Introduction to Environmental Forensics (eBook)

Robert D. Morrison, Brian L. Murphy (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2014 | 3. Auflage
704 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-12-404707-5 (ISBN)

Infos

The third edition of Introduction to Environmental Forensics is a state-of-the-art reference for the practicing environmental forensics consultant, regulator, student, academic, and scientist, with topics including compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA), advanced multivariate statistical techniques, surrogate approaches for contaminant source identification and age dating, dendroecology, hydrofracking, releases from underground storage tanks and piping, and contaminant-transport modeling for forensic applications. Recognized international forensic scientists were selected to author chapters in their specific areas of expertise and case studies are included to illustrate the application of these methods in actual environmental forensic investigations. This edition provides updates on advances in various techniques and introduces several new topics. - Provides a comprehensive review of all aspects of environmental forensics - Coverage ranges from emerging statistical methods to state-of-the-art analytical techniques, such as gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry and polytopic vector analysis - Numerous examples and case studies are provided to illustrate the application of these forensic techniques in environmental investigations

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
About the Editors 12
About the Authors 14
SECTION I - BASIC INFORMATION 28
Chapter 1 - Applications of Environmental Forensics 30
1.1 INTRODUCTION 31
1.2 CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND/OR DELINEATION OF CONTAMINATION 32
1.3 RECONSTRUCTING HISTORICAL RELEASES AND ESTABLISHING BACKGROUND 34
1.4 DETERMINATION OF RESPONSIBILITY AND ALLOCATION OF LIABILITY 35
1.5 INSURANCE LITIGATION 42
1.6 TOXIC TORTS 45
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 47
REFERENCES 47
Chapter 2 - Essential Historical Research Methods and Their Application to Environmental Forensics 48
2.1 INTRODUCTION 49
2.2 HISTORICAL RESEARCH FOR SITE ASSESSMENT OR RESPONSIBILITY ASSIGNMENT 49
2.3 HISTORICAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS FOR APPORTIONMENT AND COST ALLOCATION 54
2.4 THE HISTORIAN’S CONTRIBUTION TO LIABILITY DETERMINATIONS 55
2.5 THE HISTORIAN’S CONTRIBUTION TO COST ALLOCATION 58
2.6 HISTORICAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS FOR MATTERS OF “INTENTIONALITY” 59
2.7 CONCLUSION 63
REFERENCES 63
Chapter 3 - Photogrammetry, Photointerpretation, and Digital Imaging and Mapping in Environmental Forensics 66
3.1 THE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD 67
3.2 PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY 68
3.3 PHOTOINTERPRETATION 73
3.4 ANALYTICAL PRODUCTS AND PREPARATION OF EXHIBITS 78
3.5 CASE STUDIES 80
3.6 CONCLUSION 90
REFERENCES 90
Chapter 4 - The Measurement Process 92
4.1 INTRODUCTION 93
4.2 SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL ERRORS IN THE MEASUREMENT PROCESS 94
4.3 PLANNING 101
4.4 SAMPLING DIFFERENT MEDIA 108
4.5 DATA ASSESSMENT 112
4.6 CONCLUSION 119
REFERENCES 119
Chapter 5 - Statistical Methods 126
5.1 INTRODUCTION 127
5.2 BACKGROUND 128
5.3 APPLICATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS 140
5.4 CONCLUSION 173
REFERENCES 174
Chapter 6 - Identification of Forensic Information from Existing Conventional Site-Investigation Data 176
6.1 INTRODUCTION 177
6.2 SITE HISTORY 178
6.3 GEOLOGICAL DATA 179
6.4 HYDROGEOLOGICAL DATA 180
6.5 CONTAMINANT CHEMISTRY DATA 183
6.6 HIGH RESOLUTION SITE CHARACTERIZATION (HRSC) DATA 186
6.7 DATA REFLECTING POSTRELEASE CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATION PATTERN CHANGES 187
6.8 CONCLUSION 189
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 190
REFERENCES 190
Chapter 7 - Chemical Partitioning and Transport in the Environment 192
7.1 INTRODUCTION 193
7.2 CHEMICAL PARAMETERS 193
7.3 FUGACITY DESCRIPTION OF PARTITIONING 200
7.4 MASS-TRANSFER MODELS 201
7.5 THE ADVECTION–DISPERSION EQUATION 206
7.6 CONCLUSION 221
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 222
REFERENCES 223
SECTION II - CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND ISOTOPIC PATTERN-RECOGNITION METHODS 226
Chapter 8 - Hydrocarbon Fingerprinting Methods 228
8.1 INTRODUCTION 229
8.2 OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL FINGERPRINTING METHODOLOGY 230
8.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL 235
8.4 VOLATILE HYDROCARBON FINGERPRINTING METHODS 246
8.5 SEMIVOLATILE HYDROCARBON FINGERPRINTING METHODS 279
REFERENCES 330
Chapter 9 - Source Identification and Age Dating of Chlorinated Solvents 338
9.1 INTRODUCTION 339
9.2 PRODUCT FORMULATIONS AND DIAGNOSTIC STABILIZERS 339
9.3 MANUFACTURING IMPURITIES 346
9.4 MANUFACTURING IMPURITIES TO DISTINGUISH NEW AND USED VAPOR DEGREASING CHLORINATED SOLVENTS 350
9.5 SYMMETRIC TETRACHLOROETHANE FOR AGE DATING PCE AND TCE 351
9.6 COMPOUND-SPECIFIC ISOTOPE ANALYSIS (CSIA) 353
9.7 RECONSTRUCTED CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON PLUME TECHNIQUE 359
9.8 CONCLUSION 362
REFERENCES 362
Chapter 10 - Congeners: A Forensics Analysis 374
10.1 INTRODUCTION 375
10.2 POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) 375
10.3 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS) 380
10.4 DIOXINS AND FURANS 390
10.5 OTHER CHEMICAL FAMILIES 399
10.6 DEVELOPING ANALYTICAL TOOLS FOR FORENSIC STUDIES OF CONGENERS 411
10.7 CONCLUSION 413
REFERENCES 415
Chapter 11 - Application of Stable Isotopes and Radioisotopes in Environmental Forensics 422
11.1 INTRODUCTION 423
11.2 RADIOISOTOPE AGE DATING OF CONTAMINANTS IN SEDIMENTS AND GROUNDWATER 426
11.3 USE OF STABLE ISOTOPES TO IDENTIFY CONTAMINANT SOURCES 428
11.4 BIODEGRADATION 450
11.5 VOCS AND VAPOR INTRUSION 457
11.6 SOURCES AND SINK OF ATMOSPHERIC GASES 458
11.7 COMBINING ISOTOPE METHODS WITH OTHER METHODS 459
11.8 INORGANIC ISOTOPES 465
11.9 SHALE GAS, SHALE OIL, AND HYDROFRACKING 467
11.10 DEVELOPMENTS IN LC/IRMS 469
REFERENCES 469
Chapter 12 - Criminal and Environmental Soil Forensics: Soil as Physical Evidence in Forensic Investigations 484
12.1 INTRODUCTION 485
12.2 SOIL AND FORENSIC CONTEXT 486
12.3 CLASSIC METHODS OF CHARACTERIZING SOIL FOR FORENSIC INVESTIGATIONS 490
12.4 THE PRACTICE OF FORENSIC INVESTIGATIONS RELATING TO SOIL 491
12.5 DEVELOPMENTS IN ANALYSIS OF SOIL SAMPLES 494
12.6 CHARACTERIZATION OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER 495
12.7 MAXIMIZATION OF SOIL EVIDENCE BY INTEGRATION AND USE OF DATABASES 506
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 508
REFERENCES 508
Chapter 13 - Environmental Forensic Microscopy 514
13.1 INTRODUCTION 515
13.2 SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS EQUIPMENT 515
13.3 DETERMINING THE NATURE OF CONTAMINANTS 517
13.4 MEASURING THE EXTENT OF A SPECIFIC CONTAMINANT 520
13.5 CASE STUDIES: EXAMPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSIC MICROSCOPY INVESTIGATIONS 525
13.6 CONCLUSION 534
REFERENCES 535
Chapter 14 - Hydraulic Fracturing: Data Analysis Methods to Identify Sources of& nbsp
14.1 INTRODUCTION 541
14.2 CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF POTENTIAL SOURCES FOR THE DRINKING WATER WELL IN QUESTION 541
14.3 SAMPLING OF DRINKING WATER WELLS 546
14.4 LABORATORY ANALYSIS 548
14.5 DATA ANALYSIS METHODS TO INVESTIGATE THE SOURCE(S) OF GASES IN DRINKING WATER WELLS 548
14.6 CONCLUSION 554
REFERENCES 555
Chapter 15 - Forensic Applications of Dendroecology 558
15.1 INTRODUCTION 558
15.2 TERMINOLOGY 559
15.3 PRINCIPLES 559
15.4 DENDROECOLOGY/PHYTOSCREENING SAMPLING 561
15.5 SAMPLE PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS 567
15.6 FORENSIC OPPORTUNITIES 568
15.7 INTERPRETATION OF DENDROECOLOGY/PHYTOSCREENING DATA 571
15.8 CONCLUSION 573
REFERENCES 573
SECTION III - FORENSIC MODELING 580
Chapter 16 - Forensic Applications of Subsurface Contaminant Transport Models 582
16.1 INTRODUCTION 583
16.2 CONTAMINANT RELEASES ON A PAVED AND UNPAVED SURFACE 583
16.3 CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT THROUGH A PAVED SURFACE 592
16.4 CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT THROUGH AN UNPAVED SURFACE 596
16.5 CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT THROUGH SOIL 596
16.6 GROUNDWATER MODELS 604
16.7 CONCLUSION 610
REFERENCES 610
Chapter 17 - Forensic Investigation of Underground Storage Tanks and Subsurface Piping 620
17.1 INTRODUCTION 621
17.2 FORENSIC SAMPLING DURING TANK EXCAVATION 621
17.3 HISTORICAL UST STANDARDS 622
17.4 CORROSION 623
17.5 CONCLUSION 633
REFERENCES 633
17 APPENDIX: OBSERVATIONS OF ROSSUM MODEL 635
Chapter 18 - Principal Components Analysis and Receptor Models in Environmental Forensics 636
18.1 INTRODUCTION 637
18.2 PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 642
18.3 SELF-TRAINING RECEPTOR-MODELING METHODS 663
18.4 THE INFLUENCE OF ALTERATION PROCESSES ON MIXING MODELS 674
18.5 CONCLUSION 675
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 676
REFERENCES 676
Chapter 19 - Multivariate Statistical Methods and Source Identification in Environmental Forensics 682
19.1 INTRODUCTION 682
19.2 MULTIVARIATE METHODS 683
REFERENCES 701
Chapter 20 - Receptor Models and Measurements for Identifying and Quantifying Air Pollution Sources 704
20.1 INTRODUCTION 705
20.2 THE GENERAL AIR QUALITY MODEL 706
20.3 THE CHEMICAL MASS BALANCE RECEPTOR MODEL 708
20.4 CHEMICAL COMPONENTS (I) 709
20.5 SOURCE PROFILES (J) 715
20.6 SAMPLING PERIODS (K) 715
20.7 PARTICLE SIZE (M) 716
20.8 RECEPTOR LOCATIONS (L) 716
20.9 ESTIMATING UNCERTAINTIES (sCIKL, sFIJ, AND sSJKL) 719
20.10 RECEPTOR-MODEL APPLICATION AND VALIDATION PROTOCOL 720
20.11 CONCLUSION 721
REFERENCES 721
Index 734

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About the Authors

Paul D. Boehm

Dr. Paul D. Boehm, Ph.D. is Principal Scientist and Group Vice President for Exponent’s Environmental business. During 38 years of consulting, he has advised industrial, legal, and government clients on scientific matters involving many aspects of environmental, analytical, and forensic chemistry as well as petroleum chemistry and natural gas geochemistry. He is a leading practitioner and a recognized expert in the field of environmental forensics as applied to site and sediment investigations; environmental fate of chemicals; and natural resource damage assessments (NRDA) for oil spills and contaminated sites. Many of his projects involve aspects of historical reconstruction of chemical releases; chemical fingerprinting; divisibility and apportionment; and chemical exposure and injury assessment. He has provided expert technical support in the areas of analytical, environmental, and geo-chemistry involving petroleum hydrocarbons – crude oils, refined fuels, and fuel additives – polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), other chlorinated organics, solvents (TCE, PCE), and metals. Dr. Boehm has published extensively and been appointed to serve on several national panels on environmental/marine pollution and has served on several National Research Council panels. E-mail: [e-mail]

Shelley Bookspan

Shelley Bookspan, a historian of technology, has specialized in designing, conducting, and testifying about historical research and analysis for environmental forensics matters since the 1980s. In her work, she has investigated past land use and industrial practices in most parts of the United States and in several global countries. Among the numerous industries she has studied are oil, mining, metallurgy, transportation, chemicals and pesticides, forestry, and electricity generation. Dr. Bookspan has particular interest and expertise in examining changes in standards and practices over time, and assessing the bases for such changes. Her offices are in Santa Barbara, California. Her website is: www.shelleybookspan.com. E-mail: [e-mail]

Richard S. Brown

Richard S. Brown, M.S. is a microscopist and an Executive Director at MVA Scientific Consultants in Atlanta, Georgia. Since 1989 Rich has applied light and electron microscopy to small particle problems in the environmental forensics field to characterize and identify the particles and determine their source(s). Rich received his Master’s degree in Forensic Chemistry and worked as a Criminalist doing crime scene investigation and trace evidence examination at the Orange County Sheriff-Coroner Department in Santa Ana, California. Rich has testified in court as an expert witness and is a member of the California Association of Criminalists, the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, and is a diplomate of the American Board of Criminalistics. E-mail: [e-mail]

Judith C. Chow

Dr. Judith C. Chow, Nazir and Mary Ansari Chair in Entrepreneurialism and Science and Research Professor in the Division of Atmospheric Sciences (DAS) at the Desert Research Institute (DRI; http://www.dri.edu), has more than 35 years’ experience in atmospheric, air quality, and environmental health research and education. As founder and leader of DRI’s Environmental Analysis Facility (EAF), she heads a group of ?30 research scientists and technicians in developing and applying advanced analytical methods to characterize suspended atmospheric particles for source attribution and their effects on visibility and health. Dr. Chow is a member of the graduate faculty in the Department of Environmental Science and Health and Atmospheric Sciences Program in the Department of Physics at the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR), where she advises graduate students working on Master’s and Doctoral degrees. Her current strategic priorities include expansion of EAF capabilities to obtain more information from archived samples of existing monitoring networks using thermal and mass spectrometric technologies. Dr. Chow’s research includes assessment of contributions from seaport operations to adverse air quality in southern California; determining causes of atmospheric damage to the Terra-Cotta figures in Xi’an, China; measuring real-world emissions in Canada’s Oil Sands Region; and quantifying organic and elemental carbon at urban and non-urban locations in U.S. particulate matter networks. She has been principal investigator or a major collaborator on more than 50 large atmospheric studies and many smaller ones. During her career at DRI, Dr. Chow has established cooperative agreements and collaborative research projects with environmental scientists in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, mainland China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, India, Canada, Mexico, El Salvador, Chile, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Germany, Croatia, Italy, South Africa, and Antarctica. Her research leadership crosses traditional university departmental lines – involving chemists, physicists, biologists, engineers, toxicologists, epidemiologists, and physicians. Dr. Chow is the principal author or co-author of ?335 peer-reviewed journal articles, ?95 peer-reviewed book chapters, ?810 formal presentations at technical conferences and training sessions, and ?240 technical reports. She has been recognized by ISIHighlyCited.com in ecology and environment with more than 13,000 citations of her work. She may be reached at [e-mail]

Julie Corley

Julie Corley is a senior director in the FTI Consulting’s Environmental Solutions practice and Forensic History and Analysis group. With over twenty years’ experience as a consulting and expert historian she has researched a wide range of subjects relating to industrial development and environmental issues. Many of the research topics she has explored have involved examining the impacts of industrial operations on the environment. Ms. Corley specializes in using forensic historical research techniques to implement Potentially Responsible Party, natural resource damages, contaminated sediment site, and regional groundwater contamination investigations. E-mail: [e-mail]

Lorna A. Dawson

Professor Lorna A. Dawson is a Principal Soil Scientist at the James Hutton Institute and Head of the Forensic Soil Science Group, with over 25 years’ experience in managing and conducting research in soil science. She currently manages and advises on the Environmental Change program within the Scottish Government‘s Strategic Research. A key role is representing and developing the Strategic Programme’s impact within policy and toward economic growth and innovation. She is affiliated to Aberdeen and Robert Gordon Universities, contributing to the Archaeology, Soils, Environmental, and Forensic Science courses for Honors students. She is a visiting Professor at RGU and an external examiner at Strathclyde University. Lorna has supervised over 20 Ph.D. projects and has published over 60 refereed journal papers and books (Springer, 2009; The Geological Society, London, 2013). She is an editor for journals ISRN Soil Science and Materials Research Bulletin. She has a BSc (Hons) from Edinburgh University, a Ph.D. from Aberdeen University, and diplomas in civil and criminal law from Cardiff University. She developed the application of soil organo-mineral markers in forensic investigations, is treasurer of an international Geoforensics network (IUGS Initiative on Forensic Geology), is a trained court expert witness, and has worked on over 40 cases in the UK and abroad. She regularly presents evidence in courts in Scotland, England, Wales, and Australia, working both with prosecution and defense. Lorna is on the General Committee of the British Science Association, Chair of the Scottish Government’s Knowledge Exchange Group, and has worked with media on programs such as “Silent Witness,” “Vera,” and “Countryfile” and has collaborated with several leading international crime authors in the public communication of science, including Ann Cleeves, Mark Billingham, and Stuart MacBride. E-mail: [e-mail]

Gregory S. Douglas

Gregory S. Douglas holds a Ph.D. in Oceanography from the University of Rhode Island and is a senior scientist at NewFields Environmental Practice, LLC in Rockland, Massachusetts. Dr. Douglas has over 30 years' environmental chemistry and forensic investigation experience and has developed innovative analytical tools for the monitoring and quantification of petroleum contamination and biodegradation in soil and sediments. He has written interpretive reports on more than 200 environmental site or incident investigations associated with retail gasoline stations, bulk fuel storage facilities, refineries, petroleum pipelines, and exploration and production sites and has authored or co-authored over 50 papers published in scientific journals and scientific textbooks. His other areas of expertise include the measurement and environmental chemistry of industrial chemicals and solvents, modern and persistent pesticides, insecticides and fungicides, PCB congeners and Aroclors, dioxins and furans, metals, organo-metallic compounds, and petroleum-, natural gas-, coal-derived, and anthropogenic hydrocarbons in the environment. E-mail:...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 30.7.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Recht / Steuern ► Strafrecht ► Kriminologie
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• ISBN-10: 0-12-404707-6 / 0124047076
• ISBN-13: 978-0-12-404707-5 / 9780124047075