Bridges (eBook)

Analysis, Design, Structural Health Monitoring, and Rehabilitation

Baidar Bakht, Aftab Mufti (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2015 | 2nd ed. 2015
XV, 425 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-319-17843-1 (ISBN)

Infos

This book offers a valuable guide for practicing bridge engineers and graduate students in structural engineering; its main purpose is to present the latest concepts in bridge engineering in fairly easy-to-follow terms.

The book provides details of easy-to-use computer programs for:

· Analysing slab-on-girder bridges for live load distribution.

· Analysing slab and other solid bridge components for live load distribution.

· Analysing and designing concrete deck slab overhangs of girder bridges under vehicular loads.

· Determining the failure loads of concrete deck slabs of girder bridges under concentrated wheel loads.

In addition, the book includes extensive chapters dealing with the design of wood bridges and soil-steel bridges. Further, a unique chapter on structural health monitoring (SHM) will help bridge engineers determine the actual load carrying capacities of bridges, as opposed to their perceived analytical capacities.

The chapter addressing structures made with fibre-reinforced polymers will allow engineers to design highly durable, economical and sustainable structures. This chapter also provides guidance on rehabilitating deteriorated structures with these new materials.

The book also deals with the philosophy of bridge design without resorting to complex equations.

Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com

Aftab Mufti was the Editor in Chief of our Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring until December 2013.

Inhalt

Foreword 8
Contents 10
Chapter 1: Loads and Codes 17
1.1 Introduction 17
1.2 Vehicle Loads 18
1.2.1 Equivalent Base Length 19
1.2.1.1 Accuracy 20
1.2.1.2 W-Bm Space 22
1.2.2 Formulation of Design Live Loads 23
1.2.2.1 Design Vehicle 25
1.2.2.2 Computer Program 29
Data Input 30
Running of Program 31
Reviewing Results 31
1.2.2.3 Multi-Presence in One Lane 31
1.2.2.4 Multi-Presence in Several Lanes 33
1.2.3 Accounting for Dynamic Loads 35
1.3 Design Philosophy 36
1.3.1 Probabilistic Mechanics 36
1.3.1.1 Safety Index 39
1.3.1.2 Maximum Load Effects 42
1.3.1.3 Analogy Between Ties and Bridges 42
1.3.2 Limit States Design 43
1.3.3 Safety Factor 44
1.3.3.1 Comparison of Different Codes 44
1.3.3.2 Vehicle Weights 45
1.3.3.3 Resistance Factors 45
1.3.3.4 Dead Load Factors 46
1.3.3.5 Comparison of Live Loads 46
1.3.3.6 Adopting Codes of Other Countries 48
References 49
Chapter 2: Analysis by Manual Calculations 50
2.1 Introduction 50
2.2 Distribution Coefficient Methods 51
2.3 Simplified Methods of North America 53
2.3.1 Old AASHTO Method 54
2.3.2 Concept of D Method 55
2.3.3 New AASHTO Method 56
2.3.4 Canadian Methods 56
2.3.4.1 Ontario Method I 56
2.3.4.2 CSA Method 57
2.3.4.3 Ontario Method II 58
2.3.5 CHBDC Method 59
2.4 Two Proposed Methods for Two-Lane Slab-On-Girder Bridges 64
2.4.1 Simplified Method for Indian Road Congress Bridge Design Loads 65
2.4.2 Simplified Method for HB Design Loads 72
2.5 Analysis of Two-Girder Bridges 76
2.5.1 Two-Girder Bridges 77
2.5.2 Calculation of Stiffnesses 80
2.5.3 Numerical Example 84
References 86
Chapter 3: Analysis by Computer 87
3.1 Introduction 87
3.2 The Semi-Continuum Method 87
3.2.1 2-D Assembly of Beams 88
3.2.2 Harmonic Analysis of Beams 91
3.2.3 Basis of the Method 95
3.2.3.1 Distribution Coefficients 97
3.2.3.2 Convergence of Results 99
3.2.4 Structures with Intermediate Supports 101
3.2.5 Shear-weak Grillages 102
3.2.6 Intermediate Diaphragms 104
3.3 Computer Program Secan 104
3.3.1 Installation 105
3.3.2 Input Data 105
3.3.3 Example of Use 105
3.3.4 Comparison with Grillage Analysis 109
3.3.5 Idealization of Loads 112
3.3.6 Example of Data Output by SECAN 113
3.4 The Orthotropic Plate Method 115
3.4.1 Basis of the Orthotropic Method 115
3.4.2 Computer Program PLATO 122
3.4.3 Data Input for PLATO 122
3.4.4 Example of Use 124
References 128
Chapter 4: Arching in Deck Slabs 130
4.1 Introduction 130
4.2 Mechanics of Arching Action 132
4.2.1 Model that Failed in Bending 132
4.2.2 Model that Failed in Punching Shear 133
4.2.3 Edge Stiffening 135
4.3 Internally Restrained Deck Slabs 135
4.3.1 Static Tests on Scale Models 135
4.3.2 Pulsating Load Tests on Scale Models 137
4.3.3 Field Testing 138
4.3.4 An Experimental Bridge 139
4.3.5 Ontario Code, First Edition 139
4.3.6 Research in Other Jurisdictions 140
4.3.7 Ontario Code, Second and Third Editions 141
4.3.8 Rolling Load Tests on Scale Models 143
4.3.9 Miscellaneous Recent Research 144
4.3.10 Role of Reinforcement on Deck Slab Strength 145
4.4 Externally Restrained Deck Slabs 147
4.4.1 First Experimental Study 148
4.4.2 Second Experimental Study 151
4.4.3 Reinforcement for Negative Transverse Moments 156
4.4.4 Static Tests on a Full-Scale Model 158
4.4.5 Rolling Wheel Tests on a Full-Scale Model 159
4.5 Fatigue Resistance of Deck Slabs 160
4.5.1 Wheel Loads Data 161
4.5.2 Number of Cycles Versus Failure Load 161
4.5.3 Fatigue Tests on Externally Restrained Deck Slabs 163
4.6 Bridges with Externally Restrained Deck Slabs 165
4.7 Proposed Design Method 168
4.7.1 Concrete Deck Slabs with Steel Reinforcement 169
4.7.2 Concrete Deck Slabs with FRP Reinforcement 170
4.7.3 Externally Restrained Deck Slabs 171
4.8 Analytical Method for Predicting Failure Load 172
4.8.1 Formulation 175
4.8.2 Program PUNCH 176
4.9 Other Analytical Method for Predicting Failure Load 180
References 181
Chapter 5: Cantilever Slabs 184
5.1 Introduction 184
5.1.1 Definitions 184
5.1.2 Mechanics of Behaviour 186
5.1.3 Negative Moments in Internal Panel 188
5.1.4 Cantilever Slab of Semi-infinite Length 189
5.2 Methods of Analysis 191
5.2.1 Unstiffened Cantilever Slab of Infinite Length 191
5.2.2 Proposed Method of Analysis for Slabs of Infinite Length 195
5.2.3 Method of Analysis for Slabs of Semi-infinite Length 196
5.2.4 Program ANDECAS 198
5.3 Arching in Cantilever Slabs 214
References 218
Chapter 6: Wood Bridges 219
6.1 Introduction 219
6.2 Stress-Laminated Wood Decks 220
6.2.1 Design Specifications 223
6.3 Examples of SWDs 227
6.3.1 Decks with External Post-Tensioning 228
6.3.2 Decks with Internal Post-Tensioning 229
6.3.3 Prestress Losses 230
6.4 Steel: Wood Composite Bridges 233
6.5 Stressed-Log Bridges 234
6.6 Grout-Laminated Bridges 236
6.7 Stressed Wood Decks with FRP Tendons 237
6.8 Anchored Log Decks 238
References 239
Chapter 7: Soil-Steel Bridges 241
7.1 Introduction 241
7.2 Mechanics of Behaviour 244
7.2.1 Infinitely Long Tube in Half-Space 245
7.2.2 Third Dimension Effect 249
7.3 Geotechnical Considerations 252
7.4 Shallow and Deep Corrugations 253
7.5 General Design Provisions 255
7.5.1 Design Criteria 255
7.5.2 Dead Load Thrust 258
7.5.3 Live Load Thrust 259
7.5.4 Conduit Wall Strength in Compression 260
7.5.5 Longitudinal Seam Strength 262
7.6 Design with Deep Corrugations 263
7.7 Other Design Criteria 264
7.7.1 Minimum Depth of Cover 264
7.7.2 Deformations During Construction 264
7.7.3 Extent of Engineered Backfill 265
7.7.4 Differences in Radii of Curvature and Plate Thickness 265
7.7.5 Footings 265
7.8 Construction 266
7.8.1 Foundation 266
7.8.2 Bedding 267
7.8.3 Assembly and Erection 267
7.8.4 Engineered Backfill 268
7.8.5 Headwalls and Appurtenances 268
7.8.6 Site Supervision and Control 269
7.9 Special Features 270
7.9.1 Reduction of Load Effects 270
7.9.2 Reinforcing the Conduit Wall 271
7.9.3 Reinforcing the Backfill 273
7.10 Examples of Recent Structures 277
7.10.1 A Soil-Steel Bridge in the UK 278
7.10.2 An Animal Overpass in Poland 278
7.10.3 A Bridge for a Mining Road in Alberta, Canada 279
References 280
Chapter 8: Fibre Reinforced Bridges 282
8.1 Introduction 282
8.1.1 General 282
8.1.2 Definitions 284
8.1.3 Abbreviations 284
8.1.4 Scope of the Chapter 285
8.2 Fibre Reinforced Polymer 285
8.2.1 Structural Properties of Fibres 285
8.2.2 Design Considerations 286
8.2.3 The Most Economical FRP 287
8.3 Fibre Reinforced Concrete 288
8.3.1 FRC with Low Modulus Fibres 289
8.3.2 FRC with High Modulus Fibres 289
8.4 Earlier Case Histories 290
8.4.1 Bridges in Germany 291
8.4.2 Bridges in Japan 293
8.4.3 Bridges in North America 294
8.5 Design Provisions 295
8.5.1 Durability 296
8.5.2 Cover to Reinforcement 296
8.5.3 Resistance Factors 297
8.5.4 Fibre Reinforced Concrete 297
8.5.5 Protective Measures 298
8.5.6 Concrete Beams and Slabs 298
References 301
Chapter 9: Rehabilitation with FRPs 303
9.1 Introduction 303
9.2 Rehabilitation of Concrete Components with FRPs 303
9.2.1 Strengthening for Flexural Components 304
9.2.2 Strengthening of Compression Components 305
9.2.3 Strengthening for Shear 306
9.2.4 Case Histories of Column Rehabilitation 308
9.3 Rehabilitation of Timber Beams 310
9.3.1 General Requirements 311
9.3.2 Strengthening for Flexure 311
9.3.3 Strengthening for Shear 312
References 314
Chapter 10: Structural Health Monitoring 316
10.1 Introduction 316
10.2 Civionics 317
10.3 Truss Bridges 324
10.3.1 General Concepts 325
10.3.2 Buckling of Trusses 327
10.3.3 Case Histories 332
10.4 Slab-On-Girder Bridges 343
10.4.1 Designing of an SHM System 343
10.4.2 Case Histories Dealing with Boundary Conditions 346
10.4.3 Case Histories Dealing with Load Distribution 350
10.5 Summary 362
References 362
Chapter 11: Bridge Weighing-in-Motion 364
11.1 Introduction 364
11.2 State-of-the-Art 364
11.2.1 Ohio Method 365
11.2.2 Ontario Method 365
11.2.3 Australian Method 366
11.2.4 Japanese Reaction Force Method 366
11.2.5 A Variation of the Reaction Force Method 367
11.2.6 Connecticut Method 367
11.2.7 Other Methods 368
11.2.8 Accuracy 368
11.3 Manitoba Methods 369
11.3.1 Asymmetry Coefficient Method 369
11.3.2 Area Method 376
11.3.3 Two Stations Method 380
11.3.4 Beta Method 382
11.4 A Case History 383
11.4.1 Details of Bridge and Calibration Trucks 384
11.4.2 Calculation of Bridge Constant C 387
11.4.3 Calculation of Vehicle Speed 388
11.4.4 Observed Transverse Load Distribution 389
11.4.5 Smoothing of Raw Strains 391
11.4.6 Analysis for Load Distribution 394
11.4.7 Calculation of n for Asymmetry Method 398
11.5 GVW Estimation for High Speed Tests 398
11.5.1 The Asymmetry Method 398
11.5.2 The Two Stations Method 398
11.5.3 The Area Method 402
11.5.4 The Beta Method 402
11.6 BWIM: A Tool for Bridge Management 404
11.7 Concluding Remarks 404
References 407
Chapter 12: Bridge Aesthetics 408
12.1 Introduction 408
12.2 Theory of Numbers 408
12.3 Pythagorean Theory 409
12.4 The Golden Mean 410
12.5 Harmonizing Beauty, Utility and the Environment 413
12.6 Artists Who Work in 3-D Forms 416
12.7 Incorporation of a Cultural Motif 422
12.7.1 A Skyway Proposal for Karachi 423
12.7.2 Arches and Domes 425
12.7.3 The Karachi Skyway Project 428
12.8 Concluding Remarks 429
References 429
Index 430

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 9.10.2015
• Zusatzinfo: XV, 425 p. 325 illus., 79 illus. in color.
• Verlagsort: Cham
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: Bridge Analysis • Bridge Design • Bridge Evaluation • Bridge Rehabiliation • Bridge Reinforced Structures
• ISBN-10: 3-319-17843-1 / 3319178431
• ISBN-13: 978-3-319-17843-1 / 9783319178431