Informatics for the Clinical Laboratory (eBook)

A Practical Guide for the Pathologist

Daniel Cowan (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2007 | 2002
XII, 324 Seiten
Springer New York (Verlag)
978-0-387-22629-3 (ISBN)

Infos

This series is directed to healthcare professionals who are leading the tra- formation of health care by using information and knowledge. Launched in 1988 as Computers in Health Care, the series offers a broad range of titles: some addressed to specific professions such as nursing, medicine, and health administration; others to special areas of practice such as trauma and radi- ogy. Still other books in the series focus on interdisciplinary issues, such as the computer-based patient record, electronic health records, and networked healthcare systems. Renamed Health Informatics in 1998 to reflect the rapid evolution in the discipline now known as health informatics, the series will continue to add titles that contribute to the evolution of the field. In the series, eminent - perts, serving as editors or authors, offer their accounts of innovations in health informatics. Increasingly, these accounts go beyond hardware and so- ware to address the role of information in influencing the transformation of healthcare delivery systems around the world. The series also increasingly focuses on 'peopleware' and the organizational, behavioral, and societal changes that accompany the diffusion of information technology in health services environments.

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This series is directed to healthcare professionals who are leading the tra- formation of health care by using information and knowledge. Launched in 1988 as Computers in Health Care, the series offers a broad range of titles: some addressed to specific professions such as nursing, medicine, and health administration; others to special areas of practice such as trauma and radi- ogy. Still other books in the series focus on interdisciplinary issues, such as the computer-based patient record, electronic health records, and networked healthcare systems. Renamed Health Informatics in 1998 to reflect the rapid evolution in the discipline now known as health informatics, the series will continue to add titles that contribute to the evolution of the field. In the series, eminent - perts, serving as editors or authors, offer their accounts of innovations in health informatics. Increasingly, these accounts go beyond hardware and so- ware to address the role of information in influencing the transformation of healthcare delivery systems around the world. The series also increasingly focuses on "e;peopleware"e; and the organizational, behavioral, and societal changes that accompany the diffusion of information technology in health services environments.

Inhalt

Series Preface 5
Preface 6
Contents 8
Contributors 10
Laboratory Informatics and the Laboratory Information System 12
Business of Pathology 14
Information Product of the Laboratory 14
Pathologist as Information Manager 15
Information Management in the Laboratory Organization 16
What Is Information? 17
Information Technology in the Laboratory 18
Evolving Role of the Computer 18
Cost, Quality, and Efficiency Considerations 19
Study of Information 20
Laboratory Information Management 21
Responsiveness to Needs 22
Confidentiality, Security, and Integrity of Records 22
Uniform Data Definitions and Data Capture Methods 23
Defining, Capturing, Analyzing, Transforming, Transmitting, and Reporting of Patient- Specific Data and Information 24
Laboratory Information System 24
Database 25
Electronic Data Processing 26
Summary 28
Chapter Glossary 29
References 30
Developing the Laboratory Information System 32
Planning for Purchase of a Vendor- Supplied System 33
Request for Proposal 34
Questions to Be Asked in the RFP 36
User Definability vs. Customization 38
Functional Requirements of the System 38
Structure of the Database 39
Transaction Logging ( Event- Level Processing) 40
Evolution of the Database 42
Encoding 44
Security and Confidentiality 44
Site Visit 45
Developing a Contract 45
Problem Resolution 47
Build or Buy? 49
Application Service Providers ( ASP) 49
Risks of Using an ASP 50
Benefits of Using an ASP 50
Types of ASP 51
Summary 51
Chapter Glossary 52
References 53
Validation of the Laboratory Information System 54
General Validation Issues 55
Validation for Quality Assurance and Improvement 55
Vendor Validation Testing 57
General Process of User Validation 58
Identification and Description of the System to be Validated 58
Specification of the Stage in the System Life Cycle 58
Formalization of the Process for Prioritizing and Deciding 59
Development of Hazard Analyses 59
Identification of Regulatory Concerns 59
Documentation 59
Validation Plan 60
Initial Validation Program 60
Continuing Validation Plan 65
Chapter Glossary 67
References 68
Security and Confidentiality on Laboratory Computer Systems 70
Objectives of a Security System for Patient Records 70
Security Interests 71
Protecting Data and Information 71
Sensitive Data 71
Risks Associated with Computerization of Records 72
Limits of Security 72
Security in Systems and Networks 73
Practical Security Measures 74
General Security Responsibilities for the User 74
Security and Control Guidelines 76
Types of Security Deficiencies or “ Holes” 77
Selecting Good Passwords 78
Summary 79
Laboratory Information System Security at UTMB 80
Confidentiality: Patient Privacy 81
Access to the Laboratory Record 82
Medical Information on the Internet 84
Legal Protection of Information on the Internet 84
Security Considerations for the Internet 89
E- Mail Communication of Health Information 90
Computer Viruses 91
WEB Crackers 94
Chapter Glossary 95
References 97
Total Cost of Ownership 98
Types of Costs 99
Direct and Indirect Costs 99
Selection 101
Purchase and Installation 102
Operation 103
Ways to Manage TCO 104
Standardize 104
Maintain and Upgrade 105
Plan Support Carefully 106
Systematically Replace Manual Systems 106
Maintain Openness 106
Exercise Good Routine Business Practices 106
Justifications Based on Value Added 107
Chapter Glossary 108
References 108
Computer Basics 109
Definitions and Descriptions 109
Bits and Bytes 113
Memory 114
Codes 114
Chips 115
Hardware 117
Operating Systems 122
Microcomputer Operating Systems 123
Adding Memory 124
Cache 125
Minicomputers and Mainframes 126
Distributed vs. Central Processing 128
Chapter Glossary 132
References 135
Computer Networks 136
Physical Topology 138
“ Logical Topology”—The Communications Protocol 144
Network Manager 146
The Internet 151
Chapter Glossary 152
References 154
Interfaces 155
Interface Protocols 157
Health Level 7 ( HL7) 157
Interface Standards 158
Interfaces in the Diagnostic Laboratory 160
Parallel Interfaces 160
Serial Interfaces 161
Interfaces for Instruments in the 2000s 164
Chapter Glossary 165
References 166
Bar Coding in the Laboratory 167
One- Dimensional Codes 168
Two- Dimensional Codes 171
The Bar Code System 174
Defining Information 174
Bar Code Software 174
Labels 174
Bar Code Printers 174
Laser Printers 175
Print Density 175
Bar Code Readers 176
Bar Coding in the Laboratory 176
Chapter Glossary 178
References 179
Wireless Communication Networks in the Laboratory 180
Conventional LAN 181
Wireless LAN 182
Wireless Technology 183
Applicability of Wireless LAN Technology 183
Connecting the Node 184
Diffuse Infrared Systems 185
Radio Frequency Systems 186
Installing Wireless Technology 188
Security 189
Battery Power Management 191
Safety Considerations 191
Chapter Glossary 192
References 193
Essential Software 194
Software Categories 194
Selecting Software Products 197
Matching the Product to the Task At Hand 199
Additional Commentary on Medical Informatics 203
Summary 203
Chapter Glossary 204
Clinical and Anatomic Pathology Database Design 205
Designing a Database 206
Data Analysis and Logical Design 207
Practice Example 209
Physical Design 212
Data Normalization Applied to Clinical and Laboratory Informatics 214
Rule 1: Eliminate Repeating Groups 214
Rule 2: Eliminate Redundant Data 215
Rule 3: Eliminate Columns Not Dependent on Key 216
Rule 4: Isolate Independent Multiple Relationships 217
Rule 5: Isolate Semantically Related Multiple Relationships 218
Summary 219
Chapter Glossary 220
Process Modeling 222
What Is Simulation? 223
Why Use Computer Simulation for Laboratory Management? 224
How Is Simulation Done? 225
Simulating the Receiving and Processing Area of a Laboratory 226
Case Study 232
Conclusion 239
Chapter Glossary 240
References 240
Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems 241
Artifical Intelligence 241
Expert Systems 243
Chaining 244
Commercial Expert System Software 245
Reasoning with Uncertainty 245
Neural Networks 248
Genetic Algorithms 250
Modeling Assumptions 250
Genetic Operators 251
Execution Cycle 251
Data Warehouse 252
Development of the Data Warehouse 253
Making Data Accessible and Usable 254
Knowledge Discovery Process 257
Definition of the Business Problem to Be Addressed 258
Collection and Preparation of the Data 258
Development of the Model 259
Use of the Model 259
Monitoring Performance of the Model 260
Chapter Glossary 260
References 261
Imaging, Image Analysis and Computer- Assisted Quantitation 262
Mechanics of Imaging 263
Image Acquisition 263
Image Display 266
Image Transfer, Storage and Archiving 268
Image Analysis 269
Typical Imaging Systems 271
Image Files 272
Chapter Glossary 275
Cited References 277
Additional References 278
Introduction to Telepathology 279
Telepathology Systems 280
Acquiring the Image 280
Image Storage and Compression 282
Transmitting the Image 284
Display of the Received Image 286
Telepathology System Formats 287
Legal Issues 290
Economic Issues 291
Future of Telepathology 292
Chapter Glossary 293
References 295
Index 316

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 2.6.2007
• Reihe/Serie: Health Informatics
• Reihe/Serie: Health Informatics
• Zusatzinfo: XII, 324 p. 42 illus.
• Verlagsort: New York
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Informatik ► Weitere Themen ► Hardware
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Allgemeines / Lexika
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Laboratoriumsmedizin
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Pflege
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 2. Studienabschnitt (Klinik) ► Anamnese / Körperliche Untersuchung
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften ► Kommunikation / Medien ► Buchhandel / Bibliothekswesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Medizintechnik
• Schlagworte: Artificial Intelligence • Expert System • Image Analysis • Imaging • Informatics • Information Management • Laboratory
• ISBN-10: 0-387-22629-X / 038722629X
• ISBN-13: 978-0-387-22629-3 / 9780387226293