Introduction to International Disaster Management (eBook)

Damon Coppola (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2015 | 3. Auflage
760 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-12-801703-6 (ISBN)

Infos

Introduction to International Disaster Management, Third Edition, continues to serve as the leading comprehensive overview of global emergency management. This edition provides practitioners and students alike with a comprehensive understanding of the disaster management profession by utilizing a global perspective and including the different sources of risk and vulnerability, the systems that exist to manage hazard risk, and the many different stakeholders involved. This update examines the impact of many recent large-scale and catastrophic disaster events on countries and communities, as well as their influence on disaster risk reduction efforts worldwide. It also expands coverage of small-island developing states (SIDS) and explores the achievements of the United Nations Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015) and the priorities for action in the Post-2015 Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction currently under development. This useful, relevant text includes many changes that have occurred since the last edition for a better understanding of the rapidly advancing field of international disaster management. - Includes updated perspectives on recent events that have shaped the direction emergency management is taking today - Examines outcomes of the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) decade, such as insight into how disaster risk reduction has advanced globally, and how it differs among countries and regions - Updated statistics on disaster frequency and impact provide a better understanding about how and why risk and vulnerability are changing - Presents information on multilateral emergency management agreements as well as profiles of important NGOs and international organizations - Key terms and summaries are provided at the beginning of each chapter to ease student comprehension - Offers customized and updated instructor materials, including PowerPoint lecture slides, test banks, and a detailed instructor's guide

Damon P. Coppola is the founder of Shoreline Risk LLC and a Partner with Bullock & Haddow LLC. He has extensive experience in disaster management capacity development, disaster risk management, and planning through his work with the United Nations; the World Bank Group; The US Federal Emergency Management Agency; and the US Army Corps of Engineers, among others. Mr. Coppola serves as a Senior Disaster Management Specialist at the Hawaii-based Pacific Disaster Center and is a faculty member at Loma Linda University and the University of Hawaii. He holds an M.E.M in Crisis, Emergency, and Risk Management from George Washington University and an A.R.M. from the American Institute for Chartered Property Casualty Underwriters.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Introduction to International Disaster Management 4
Copyright 5
Dedication 6
Contents 8
Foreword 18
Acknowledgments 20
Digital Assets 22
FOR THE INSTRUCTOR 22
Introduction 24
CHAPTER 1 - THE MANAGEMENT OF DISASTERS 26
INTRODUCTION 26
DISASTERS THROUGHOUT HISTORY 27
THE HISTORY OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT 28
CAPACITY BY DEMAND: THE 1970S AND ‘80S 31
THE UN INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY FOR DISASTER REDUCTION 35
THE HYOGO FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION (HFA) 36
THE POST-2015 FRAMEWORK 36
MODERN DISASTER MANAGEMENT – A FOUR-PHASE APPROACH 37
WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT? 38
DISASTERS, POVERTY, AND DEVELOPMENT 42
DISASTER TRENDS 43
DEFINITIONS 56
CONCLUSION 62
REFERENCES 62
CHAPTER 2 - HAZARDS 65
INTRODUCTION 65
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND HAZARD PROFILING 66
HAZARD ANALYSIS 71
THE HAZARDS 75
CONCLUSION 170
REFERENCES 171
CHAPTER 3 - RISK AND VULNERABILITY 175
INTRODUCTION 175
TWO COMPONENTS OF RISK 176
TRENDS 183
COMPUTING LIKELIHOOD AND CONSEQUENCE VALUES 186
RISK EVALUATION 197
VULNERABILITY 217
CONCLUSION 246
REFERENCES 246
CHAPTER 4 - MITIGATION 249
INTRODUCTION 249
WHAT IS MITIGATION? 250
TYPES OF MITIGATION: STRUCTURAL AND NONSTRUCTURAL 255
OBSTACLES TO MITIGATION 285
ASSESSING AND SELECTING MITIGATION OPTIONS 286
EMERGENCY RESPONSE CAPACITY AS A RISK MITIGATION MEASURE 291
INCORPORATING MITIGATION INTO DEVELOPMENT AND RELIEF PROJECTS 292
CONCLUSION 298
REFERENCES 298
CHAPTER 5 - PREPAREDNESS 300
INTRODUCTION 300
OVERVIEW OF DISASTER PREPAREDNESS 301
GOVERNMENT PREPAREDNESS 301
PUBLIC PREPAREDNESS 322
THE MEDIA AS A PUBLIC EDUCATOR 332
OBSTACLES TO EFFECTIVE PUBLIC EDUCATION AND PREPAREDNESS 335
CONCLUSION 343
REFERENCES 343
CHAPTER 6 - RESPONSE 346
INTRODUCTION 346
WHAT IS RESPONSE? 347
RESPONSE – THE EMERGENCY 347
RECOGNITION—PRE-DISASTER ACTIONS 348
RECOGNITION—POST-DISASTER 352
PROVISION OF WATER, FOOD, AND SHELTER 367
VOLUNTEER MANAGEMENT 392
COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COORDINATION 394
CONCLUSION 405
REFERENCES 405
APPENDIX 407
CHAPTER 7 - RECOVERY 430
INTRODUCTION 430
OVERVIEW OF RECOVERY 430
THE EFFECTS OF DISASTERS ON SOCIETY 432
PRE-DISASTER RECOVERY ACTIONS 433
COMPONENTS OF RECOVERY – WHAT IS NEEDED AND WHERE IT COMES FROM 435
TYPES OF RECOVERY 451
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN RECOVERY 470
CONCLUSION 483
REFERENCES 483
CHAPTER 8 - PARTICIPANTS – GOVERNMENTAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AGENCIES 486
INTRODUCTION 486
GOVERNMENTAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES 487
GOVERNMENTAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AGENCIES 488
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES 499
BILATERAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE 512
HOW GOVERNMENTS PROVIDE ASSISTANCE 517
TYPES OF BILATERAL ASSISTANCE 517
TYPES OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES INVOLVED IN INTERNATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT 523
THE POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS OF BILATERAL DISASTER ASSISTANCE 528
COLLATERAL IMPACTS OF HUMANITARIAN AID 537
CONCLUSION 538
REFERENCES 538
APPENDIX 539
CHAPTER 9 - PARTICIPANTS – NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, INCLUDING THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND ACADEMIA 547
INTRODUCTION 547
WHO ARE THE NGOS? 548
WHAT DO THEY DO? 551
NGO OPERATIONS 557
AID WORKER SAFETY AND SECURITY 562
NGO/MILITARY COOPERATION 563
THE ROLE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR 578
THE ROLE OF ACADEMIA 581
CONCLUSION 582
REFERENCES 582
APPENDIX 1: PROFILE OF AN NGO: THE IFRC 583
APPENDIX 3: NGOS INVOLVED IN THE RESPONSE TO AND RECOVERY FROM THE 2011–2013 DROUGHT IN THE HORN OF AFRICA 608
APPENDIX 4 609
CHAPTER 10 - PARTICIPANTS – MULTILATERAL ORGANIZATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS 613
INTRODUCTION 613
THE UNITED NATIONS 614
UN AGENCIES AND PROGRAMS 630
REGIONAL INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 666
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS 682
CONCLUSION 692
REFERENCES 692
APPENDIX: IADB DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT POLICY GUIDELINES, MARCH 2008HTTP://IDBDOCS.IADB.ORG/WSDOCS/GETDOCUMENT.ASPX?DOCNUM=3600... 694
CHAPTER 11 - SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS 706
INTRODUCTION 706
COORDINATION 708
THE MEDIA 709
INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT 713
POLITICAL WILL 714
COMPOUND EMERGENCIES 715
DONOR FATIGUE 716
CORRUPTION 717
STATE SOVEREIGNTY 717
EQUALITY IN HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND RELIEF DISTRIBUTION 719
CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF DISASTERS 722
EARLY WARNING 725
LINKING RISK REDUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT 725
DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN RECOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT 726
TERRORISM 727
GLOBAL DISASTERS: SARS, AVIAN INFLUENZA, SWINE FLU, AND OTHER EMERGING EPIDEMICS 728
CONCLUSION 729
REFERENCES 730
Index 732

Textauszug

The United Nations

Background

The United Nations (UN) was established in 1945, when representatives from 51 countries converged in San Francisco to establish the UN Charter as a commitment to preserve peace in the aftermath of World War II. Later that year, the Charter was ratified by the five permanent members, China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as several other countries. Today, 193 countries are members of the UN, and the Charter (which is similar to a sovereign state’s constitution and establishes the rights and responsibilities of Member States) continues to be amended to reflect the changing needs of world politics.

The UN is not a government body, nor does it write laws; however, Member States can use the UN to resolve conflict and create international policy. While the UN cannot force a sovereign country to comply with its decisions or actions, the organization’s global stature and collaborative nature give weight to its resolutions.

The UN has six main organs. Five of these—the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, and the Secretariat—are based in New York City at the UN Headquarters. The sixth, the International Court of Justice, is located at The Hague in the Netherlands. The UN also maintains operational and program offices throughout the world. (See figure 10.1.) Through these major bodies and their associated programs, the UN has established a presence in most countries and has fostered partnerships with Member State governments.

The General Assembly

All of the UN Member States are represented in the General Assembly, which is considered a “parliament of nations” that meets to address issues of global significance. Each Member State is given a single vote, with key issues decided by two-thirds majority. (Less significant matters are decided by simple majority.) As mentioned earlier, the General Assembly cannot force its decisions on a sovereign state, although they generally receive wide support. The Assembly holds regular sessions from September to December, and special/emergency sessions may be called at any time. When not in session, the Assembly’s work is carried out by its six main committees, other subsidiary bodies, and the Secretariat.

Figure 10.1 UN organizational chart Source: UN, 2014a.

The Security Council

The UN Security Council’s primary responsibility is maintaining international peace and security in accordance with the UN Charter. This council, which convenes at will, consists of 15 members, five of which are permanent members (China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States). All UN Member States are obligated to carry out the Council’s decisions. Decisions require nine affirmative votes, including all five votes of the permanent members. When the Council considers threats to international peace, it first explores peaceful settlement options. If fighting is under way, the Council attempts to secure a cease-fire, and it may send a peacekeeping mission to help the parties maintain the truce and keep opposing forces apart. The Council can take measures to enforce its decisions, such as imposing economic sanctions or arms embargoes. On rare occasions, the Council has authorized Member States to use “all necessary means,” including collective military action, to see that its decisions are carried out. These are referred to as “peacemaking operations.”

The Economic and Social Council

The Economic and Social Council is the central mechanism by which international economic and social issues are addressed and by which policy recommendations are created. It also consults with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to create and maintain working partnerships between the UN and civil society. The Council has 54 members, elected by the General Assembly for three-year terms. It meets throughout the year, but its main session is held in July, during which major economic, social, and humanitarian issues are discussed. The Council has several subsidiary bodies that regularly meet to address issues such as human rights, social development, the status of women, crime prevention, narcotic drugs, and environmental protection.

The Trusteeship Council

The Trusteeship Council originally provided international supervision for 11 trust territories administered by seven Member States and ensured that adequate steps were taken to prepare the territories for self-government or independence. By 1994, all trust territories had attained self-government or independence. Its work completed, the Trusteeship Council now consists of the five permanent members of the Security Council. It has amended its rules of procedure to allow it to meet as and when the occasion may require.

The International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice, also known as the World Court, is the UN’s main judicial organ. The World Court consists of 15 judges elected jointly by the General Assembly and the Security Council. It serves to settle disputes between countries. Participation is voluntary, but when a state agrees to participate, it must comply with the Court’s decision. The Court also provides advisory opinions to the General Assembly and the Security Council on request.

The Secretariat

The Secretariat carries out the day-to-day work of the UN as directed by the General Assembly, the Security Council, and the other organs. At its head is the Secretary General, who provides overall administrative guidance. The Secretariat is made up of various departments and offices and maintains a total staff of about 40,000 people throughout the world. Duty stations include the UN Headquarters in New York and offices in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi, as well as other locations.

The Secretariat’s functions are diverse, ranging from “administering peacekeeping operations to mediating international disputes, from surveying economic and social trends and problems to preparing studies on human rights and sustainable development” (UN 2014). The Secretariat staffs also work to publicize the UN’s work through the world media and to organize conferences on issues of global concern. Secretariat staffs are considered international civil servants and answer only to the UN for their activities.

The UN System

The system known as the UN includes many integrated and related offices and agencies that work around the world. There are independent organizations known as “specialized agencies” linked to the UN through cooperative agreements. These agencies are autonomous bodies created by intergovernmental agreement. They maintain broad international responsibilities in economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related fields. Additionally, a number of UN offices, programs, and funds work to improve the economic and social conditions of people around the world. These agencies report directly to the General Assembly or to the Economic and Social Council. (See figure 10.1.). Each organization has its own governing body, budget, and secretariat. Together with the UN bodies previously listed, they are known as the UN family or the UN system.

UN Role in Disaster Management

The UN is the organization most involved in the mitigation of, preparedness for, response to, and recovery from disasters worldwide. It is considered the best suited to play this role because of the strong relationships it maintains with most countries, especially the developing ones, where such assistance is most needed. Through its many offices, agencies, and programs, it helps nations to reduce hazard risk and vulnerability by targeting sources of risk in development and promoting increases in the disaster management capacity of institutions and citizens. Because of their presence in almost every developing country and the systems and structures that have been developed specifically for the purpose, the UN is among the first organizations to mobilize when disasters strike. And because their focus is so all-encompassing, they remain a source of technical and financial assistance in those same affected countries for the duration of recovery.

When a disaster occurs, the UN responds immediately, and on an ongoing basis, by coordinating the provision of or directly providing relief aid such as food, water, shelter, medical assistance, and logistical support. The UN Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) Emergency Relief Coordinator heads UN response to emergency situations. The coordinator works with a committee of several UN humanitarian agencies, including the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the World Food Programme (WFP), the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and other associates as needed, depending on the problems specific to the event.

The UN promotes disaster risk reduction (DRR) and prevention activities through development projects. Long before disasters strike, the UN works with governments, the private sector, non-governmental organizations, and citizens to address disaster risk-reduction measures by ensuring that appropriate measures are included in development activities. The UN has helped to map risk throughout the world and has assisted national governments in creating the institutional frameworks to reduce or respond to those risks. By encouraging the building of early warning systems and...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 25.1.2015
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften ► Pädagogik ► Sozialpädagogik
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften ► Politik / Verwaltung
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften ► Soziologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Themenwelt: Wirtschaft ► Betriebswirtschaft / Management ► Wirtschaftsinformatik
• ISBN-10: 0-12-801703-1 / 0128017031
• ISBN-13: 978-0-12-801703-6 / 9780128017036