Stuttgart. Gorb's research focuses on morphology, structure, biomechanics, physiology, and evolution of surface-related functional systems in animals and plants, as well as the development of biologically inspired technological surfaces and systems. He received the Schlossmann Award in Biology and Materials Science in 1995 and was the 1998 BioFuture Competition winner for his works on biological attachment devices as possible sources for biomimetics. He is member of the Member of Academy of the Science and Literature Mainz (2010) and of the National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (2011). Gorb has authored five books, more than 300 papers in peer reviewed journals, and four patents.

Inhalt

Preface 7
Performance of Biological and Bio-inspired Attachment Systems in Real Environment 7
Contents 12
Contributors 14
1 A Bibliometric Analysis of Gecko Adhesion: A View of Its Origins and Current Directions 18
Abstract 18
1.1 Introduction 19
1.2 Materials and Methods 20
1.3 Results 22
1.4 Discussion 31
1.5 Conclusions 35
References 36
2 Impact of Ambient Humidity on Traction Forces in Ladybird Beetles (Coccinella septempunctata) 37
Abstract 37
2.1 Introduction 38
2.2 Experimental 39
2.2.1 Animals 39
2.2.2 Force Measurements in a Controlled Atmosphere 39
2.2.3 Observations of the Beetle Behavior at Different Relative Humidities 41
2.3 Results 42
2.3.1 Observational Experiments 42
2.3.2 Experiment 1: One Level of Relative Humidity per Day 42
2.3.3 Experiment 2: Three Levels of Relative Humidity per Day 43
2.3.4 Effect of Sex 44
2.4 Discussion 44
2.5 Conclusions 47
Acknowledgements 47
References 47
3 Roughness Versus Chemistry: Effect of Different Surface Properties on Insect Adhesion 49
Abstract 49
3.1 Introduction 50
3.2 Experimental 52
3.2.1 Materials 52
3.2.1.1 Preparation of Flat and Rough Sample Surfaces 52
3.2.1.2 Characterization of Sample Surfaces 53
3.2.1.3 Insect Force Tests 54
3.3 Results and Discussion 55
Acknowledgements 61
References 61
4 Effect of Substrate Stiffness on the Attachment Ability in Ladybird Beetles Coccinella septempunctata 63
Abstract 63
4.1 Introduction 64
4.2 Materials and Methods 65
4.2.1 Animals 65
4.2.2 Sample Preparation and Characterization 65
4.2.3 Force Measurements 66
4.2.4 Statistical Analysis 67
4.3 Results 68
4.3.1 Sample Properties 68
4.3.2 Influence of the Substrate Stiffness on the Attachment Ability of Ladybird Beetles 69
4.4 Discussion 71
4.4.1 Sexual Dimorphism in the Attachment Ability of C. septempunctata on Substrates with Different Stiffness 71
4.4.2 The Role of Claws 74
4.4.3 Substrate Condition 75
4.5 Conclusions 75
Acknowledgements 76
References 76
5 Structural Effects of Glue Application in Spiders—What Can We Learn from Silk Anchors? 78
Abstract 78
5.1 Introduction 79
5.2 How to Glue a Rope 79
5.3 The Hierarchical Structure of Silk Thread Anchorages 80
5.3.1 Single Thread 80
5.3.2 Attachment Disc 81
5.3.3 Multiple Attachment Discs 88
5.4 Spend Less: Yield More 88
5.5 Embedding Fibres 89
5.6 Conclusions and Outlook 91
Acknowledgements 92
References 92
6 Optimal Adhesion Control via Cooperative Hierarchy, Grading, Geometries and Non-linearity of Anchorages and Adhesive Pads 96
Abstract 96
6.1 Introduction 97
6.2 Single and Multiple Peeling Theories Applied to Attachment Structures 98
6.3 Hierarchical Branching in Adhesive Structures 102
6.4 Geometry and Mechanical Properties of Contact Units 104
6.5 Conclusions 106
Acknowledgements 107
References 107
7 Double Peeling Mechanism Inspired by Biological Adhesive Systems: An Experimental Study 109
Abstract 109
7.1 Introduction 109
7.2 Experimental 112
7.3 Results and Discussion 113
7.3.1 Double Peeling Experiments 113
7.3.2 Biological Relevance 116
7.4 Conclusions 118
Acknowledgements 119
References 119
8 The Role of Effective Elastic Modulus in the Performance of Structured Adhesives 121
Abstract 121
8.1 Introduction 121
8.2 Elastic Modulus 122
8.3 Effective Elastic Modulus 123
8.4 Natural Structured Adhesives Regulated by Eeff 125
8.4.1 Structured Adhesives in Nature 125
8.4.2 Natural Adhesives with Material Softening 131
8.5 Artificial Structured Adhesives 133
8.5.1 Basic Pillar/Fiber Arrays 133
8.5.1.1 Manufacture Methods 133
8.5.1.2 Influence of Pillar Size on Adhesion 136
8.5.2 Tip Geometry 139
8.5.2.1 Manufacture Methods 139
8.5.2.2 Influence of Tip Geometry on Adhesion 142
8.5.3 Tilted Configuration 146
8.5.4 Porous Structure 148
8.5.5 Combination of Several Structural Features 150
8.6 Conclusions and Outlooks 150
Acknowledgements 151
References 151
9 Biological Microstructures with Enhanced Adhesion and Friction: A Numerical Approach 154
Abstract 154
9.1 To Optimal Elasticity of Adhesives Mimicking Gecko Foot-Hairs 154
9.2 Flexible Tissue with Fibers Interacting with Adhesive Surface 160
9.3 Fibrillar Adhesion with No Clusterisation: Functional Significance of Material Gradient 165
9.4 Spatial Model of the Gecko Foot Hair: Functional Significance of Highly-Specialized Non-uniform Geometry 173
9.5 Shear Induced Adhesion: Contact Mechanics of Biological Spatula-Like Attachment Devices 181
References 189
10 Hierarchical Models of Engineering Rough Surfaces and Bio-inspired Adhesives 191
Abstract 191
10.1 Introduction 191
10.2 Preliminaries 192
10.2.1 Some Characteristics of Surface Topography Models 193
10.2.2 Modelling of Dry Friction Between Rough Surfaces 193
10.2.3 Simulations of Friction by a Multi-scale Non-hierarchical Model 195
10.3 The Early Non-hierarchical Models of Rough Surfaces 197
10.3.1 The Prandtl-Tomlinson Model 197
10.3.2 The Zhuravlev and Greenwood-Williamson Models 199
10.3.3 The Kragelsky Rod-Assembly Model 202
10.3.4 The Sergienko-Bukharov Model 203
10.3.5 The Bristle Model 204
10.3.6 The Al-Bender Model 205
10.3.7 The Real Nano-topography Model 206
10.4 Hierarchical Models of Engineering Rough Surfaces 207
10.4.1 The Archard Model 207
10.4.2 The Cantor-Liu and Cantor-Borodich Profiles 208
10.4.3 The Models Based on the Cantor-Borodich Profiles 210
10.4.4 The Borodich-Onishchenko Multilevel and Multiscale Hierarchical Profiles 213
10.5 Simulations of Friction by Multi-scale Models 213
10.5.1 Multi-asperity Models of Surface Roughness 214
10.5.2 The Mechanical Properties of the Rubbing Counterparts 218
10.6 Some Bio-inspired Adhesive Devices 219
10.6.1 Single-Level, Non-hierarchical Adhesive Microstructures 219
10.6.1.1 Micro-fabricated Non-hierarchical Adhesives Mimicking Gecko Pads 220
10.6.1.2 Mushroom-like Non-hierarchical Fibrillar Adhesive Microstructures 223
10.6.2 Hierarchical Adhesive Microstructures 225
10.6.2.1 Micro-fabricated Hierarchical Adhesives Mimicking Gecko Pads 225
10.6.2.2 Micro-fabricated Hierarchical Adhesive Mimicking Spider’s Leg 227
10.6.2.3 Mushroom-like Hierarchical Fibrillar Adhesive Microstructures 228
10.7 Concluding Discussion 228
Acknowledgements 229
References 230
11 Manufacturing Approaches and Applications for Bioinspired Dry Adhesives 232
Abstract 232
11.1 Introduction 232
11.1.1 History 233
11.1.2 Manufacturing Approaches 234
11.1.2.1 Top Down Manufacturing Approaches 234
11.1.2.2 Bottom up Manufacturing Approaches 235
11.1.2.3 Silicon Based Mold Fabrication 238
11.1.2.4 Polymer Based Mold Fabrication 239
11.1.3 Structural Material Choice 241
11.1.3.1 Silicone Rubbers 242
11.1.3.2 Polyurethane Rubbers 243
11.1.3.3 Thermoplastic Elastomers 243
11.1.3.4 Rigid Polymers 243
11.1.3.5 Composites 244
11.1.4 Production Scaling Issues 245
11.1.5 Manufacturing Failure Modes 246
11.1.5.1 Replication Failures 247
11.1.5.2 Durability Failures 249
11.2 Conclusions 251
Acknowledgements 252
References 252
12 Contact Mechanics of Mushroom-Shaped Adhesive Structures 256
Abstract 256
12.1 Introduction 256
12.2 The Cylindrical Micropillar 257
12.3 The Mushroom Shaped Pillar 261
12.4 Shape Optimization 264
12.5 Interfacial Entrapped Air 270
12.6 The Influence of Non-uniform Pillar Height Distribution 275
12.7 Stress Aided Thermally Activated Defect Nucleation 277
12.8 Adhesion Tilt-Tolerancy 280
12.9 Conclusions and Outlook 286
References 286
13 Bioinspired Mushroom-Like Fiber Adhesives 288
Abstract 288
13.1 Introduction 288
13.1.1 Results from the Numerical Study on the Effect of Tip Shape 289
13.2 Fabrication of Mushroom-Like Microfibers with Varying Cap Dimensions 292
13.3 Single Microfiber Pull-Off Experiments 295
13.4 Results and Discussion 296
13.4.1 Pull-Off Experiments 296
13.4.2 Comparison Between Simulations and Experiments 297
13.4.3 Repeatability of Adhesion Stress 298
13.5 Conclusions 299
References 300
14 Adhesion Enhancement of a Gel-Elastomer Interface by Shape Complementarity 302
Abstract 302
14.1 Introduction 302
14.2 Experimental 304
14.2.1 Sample Preparation and Adhesion Testing 304
14.2.2 Finite Element Model 305
14.3 Results and Discussion 307
14.4 Conclusion 311
Acknowledgements 311
References 311
15 On the Bioadhesive Properties of Silicone-Based Coatings by Incorporation of Block Copolymers 313
Abstract 313
15.1 Introduction 315
15.2 Self-assembly of PDMS-Based Block Copolymers 321
15.2.1 Self-assembly of PDMS-b-PDMAEMA Copolymers in THF Non-selective Solvent 322
15.2.2 Self Assembly of PDMS-b-PAA Block Copolymers 323
15.3 Incorporation of Block Copolymer into Silicone Coatings for Adhesive Applications 326
15.3.1 Coating Preparation 326
15.3.2 Contact Angle Measurements 327
15.3.3 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Measurements 331
15.3.4 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Measurements in Air 332
15.3.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Measurements in Water 336
15.3.6 Bio-adhesion Testing 346
15.4 Conclusions 348
Acknowledgements 349
References 350
Index 354

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 21.7.2017
• Reihe/Serie: Biologically-Inspired Systems
• Reihe/Serie: Biologically-Inspired Systems
• Zusatzinfo: XVIII, 348 p. 197 illus., 79 illus. in color.
• Verlagsort: Cham
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: adhesion testing • adhesive systems • bio-inspired adhesives • bio-inspired structures • Contact Mechanics • friction in biological attachment systems • friction of elastomeric films • switchable adhesion • viscoelasticity in bio-inspired adhesives
• ISBN-10: 3-319-59114-2 / 3319591142
• ISBN-13: 978-3-319-59114-8 / 9783319591148