Electrical Railway Transportation Systems
Wiley-IEEE Press (Verlag)
978-1-119-38680-3 (ISBN)
This book explores the electric railway systems that play a crucial role in the mitigation of congestion and pollution caused by road traffic. It is divided into two parts: the first covering fixed power supply systems, and the second concerning the systems for railway rolling stock. In particular, after a historical introduction to the framework of technological solutions in current use, the authors investigate electrification systems for the power supply of rail vehicles, trams, and subways.
Electrical Railway Transportation Systems explores the direct current systems used throughout the world for urban and suburban transport, which are also used in various countries for regional transport. It provides a study of alternating current systems, whether for power supply frequency or for special railway frequency, that are used around the world for the electrification of railway lines, long-distance lines, and high-speed lines. In addition, this resource:
Analyzes multiple railway systems from a theoretical and realizable vantage point, with particular regard to functionality, electromagnetic compatibility, and interferences with other electrical systems
Studies electric traction railway vehicles, presenting various types of drives and auxiliary devices currently in circulation
Discusses solutions employed to ensure interoperability of vehicles that run along lines powered by different systems (e.g., DC and AC, at different frequencies)
Electrical Railway Transportation Systems is an ideal text for graduate students studying the subject as well as for industry professionals working in the field.
MORRIS BRENNA, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Electric Power System sector at the Department of Energy of Politecnico di Milano. He has made special studies on power quality, converter controls and power supply of electric systems for transportation. FEDERICA FOIADELLI, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Electric Power System sector at the Department of Energy of Politecnico di Milano. She has made special studies on electric safety, renewable energy applications and automation in electric systems for transportation. DARIO ZANINELLI, PhD, is a Full Professor in the Electric Power Systems sector at Department of Energy of Politecnico di Milano. He has authored or coauthored more than 250 journal and conference papers on power systems and electric systems for transportation. Since 2011, he has served as Vice Rector for Politecnico di Milano.
Foreword xiii
Acknowledgments xv
1. Introduction to Railway Systems 1
1.1 Traction Electrification Systems 1
1.1.1 DC Electrification 5
1.1.2 Single-Phase Electrification at Railway Frequency 7
1.1.3 Single-Phase Electrification at Mains Frequency 8
1.1.4 Three-Phase Electrification at Railway Frequency 9
1.2 Types of Electric Power Supply in Railway Lines 12
1.3 Track and Train Wheel 13
2. Basic Notions for the Study of Electric Traction Systems 17
2.1 The Park Transform 17
2.1.1 The Stationary Reference Frame Park Transform 18
2.1.2 Representation of Space Vectors 19
2.1.3 The Park Transform and Symmetrical Components 28
2.1.4 Powers in the Park Variables 31
2.1.5 Stationary Reference Frame Three-Phase Components 33
2.1.6 Rotary Reference Frame Rotating Park Transform 33
2.1.7 Final Considerations Regarding the Park Transform 39
2.2 Graetz Diode Bridge Rectifiers 42
2.2.1 Six-Pulse Rectifier 42
2.2.2 Twelve-Pulse Rectifiers 47
2.3 Thyristor Rectifiers 50
2.3.1 Phase Control 51
2.3.2 Noninstantaneous Switching 53
2.4 Forced Switching Converters 57
2.4.1 Sinusoidal PWM Modulation 57
2.4.2 Complete Single-Phase Full-Bridge Inverter 60
2.4.3 The Three-Phase Inverter 63
2.4.4 Converters Operating as Rectifiers 68
2.4.5 PWM Rectifier with Unitary Power Factor 70
2.4.6 Control Techniques for PWM Rectifiers 74
2.4.7 Multilevel Converters 82
3. DC Railway Electrification Systems 99
3.1 Connection of Electrical Substations 100
3.2 Structure of Traction Power Substation 103
3.2.1 Diagram of a Conversion Substation 104
3.3 Braking Energy Recovery Systems for DC Railway Applications 133
3.3.1 Braking Energy Recovery Systems in Subway Lines 134
3.4 Contact Lines 139
3.4.1 Constructive Aspects of the Line 142
3.4.2 Catenary Suspension 142
3.4.3 Counterweight and Automatic Regulation 144
3.4.4 Electrical Calculations of the Traction Lines 146
3.4.5 Voltage Drops 148
3.4.6 Short Circuit and Contact Line Protection 162
3.5 Probabilistic Methods for Rating the TPSS 166
3.5.1 The Probabilistic Method: General Information and Conditions 167
3.5.2 Representation of Absorption in a Train 167
3.5.3 Supply of a Substation 169
3.5.4 Power Supply by a Single Substation 173
3.5.5 Form Factor for Substation 174
3.5.6 Power Supply with Several Substations 174
4. AC Systems at Mains Frequency 177
4.1 Configuration of the Power Supply System 178
4.1.1 Substations with Transformers in Parallel 180
4.1.2 The Scott Diagram 180
4.1.3 The V Diagram 182
4.1.4 Order Sequence 6 183
4.1.5 Evolution of Solutions 183
4.2 Substation Diagram 185
4.3 25 kV Contact Line Power Supply 186
4.3.1 Line Circuit 186
4.4 2 × 25 kV–50 Hz Systems 188
4.4.1 Transformer 188
4.4.2 Autotransformer 196
4.4.3 Overhead Power Lines 198
4.4.4 Feeder 204
4.4.5 Track 205
4.4.6 The Ideal Functioning of the Autotransformer System 208
4.5 Mathematical–Physical Study of the Functioning 209
4.5.1 Circuit Equations of the 2 × 25 kV–50 Hz System 209
4.5.2 Calculation of the Line Inductance 216
4.6 Creating Autotransformer Systems 224
4.6.1 Primary Power Supply 224
4.6.2 Traction Power Substations (TPSS) 228
4.6.3 Auxiliary Points 231
4.6.4 Service Point 242
4.6.5 Overhead Lines and Grounding Circuits 243
4.6.6 Auxiliary Services’ Power Supply and Line Users 246
4.6.7 Ups 247
4.6.8 Pole Transformation Points 252
4.6.9 LV Section 253
5. Single-Phase Networks at Railway Frequency 255
5.1 Centralized Distribution 255
5.1.1 Contact Line Power Supply 258
5.2 The Distributed Conversion System 258
5.2.1 Electronic Converters 260
6. Electromagnetic Compatibility 263
6.1 Interference Phenomena 265
6.1.1 Conducted Interference Phenomena 265
6.1.2 Induced Type Interference Phenomena 274
6.1.3 Capacitive Interference Phenomena 284
6.1.4 Radiated Interference Phenomena 285
6.1.5 Electromagnetic Fields Inside the Train 286
6.2 Stray Currents 287
6.2.1 Origin of Stray Currents 288
6.2.2 Implications for the Transport System Infrastructure 290
6.2.3 Implications on Underground Structures Located Near the Transport System 294
7. Elements of Transport Technology 297
7.1 Introduction 297
7.2 The Mechanical Aspects of Electric Traction Vehicles 297
7.3 Rail Vehicles with Bogie Structures 299
7.4 Rolling Stock Wheel Arrangements 301
7.5 Classification of Rolling Stock 302
7.6 The Wheel–Ground Kinematic Pair 306
7.7 Vehicular Motion 307
7.8 The Adhesion Factor 308
7.9 The Adhesion Conditions of Individual Railcars and Trains 310
7.10 The Adhesion Coefficient 312
7.11 Practical Values for the Adhesion Coefficient 313
7.12 Resistance to Motion 314
7.13 Air Resistance 317
7.14 Resistance to Forward Motion 318
7.15 Incidental Resistances 321
7.16 Overall Resistances 324
7.17 Tractive Effort Diagram of Traction Vehicles 324
7.18 Determining the Mechanical Characteristic 327
7.19 Variations in Wheelset Load 330
7.20 The Traction Diagram 333
7.21 Start-up 335
7.22 The Deceleration and Braking Phase 338
7.23 Average and Commercial Speeds 339
7.24 Braking Systems 341
7.25 Operational Speed Limits 343
7.26 Motion Transmission 348
7.27 Performance Required from a Traction Drive 350
7.28 Introduction to Traction Drives 354
8. DC Motor Drives 359
8.1 Construction Features 359
8.2 Nominal Data 360
8.3 Motor Schematics 361
8.4 Magnetic Circuit 362
8.5 No-Load Operation 364
8.6 No-Load Losses 365
8.6.1 Mechanical Losses 365
8.6.2 Rotor Core Losses 366
8.6.3 No-Load Test 367
8.7 Load Operation 368
8.7.1 Armature Core or Stack Reaction 368
8.7.2 Load Magnetization Characteristic 370
8.7.3 Interpoles 370
8.7.4 Compensator Winding Effect 371
8.8 Voltage Drops and Starting Conditions 372
8.8.1 Voltage Drops 372
8.8.2 Starting Conditions 372
8.9 Speed Characteristic 373
8.9.1 Air Gap Torque 374
8.10 Power Losses and Efficiency 374
8.11 Tractive Effort Diagram 376
8.12 Speed Regulation 378
8.12.1 Traditional Drives 379
8.12.2 Electronic Drives 379
8.13 Voltage Regulation 379
8.14 Field Regulation 381
8.14.1 Dynamic Behavior of Inductive Shunt Field Regulation 382
8.14.2 Power Losses and Efficiency 386
8.14.3 Torque and Tractive Effort Diagram 386
8.14.4 Coefficient of Elasticity 386
8.15 Forward/Reverse Drive 387
8.15.1 Direct Command Forward/Reverse Drives 388
8.15.2 Indirect Command Forward/Reverse Drives 389
8.15.3 Separate Field Motors 389
8.16 Speed Control 390
8.17 Rheostatic Regulation 391
8.17.1 Rheostat Sections 393
8.17.2 Approaching Positions 395
8.18 Automatic Starting Conditions 396
8.19 Series–Parallel Connection of the Motors 396
8.20 Series–Parallel Transition 398
8.20.1 Short Circuit Transition 398
8.20.2 Bridge Transition 401
8.20.3 Comparison of the Two Systems 402
8.21 Energy Loss in the Starting Rheostat 402
8.21.1 Parallel Motors 404
8.21.2 Series–Parallel Starting Conditions 404
8.21.3 Comparison 405
8.22 Electronic DC Motor Drives 405
8.22.1 Chopper Description 406
8.22.2 Operating Principle of an Ideal Chopper 409
8.22.3 Real Chopper Operation 413
8.22.4 Chopper Regulation During Vehicle Operation Phases 416
8.22.5 Harmonic Currents Generated by the Chopper 419
9. AC Motor Drives 423
9.1 Drives with Induction Motors 423
9.1.1 The Advantages of Induction Machines 424
9.1.2 Operating Principle of an Induction Motor 425
9.1.3 Tractive Effort Diagram of the Motor 427
9.1.4 Operation of the Induction Motor at Variable Speeds 429
9.1.5 Generation of the Ideal Tractive Effort Diagram 431
9.1.6 Torque and Speed Control in an Induction Machine 434
9.1.7 Speed Reverse 452
9.2 Drives with Permanent Magnet Motors 453
9.2.1 Use of Permanent Magnets 453
9.2.2 Main Properties of a Magnet 454
9.2.3 Magnet Stability 457
9.2.4 Reluctance Variations and Demagnetizing Fields 459
9.2.5 Use of Permanent Magnets in Electrical Machines 459
9.2.6 Model of a Synchronous Machine with Permanent Magnets 466
9.2.7 Control Techniques for PM Synchronous Machines 479
9.2.8 Use of PMSMS in Electric Traction 491
9.2.9 Design Criteria for Limiting Fault Conditions 495
10. Current Collecting Systems, Protection Systems, and Auxiliary Services onboard Vehicles 505
10.1 Current Collecting System 505
10.1.1 Pantograph 506
10.1.2 Current Collecting Quality 507
10.1.3 Third Rail 512
10.2 Onboard Protection Systems 514
10.3 Electrical Power Systems Auxiliary Services 515
10.4 Batteries 517
10.4.1 Electrochemical Batteries 518
10.4.2 Batteries for Railway Applications 521
10.4.3 Battery Variables and Parameters 523
10.4.4 Battery Sizing 526
10.5 Compressed Air Production 526
10.6 The Braking System 527
10.6.1 Westinghouse System (Compressed Air Brake) 528
10.6.2 Electropneumatic System (EP Brake) 528
10.6.3 Electrodynamic Brake (ED Brake) 529
10.6.4 The Electrohydraulic Brake 529
10.6.5 Eddy Current Brake 530
10.6.6 Electromagnetic Runner Brakes 532
10.6.7 Brake Control Unit (BCU) 532
10.6.8 Vehicle Air Conditioning: the HVAC System 534
10.6.9 Passengers Information System (PIS) 537
11. Multisystem Rolling Stocks 539
11.1 Transformer 540
11.1.1 Multivoltage and Multifrequency Transformer Operation 540
11.1.2 Power Electronic Traction Transformer (PETT) 541
11.1.3 Operation as an Inductor 543
11.2 Four-Quadrant Converter 544
11.2.1 Stability Analysis of the 4Q Converter 549
11.2.2 Interleaving of Multiple 4Q Converters 559
11.3 Reconfiguration of the Traction Circuit During the Power Supply Systems Changeover 564
11.3.1 Example of Transition between 25 kV AC and 3 kV DC 564
11.3.2 Example of a Transformer in Multisystem Vehicles 567
12. Self-Propelled Vehicles 571
12.1 Diesel–Electric Traction 571
12.1.1 Characteristics of the Diesel Engine 573
12.1.2 Diesel Engine and Transmission Regulation 576
12.1.3 Electric Transmission 576
12.1.4 Multiengine Systems 583
12.1.5 Dual-Power Vehicles 584
12.2 Fuel Cell Trains 585
12.2.1 Fuel Cell Vehicle 588
Index 591
| Erscheinungsdatum | 13.06.2018 |
|---|---|
| Reihe/Serie | IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Maße | 158 x 234 mm |
| Gewicht | 930 g |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie |
| Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik | |
| Technik ► Fahrzeugbau / Schiffbau | |
| ISBN-10 | 1-119-38680-2 / 1119386802 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-119-38680-3 / 9781119386803 |
| Zustand | Neuware |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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