Environmental Accounting and Reporting (eBook)

Theory and Practice

Maria-Gabriella Baldarelli, Mara Del Baldo, Ninel Nesheva-Kiosseva (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2017 | 1st ed. 2017
XIX, 400 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-319-50918-1 (ISBN)

Infos

This book discusses the foundations of social and environmental accounting and highlights local differences in countries like Italy and Bulgaria. It also describes the institutional environment, which affects the development and application of environmental accounting and reporting, as a basis for evaluating current achievements and the future steps that need to be taken to develop and spread environmental accounting. The book is unique in presenting exemplary cases from different emerging and developed countries. It is a valuable resource for theorists in the field, practitioners in companies, as well as investors and other stakeholders. Moreover, it provides students with the necessary theoretical constructs, empirical studies as well as practical and managerial tools to allow for a quick orientation in the methodology, techniques and selected practices used in environmental accounting and reporting.

Maria-Gabriella Baldarelli is associate professor of accounting at the University of Bologna. Invited professor of management control at University Institute of Sophia,Florence, board member of SIDREA(Italian society of accounting Teachers), board member of the Center of Advanced Studies in Tourism,University of Bologna. She has been visiting professor at La Trobe University Melbourne, Australia (campus Bandura), University of Pula (Croatia), University of Vlore (Albania), New Bulgarian University of Sofia (Bulgaria), University of Sao Paulo (Brazil) and University of Diocese of Buia (Camerun). Her research interests include: financial statement in tour operator and travel agencies, corporate social responsibility, ethical, social and environmental accounting and accountability, sustainability in tourist enterprises, accounting history and gender(pink) accounting.

Mara Del Baldo is associate professor of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management and of Financial Accounting at the University of Urbino (Italy). She was also a visiting professor at the University of Vigo (Spain), the Jurai Dobrila University of Pula (Croatia) and the New Bulgarian University of Sofia (Bulgaria). Her main research interests include: entrepreneurship and small businesses, corporate social responsibility, sustainability and business ethics, SMEs networking strategies, financial and integrated reporting, ethical, social and environmental accounting (SEAR) and gender (pink) accounting. She has published in several Italian and international journals as well as in national and international conference proceedings and books.

Ninel Nesheva-Kiosseva is professor of Economics at New Bulgarian University in Sofia, Bulgaria. Visiting professor at University of Bologna-Rimini Campus and Unviersity of Urbino. Her research interest includes: financial crises, development of banking systems, institutional economics, management accounting, sustainability, social and environmental accounting and reporting, pricing of public utilities, regulation of markets. She is a member of the Bulgarian Macroeconomic Association. She has published in international journals as well as in national and international conference proceedings and books.

Inhalt

Dedication 6
Preface 7
Acknowledgements 10
Contents 12
List of Editors 17
Chapter 1: New Challenges for the Enterprise in the Age of ``Sustainable Modernity´´ 18
1.1 The Subject We Are Dealing With: MGA Model of the Enterprise 18
1.2 Emerging Threats and Opportunities for the Enterprise in the Era of Sustainable Modernity 30
1.3 Some Orientations to Reply to Sustainable Modernity 33
1.4 Eco-Entrepreneurship: A Strong Promise for Safe Environment 34
1.4.1 Typologies of Ecopreneurs 36
1.4.2 Determinations of the Barriers to Ecopreneurship 39
1.4.3 Strategies to Foster Ecopreneurship 42
1.4.4 Conclusion 44
1.5 The Scheme of Analysis 45
References 49
Chapter 2: Environmental Accounting: Conceptual Framework 52
2.1 Emergence of Environmental Accounting and Reporting 52
2.1.1 European Commission for the Approaches and the Future of Environmental Accounting 53
2.1.1.1 Extending National Accounts to Environmental and Social Issues 53
Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting 53
2.1.2 Basic Theoretical and Research Characteristic: Institutional Framework of Environmental Accounting and the Problem of So... 54
2.1.3 Types of Academic Study 55
2.1.3.1 Study of Organization 55
2.1.3.2 Neo-Institutional Framework of Environmental Accounting 56
2.1.3.3 Engaged Research 56
2.1.4 Why Is It Important to Conduct Environmental Accounting? 57
2.2 Environmental Accounting and Social Accounting Relationships 58
2.3 The Historical Development of Institutional Factors Influencing Environmental Accounting in Italy 60
2.4 The Historical Development of Institutional Factors Influencing Environmental Accounting in Bulgaria 64
2.4.1 Institutional Policies of Governments for the Transformation of State Property into Private Property and the Protection ... 69
2.5 Public Attitudes 78
References 82
Chapter 3: Measurement and Communication of Environmental Variable 85
3.1 Financial Crisis and Measurement: New Challenges 85
3.2 Environmental Accounting Tools: Meaning and Classification 86
3.3 Environmental Costs: Meaning, Measurement, and Classification 94
3.4 Environmental Accountability: An Overview of Meaning and Models 99
References 104
Chapter 4: Toward the Future Perspectives of Business Integrated Measurement and Communication 106
4.1 The IR: Integrated Report and Integrated Reporting 106
4.2 The Theoretical Framework: Financial and Non-Financial Information 110
4.3 Premises, Origins, and Strengths of Integrated Reporting 116
4.3.1 From Historical Accounting to Sustainability Reporting and Intangibles Reporting 120
4.3.1.1 Sustainability Reporting 121
4.3.1.2 Intellectual Capital (Intangibles) Reporting (ICR) 125
4.3.1.3 The Convergence Between IC Reporting and Sustainability Reporting and the Path Toward IReporting 126
4.4 The IIRC Vision of Integrated Reporting 128
4.4.1 Objective of the Framework 130
4.4.2 Interaction with Other Reports and Communications 130
4.4.3 Integrated Thinking 131
4.4.4 The Capitals 131
4.4.5 The Business Model 133
4.4.6 Creating Value (Value Creation) 133
4.4.7 The Guiding Principles 134
4.4.8 Content Elements 134
4.4.9 Structure and Content of the Integrated Report 136
4.4.10 KPIs and KRIs 137
4.4.11 The Assurance of the Integrated Report 139
4.4.12 Leading Examples of IR and International Updates 140
4.5 Integrated Reporting for SMEs? 140
4.6 World Intellectual Capital Initiative (WICI) 144
4.6.1 WICI and IIRC: Common Approach and Elements 147
4.7 Final Remarks and Conclusions About IR 148
4.7.1 Objections, Advantages, and Benefits of IR 148
4.7.2 Future Direction and Open Issues with IReporting Disclosure 154
4.8 Other Economic Measures of Environmental Issues: Material Flow Cost Accounting 158
4.9 Emergence of the Method ``Material Flow Cost Accounting´´ 158
4.9.1 Characteristics of the Method Material Flow Cost Accounting 158
4.9.2 Matter and Benefit of MFCA 159
4.9.2.1 Improvement of the Efficiency of Resource Use 160
4.9.2.2 Improving the Efficiency of Business Management 160
4.9.2.3 Construction of Model of Calculation of MFCA 161
4.9.2.4 Logical Structure of Calculation 161
References 165
Chapter 5: Some Tools and Standards for Reporting 175
5.1 The Report Following GBS Standard (Italy) 175
5.1.1 Introduction 175
5.1.2 Origins and Diffusion of Social Reporting in Italy 180
5.1.3 Objects and Aims of the Social Report 182
5.1.4 The GBS Basic Standard (2013) 185
5.1.4.1 The Principles 186
5.1.4.2 The Sections of the Social Report: Corporate Identity 186
5.1.4.3 The Social Balance Sections: The Reclassification of Financial Accounting Data and Calculation of the Value Added 189
5.1.5 The Social Report Sections: The Socio-environmental Report 192
5.1.5.1 The Environmental Dimension 193
5.1.5.2 The Environmental Report 197
5.1.6 The Chart of Environmental Accounts 201
5.1.7 The GBS Research Document No. 2: The Performance Indicators for the Sustainability Reporting and the Sustainability Rati... 205
5.1.8 The GBS Research Document No. 3: Environmental Reporting and Value Added 210
5.1.8.1 Changes to Make to the Annual and Consolidated Report 214
5.1.8.2 Changes to Be Made to the Prospectus of Determination and Distribution of VA 215
5.1.8.3 Environmental Communication and the Concept of Environment According to Different National and European Accounting Bod... 217
5.1.9 Final Remarks and Insights 220
5.2 GRI Standard Presentation 221
5.3 Energy Saving and OIC (Organismo Italiano di Contabilità/Italian Accounting Committee) Standard 7 and 8 in Italy 223
5.3.1 OIC 7 Accounting Principle: ``The Green Certificates´´ 224
5.3.1.1 Accounting Treatment for Companies Which Produce/Import Electric Energy from Renewable Sources 225
5.3.1.2 Accounting Treatment for Companies Producing Electrical Energy from Nonrenewable Sources 230
5.3.1.3 Accounting Treatment for Trading Companies 233
5.3.2 OIC 8 Accounting Principle: ``Greenhouse Gas Emissions Quotas´´ 235
5.3.2.1 Accounting Treatment for Industrial Companies That Produce Greenhouse Gases 236
5.3.2.2 Accounting Treatment for Trading Companies 241
5.4 Eco-management and Audit Sheme 242
5.4.1 Environmental Statement (Declaration) 248
5.4.1.1 Direct and Indirect Environmental Aspects 249
5.4.1.2 The Six Key Indicators 249
5.4.1.3 Indicators of Nonsignificant (Minor) Importance 251
5.4.1.4 Environmental Statement (Declaration) 252
5.4.1.5 Structure of the Declaration 253
5.4.1.6 Environmental Audit in S 255
5.4.1.7 Kinds of Control and Audit 257
5.5 UNI ISO 26000 258
5.5.1 The ISO International Standards 258
5.5.2 Origins and Aims of the ``Standard´´ for Social Responsibility: ISO 26000 260
5.5.3 Spheres of Application 261
5.5.4 The Contents and Structure of ISO 26000 264
5.5.5 The Seven Principles of Social Responsibility 268
5.5.6 The Seven Core Subjects of ISO 26000 268
5.5.6.1 Governance 268
5.5.6.2 Human Rights 272
5.5.6.3 Industrial Relations and Working Conditions 272
5.5.6.4 The Environment 273
5.5.6.5 Best Management Practices 274
5.5.6.6 Specific Aspects Concerning Consumers 274
5.5.6.7 Community Involvement and Development 275
5.5.7 Benefits and Criticalities Deriving from the Implementation of ISO 26000 276
5.5.8 Some of the Actors´ Comments on ISO 26000: A Brief Look 279
5.5.9 Some Concrete Examples of Applications 280
5.5.9.1 Hera Group (Italy) 280
5.5.9.2 Danone 281
5.5.10 Final Remarks 282
5.5.10.1 The Advantages of ISO 26000 282
5.5.10.2 Improvements and Limits of ISO 26000 283
5.5.10.3 Some Reflections on the Application of ISO 26000 283
References 284
Chapter 6: Case Studies and Best Practices 291
6.1 The Case of ENI: Sustainability and Integrated Report 291
6.1.1 Introduction 291
6.1.2 Methodology 291
6.1.3 Company Profile 292
6.1.4 Eni´s Sustainability Path 296
6.1.5 The Concept of Environment in ENI 297
6.1.5.1 Water 299
6.1.5.2 Climate Change 299
6.1.6 ENI´s Environmental Management System 300
6.1.7 ENI´s Commitment to Local Development 300
6.1.8 Reporting Principles and Criteria 301
6.1.9 Eni´s Materiality Definition Process 301
6.1.10 ENI´s Journey Toward the Integrated Reporting 303
6.1.11 Final Remarks 305
6.2 BoxMarche´s Global Report 308
6.2.1 Introduction 308
6.2.2 Methodology 309
6.2.3 BoxMarche´s Profile 310
6.2.4 BoxMarche´s Global and Living Report 314
6.2.5 Final Remarks 317
References 319
Chapter 7: Case Studies and Best Practices: Reading the SGR Sustainability Reporting in Italy and in Bulgaria Using Institutio... 322
7.1 Reading the Sustainability Reporting Using Institutional Theory: Conceptual Network 322
7.2 The Case Study of SGR Group Italy 337
7.3 Institutional Structures and Sustainability in SGR Group Italy 347
7.4 Sustainability Dimensions, Institutional Theory in the Case Study of SGR Group Bulgaria 352
7.4.1 External Institutional Factors 355
7.4.2 External Regulation of Consumption and Gas Sales in Italy and Bulgaria 356
7.4.3 The Investment Risk of Companies in the Gas Sector (the Importance of Institutional Factor) 356
7.4.4 Direct Financial and Currency Risks 358
7.4.5 Direct Production Risks Associated with Delivery of Natural Gas for the CityGas Activity 359
7.4.6 Ecological Risks 360
7.4.7 Cultural, Social, and Demographics Risks 360
7.4.8 Internal Institution Factors Like ``Rules of the Game´´ 361
7.4.9 The Tools for CityGas´s SAR 364
7.5 Final Remarks 367
References 370
Chapter 8: Case Studies and Best Practices: VERSO Project Model and Implementation to Small Quality Hotels, Rimini, Italy 376
8.1 The Model of VERSO Project 376
8.1.1 Section 1 of VERSO Model: Presentation to the Enterprises That Are Involved 377
8.1.2 Section 2 of VERSO Model: Questionnaire Concerning CSR 379
8.1.2.1 Company Identity 379
8.1.2.2 Environmental Policies 381
8.1.2.3 Market Policies 381
8.1.2.4 Policies for the Local Community 382
8.1.2.5 Public Administration 382
8.1.2.6 Partners and Financial Backers 383
8.1.3 Section 3 of VERSO Model: Self-Evaluation Documents (by the Entrepreneur) 383
8.2 VERSO Project Implementation in Small Quality Hotels, Rimini, Italy 384
8.2.1 The Consortium of Small Quality Hotels, Rimini: Network of Values in Mission and Governance 384
8.2.2 The Consortium of Small Quality Hotels, Rimini, Accountability 392
Bibliography 395
Chapter 9: Case Studies and Best Practices: The Case of Casio Computer Co. Ltd 399
9.1 A Brief Description of Japanese Environmental Accounting and Reporting 399
9.2 The ``Casio´´ Case 402
9.3 Calculation of Consumer Economic Benefit 404
9.3.1 Environmental Impact and Environmental Conservation Effect 407
9.3.1.1 Environmental Impact 407
9.3.1.2 Environmental Conservation Effect 407
9.3.2 Economic Effects from Environmental Conservation Measures 409
9.3.3 Economic and Environmental Efficiency of Environmental Costs and Environmental Efficiency 409
9.3.4 Reporting ``Economic Benefits of Environmental Conservation´´ 410
References 411

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 5.4.2017
• Reihe/Serie: CSR, Sustainability, Ethics & Governance
• Reihe/Serie: CSR, Sustainability, Ethics & Governance
• Zusatzinfo: XIX, 400 p. 26 illus.
• Verlagsort: Cham
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften ► Politik / Verwaltung
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften ► Soziologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Themenwelt: Wirtschaft ► Betriebswirtschaft / Management
• Schlagworte: Accountability • Accounting cases • environmental accounting • Environmental reporting • sustainability accounting • Sustainability Reporting
• ISBN-10: 3-319-50918-7 / 3319509187
• ISBN-13: 978-3-319-50918-1 / 9783319509181