Engineering in Rock Masses (eBook)

F G Bell (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2013 | 1. Auflage
592 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4831-0519-2 (ISBN)

Infos

Engineering in Rock Masses is a 26-chapter text that deals with the behavior, investigation, and construction of rock masses. The first chapters review the properties, behavior, classification, and occurrence of groundwater in rock masses. The subsequent chapters discuss the stress analysis, exploration, laboratory testing, geophysical methods, and instrumentation in these materials. These topics are followed by discussions of slope stability, rockfall problems, settlement and bearing capacity, subsidence, and seismic movements of rocks and rock masses. This work also evaluates the role of pumping system, ground freezing, grouting, rock anchors, drilling, blasting, and open excavation. The remaining chapters look into the rock masses' tunneling, underground chambers, shafts, socketed foundations, and retaining structures. This book will be of great value to practicing civil and mining engineers, engineering geologists, and researchers.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Engineering in Rock Masses 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 10
List of contributors 12
Chapter 1. Properties and behaviour of rocks and rock masses 14
1.1 Geological aspects: igneous rocks 14
1.2 Geological aspects: metamorphic rocks 16
1.3 Geological aspects: sedimentary rocks 18
1.4 Factors controlling the mechanical behaviour of rocks 23
1.5 Deformation and failure of rocks 27
1.6 Strength of discontinuous rock masses and its assessment 32
References 37
Chapter 2. Influence of weathering and discontinuities on the behaviour of rock masses 40
Weathering 40
2.1 Rate of weathering 40
2.2 Mechanical weathering 41
2.3 Chemical and biological weathering 43
2.4 Slaking and swelling of mudrocks 46
2.5 Engineering classification of weathering 46
2.6 Nomenclature of joints 54
2.7 Origins of joints 55
2.8 Description of jointed rock masses 57
2.9 Discontinuities and rock quality indices 59
2.10 Recording discontinuity data 61
References 65
Chapter 3. Description and classification of rock masses 67
3.1 Description of rocks and rock masses 67
3.2 Properties of rocks and rock masses 67
3.3 Basic geotechnical description of ISRM 75
3.4 Principles of classification 76
3.5 Review of classifications 78
3.6 The rating concept 80
References 89
Chapter 4. Groundwater in rock masses 91
4.1 Basic concepts 91
4.2 Hydrodynamics of porous and equivalent media 95
4.3 Discontinuous media 102
4.4 Hydromechanical coupling 110
References 113
Chapter 5. Block theory in rock engineering 114
5.1 Properties of a rock mass and computational possibilities 114
5.2 Stereographic projection 115
5.3 Block theory 116
5.4 Case I: Analysis given only the orientations of the joints 117
5.5 Case II: Further analysis given the joint friction angles 119
5.6 Case III: Further analysis to define real keyblocks given the locations of joint traces 121
5.7 Case IV: Further analysis for known initial stress, joint dilatancy or rock permeability – the block reaction curve 123
5.8 An example 125
5.9 Conclusions 127
References 129
Chapter 6. Stress analysis for rock masses 130
6.1 Purpose 130
6.2 In situ state of stress 130
6.3 Classical stress analysis 131
6.4 Zone of influence of an excavation 134
6.5 Excagvation shape and boundary stresses 135
6.6 Rock structure and boundary stresses 136
6.7 Computational methods of stress analysis 138
6.8 Boundary element method 139
6.9 Finite difference and distinct element methods 142
6.10 Finite element method 144
References 146
Chapter 7. Exploration and investigation of rock masses 147
7.1 Introduction 147
7.2 Methodology for rock-mass investigation 147
7.3 Methods for the study of rock masses 148
References 162
Further reading 163
Chapter 8. Laboratory testing of rocks 164
8.1 Density and porosity 164
8.2 Water sorption and capillarity 166
8.3 Permeability 168
8.4 Durability of weak rocks 169
8.5 Compressive and shear strength 170
8.6 Hardness 177
8.7 Elastic properties 179
References 181
Chapter 9. Rock-mass assessment using geophysical methods 183
9.1 Geomechanical properties 183
9.2 Geophysical properties 184
9.3 Surface geophysical methods 185
9.4 Drillhole geophysical methods during the drilling process 
190 
9.5 Geophysical classification 197
References 200
Chapter 10. Instrumentation in rock masses 203
10.1 Introduction 203
10.2 Measurement of groundwater level and pore water pressure 203
10.3 Measurement of stress and strain in rock masses 207
10.4 Stress-change measurements 211
10.5 Measurement of displacement 214
References 220
Acknowledgment 220
Chapter 11. Slope stability and rockfall problems in rock masses 222
11.1 Introduction 222
11.2 Slope stability in rock masses 222
11.3 Rockfalls 230
11.4 Conclusions 241
References 242
Chapter 12. Settlement and bearing capacity of rock masses 244
12.1 Introduction 244
12.2 Geological characterization 244
12.3 Geomechanical models 245
12.4 Settlement of foundations on rock 245
12.5 Axial compression capacity of foundations 249
12.6 Uplift capacity 255
12.7 Lateral capacity 255
12.8 Acknowledgements 258
References 258
Chapter 13. Subsidence in rock masses 259
13.1 Introduction 259
13.2 Subsidence due to coal mining 259
13.3 Subsidence in metalliferous mining 265
13.4 Subsidence due to the abstraction of fluids 268
13.5 Methods of subsidence prediction 271
References 282
Chapter 14. Seismic movements and rock masses 285
14.1 Introduction 285
14.2 Basic principles of seismic action 286
14.3 Analysis– an overview 291
14.4 Earthquakes and foundations in rock 294
14.5 Earthquakes and natural rock slopes 296
14.6 Earthquakes and open-pit mining 304
14.7 Earthquakes, caverns and tunnels 304
14.8 Design to improve resistance to earthquakes 310
References 312
Chapter 15. Control of groundwater in rock masses by pumping systems 317
15.1 Introduction 317
15.2 The overburden and open-cast mining 317
15.3 Some aspects of soil structure of alluvials 322
15.4 Rock types and groundwater 324
15.5 Engineering precautions 324
15.6 Initial investigation 326
15.7 Underground water in rocks 328
15.8 System design guidelines 330
15.9 Summary 332
Acknowledgements 332
References 332
Chapter 16. Ground freezing 334
16.1 Introduction 334
16.2 Freezing methods 335
16.3 Hydrogeology and ground freezing 338
16.4 Design of a frozen wall 339
16.5 Placing concrete against frozen ground 345
16.6 Monitoring frozen ground 345
References 346
Chapter 17. Grouting in rock masses 347
17.1 Nature and purposes of grouting 347
17.2 Site investigation 347
17.3 When is grouting necessary? 350
17.4 Types of grout 351
17.5 Cement grouting equipment 351
17.6 Stage grouting and methods 355
17.7 Closure grouting 355
17.8 Grout curtain design 357
17.9 Grout pressures 357
17.10 The nature of grout penetration in cracks 359
17.11 Water:cement ratio and its effect on durability 361
17.12 Grouting of fine cracks 361
17.13 Grouting of stressed rock 361
17.14 Assessment of grouting 362
17.15 Some words of caution and encouragement to the inexperienced 362
Acknowledgment 362
References 363
Bibliography 363
Chapter 18. Reinforcement and support of rock masses 364
18.1 Introduction 364
18.2 Dowels 365
18.3 Rockbolts 367
18.4 Sprayed mortar and concrete 376
Acknowledgment 382
References 382
Chapter 19. Rock anchors 383
19.1 General approach to anchoring 383
19.2 The components of an anchor system 384
19.3 The tendon system 385
19.4 The mechanics of load mobilization 385
19.5 Anchors in soft rocks 388
19.6 Anchor construction 391
19.7 Anchor testing 391
19.8 Anchor performance 393
19.9 Anchor monitoring 395
19.10 Anchor maintenance 396
19.11 Uncertainty in anchor use 396
References 396
Chapter 20. Drilling and blasting of rock masses 398
20.1 Drilling of rock masses 398
20.2 Blasting of rock masses 402
20.3 Explosives 408
Symbols 411
Bibliography 412
Chapter 21. Open excavation in rock masses 413
21.1 Introduction 413
21.2 Groundwater and excavation 413
21.3 Methods of excavation: drilling and blasting 416
21.4 Methods of excavation: ripping 428
21.5 Diggability 434
References 434
Chapter 22. Tunnelling in rock masses 436
22.1 General approach'for tunnelling projects 436
22.2 Site investigations and ground probings 437
22.3 Excavation and support methods for rock tunnelling 439
22.4 Structural design of tunnels 442
22.5 In situ monitoring and its interpretation 448
22.6 Structural detailing of the lining 450
22.7 Documents for tunnelling 450
References 452
Chapter 23. Underground chambers in hard rock masses 453
23.1 Introduction 453
23.2 Benefits of underground chambers 453
23.3 Design and construction procedure for underground chambers 455
23.4 Site characterization 456
23.5 Rock-mass classification 462
23.6 Rock-engineering considerations 462
23.7 Rock support and reinforcement 468
23.8 Application of design and construction procedure to an intermediate storage facility for spent nuclear fuel 472
References 476
Chapter 24. Shafts and raises in rock masses 478
24.1 Introduction 478
24.2 Shaft and raise design 481
24.3 Shaft and raise construction 493
24.4 Scenario of shaft and raise construction 515
References 519
Chapter 25. Socketed foundations in rock masses 522
25.1 Introduction 522
25.2 Axial loading 523
25.3 Lateral loading 535
25.4 Design example 539
Acknowledgments 542
References 542
Chapter 26. Retaining structures for rock masses 543
26.1 Introduction: general aspects 543
26.2 Failure modes in rock masses 543
26.3 Strength parameters 544
26.4 Lateral pressures on retaining structures 545
26.5 Effects of surcharge loading 553
26.6 Effect of slope creep 558
26.7 Stability of retaining structures 559
26.8 Monolithic retaining walls 563
26.9 Special types of retaining walls 564
26.10 Composite retaining structures 571
26.11 Rock reinforcement, rock anchoring 573
26.12 Dowelling of rock bodies 578
26.13 Rock grouting 582
26.14 Spaced and single restraining structures 582
26.15 Protective structures for bridges and masts 583
26.16 Accompanying measures 583
26.17 Final remarks 583
References and further reading 584
Index 586

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 22.10.2013
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bergbau
• ISBN-10: 1-4831-0519-9 / 1483105199
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4831-0519-2 / 9781483105192