Measurement Process Qualification (eBook)

Gage Acceptance and Measurement Uncertainty According to Current Standards

Edgar Dietrich, Alfred Schulze (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2011 | 1. Auflage
444 Seiten
Carl Hanser Fachbuchverlag
978-3-446-42955-0 (ISBN)

Infos

"In production, measurement process capability studies are required. This requirement is obligatory according to several international standards, guidelines and company guidelines of the automotive industry. Due to this requirement, the risk of product liability is to become appreciable and controllable.

While the automotive industry implemented gage capability studies during the last years, today, the determination of the extended measurement uncertainty serves as an alternative to capability studies or to the applicability of measurement processes.

This book gives a comprehensive overview and assists you in dealing with these requirements in industrial production. Several guidelines contained in this book (Bosch, DaimlerChrysler, General Motors Powertrain) apply the procedures described here. The acquired experience confirms the great benefit of these procedures in practice.
The following standards are considered
""DIN EN ISO 9001:2000 and ISO/TS 16949
""QS-9000, MSA Third Edition
""VDA 6.1, VDA 5 ""Measurement Process Capability""
""DGQ 13-61 ""Gage Management""
""GUM / DIN EN V 13005

""DIN EN ISO 14253
""DIN EN ISO 10012:2003
""VDI/VDE/DGQ 2618"

Inhalt

Preface 6
Preface to the 2nd Edition 7
Preface to the 3rd Edition 7
Table of Contents 10
1 Measurement Process Capability 14
1.1 Introduction 14
1.1.1 Why Measurement Process Capability? 14
1.2 Historical Retrospect and Prospect 20
1.2.1 Development “Measurement Process Capability” 22
1.3 Notes from the Authors about MSA [1] and VDA 5 [70] 24
1.4 Experimental Evaluation 25
2 Gage Monitoring as a Basis for Measurement Process Capability 29
2.1 Gage Calibration 29
2.2 Dial Gage Calibration 30
2.3 Capability Studies for Standard Gages 32
3 Definitions and Terms 35
3.1 Process 35
3.2 Measurement Process 35
3.3 Testing 36
3.4 Measuring Equipment 37
3.5 Measurement Deviations and Measurement Uncertainty 40
3.5.1 Bias 41
3.5.2 Repeatability 42
3.5.3 Reproducibility 43
3.5.4 Linearity 44
3.5.5 Measurement Stability 46
4 Influencing Factors on the Measurement Process 47
4.1 Typical Influencing Factors 47
4.2 Impact of the Influencing Factors 50
4.3 Evaluation of the Measurement Process 53
5 Gage Capability as a Measurement Process Capability Study 57
5.1 Basic Procedures and Methods 57
5.2 Evaluation of Gages 60
5.2.1 Uncertainty of the Standard Master / Calibration Master 60
5.2.2 Influence of the Resolution 62
5.2.3 Evaluation of the Bias 64
5.2.4 Study Type 1 66
5.2.5 Quality Capability Indices Cg and Cgk 71
5.2.6 Study Type 1 for Characteristics with Unilateral Tolerances 79
5.2.7 Study Type 1 for Several Characteristics 82
5.2.8 Linearity 82
5.3 Evaluation of the Measurement Process 93
5.3.1 Range Method (Short Method) 93
5.3.2 Study Type 2: %R& R with Operator Influence
5.3.3 Study Type 3: %R& R without Operator Influence
5.4 Testing Measurement Stability 118
5.5 Further Studies 122
5.5.1 Study Type 4 122
5.5.2 Study Type 5 124
5.6 Method according to CNOMO 127
6 Capability Study of Attribute Measurement Processes 130
6.1 Attribute Gages 130
6.2 Attribute Gaging or Variable Measuring 131
6.3 Requirements for Successful Inspections by Attribute 132
6.4 Analysis of Attribute Measurement Processes “Short Method” 133
6.5 Analysis of Attribute Measurement Processes “Extended Method“ 136
6.5.1 Introduction 136
6.5.2 Testing Hypotheses 140
6.5.3 Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Attribute Measurement System 146
6.5.4 Signal Recognition Method 150
7 Extended Measurement Uncertainty 156
7.1 Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement 156
7.1.1 Basic Principles 156
7.1.2 Aim and Purpose of the GUM 157
7.1.3 Field of Application 158
7.1.4 Contents of the Guide 159
7.1.5 Terms and Definitions 160
7.2 Determination of Measurement Uncertainties 163
7.2.1 Determination of the Standard Uncertainty 164
7.2.2 Determination of the Combined Standard Uncertainty 169
7.2.3 Determination of the Extended Uncertainty 171
7.2.4 Logging of the Uncertainty 174
7.2.5 Expression of the Result 175
7.3 GUM H.1 Example: Gage Block Calibration 176
7.3.1 Measuring Task 176
7.3.2 Standard Uncertainties 177
7.4 Calibration of a Weight for the Nominal Value of 10 kg (S2) 185
7.4.1 Measuring Task 185
7.4.2 Standard Uncertainties 185
7.4.3 Extended Measurement Uncertainty and Complete Measurement Result 192
7.5 Calibrating a Caliper 194
7.5.1 Measuring Task 194
7.5.2 Standard Measurement Uncertainty (S10.3-S10.9) 195
7.5.3 Extended Measurement Uncertainty and Complete Measurement Result 198
7.6 GUM Interpretation for Measurement Processes in Series Production 200
8 Extended Measurement Uncertainty according to ISO 22514-7 or VDA 5 201
8.1 VDA 5 Flow Chart 201
8.1.1 Schematic Approach 202
8.1.2 Gage Capability 203
8.1.3 Determination of the Standard Uncertainty as per Determination Method A 204
8.1.4 Determination of the Standard Uncertainty as per Determination Method B 205
8.2 Principal Standard Uncertainty Components 207
8.2.1 Standard Uncertainty uCAL 209
8.2.2 Standard Uncertainty of the Resolution uRE 209
8.2.3 Standard Uncertainty uBI 210
8.2.4 Standard Uncertainty uMS in Case of Standard Gages 211
8.2.5 Standard Uncertainty Caused by Equipment Variation at the Reference Part uEVR 212
8.2.6 Standard Uncertainty Caused by Equipment Variation at the Object uEVO 212
8.2.7 Standard Uncertainty Caused by the Operator Influence uAV 214
8.2.8 Standard Uncertainty Caused by the Test Object uOBJ 214
8.2.9 Standard Uncertainty Caused by the Temperature Influence uT 217
8.2.10 Standard Uncertainty Caused by Non-linearity uLIN 220
8.2.11 Standard Uncertainty Caused by Stability uSTAB 221
8.3 Multiple Consideration of Uncertainty Components 223
8.4 Determination of the Extended Measurement Uncertainty 224
8.5 Consideration of the Extended Measurement Uncertainty at the Specification Limits 224
8.6 VDA 5 Case Studies 226
8.6.1 Example: “Linear Measurement Using a Standard Gage” 226
8.6.2 Example: “Linear Measurement Using a Particular Gage” 233
9 Simplified Determination of the Measurement Uncertainty 240
9.1 AIO Procedure (“All-in-One” Procedure) 240
9.1.1 Measurement Process Capability Study 240
9.1.2 Determination of the Extended Measurement Uncertainty 240
9.2 Practical Examples of the “All-in-One” Procedure 244
9.2.1 Measurement Process with Linear Material Measure 244
9.2.2 Measurement Processes without Linear Material Measure 246
10 Special Cases in Measurement Process Capability 249
10.1 What Is a Special Case? 249
10.2 Typical Special Cases 249
11 How to Handle Incapable Measurement Processes 251
11.1 Procedure for Improving Measurement Processes 251
12 Typical Questions about Measurement Process Capability 254
12.1 Questions 254
12.2 Answers 254
13 Capability Studies in Visual Inspections 257
13.1 Requirements for Visual Inspections 257
13.2 Aptitude Test for Visual Inspectors 258
14 Purchase of Gages 261
14.1 Example for a Measuring Task Description 262
14.2 Example for a Requirement Specification 263
15 Proof of Suitability for Test Software 264
15.1 General Consideration 264
15.2 The Myth of “Excel Tables“ 267
15.3 Gage Capability Test Examples 270
16 Appendix 283
16.1 Tables 283
16.1.1 d2* Table for the Determination of k Factors and Degrees of Freedom for t Values 283
16.1.2 Capability Limits according to VDA 5 286
16.1.3 k Factors 287
16.2 Analysis of Variance Models 287
16.2.1 Measurement System Analysis – Study Type 2 287
16.2.2 Measurement System Analysis – Study Type 3 292
17 Reference 295
17.1 Abbreviations 295
17.2 Formulas 299
17.3 Bibliography 301
17.4 Figures 309
17.5 Tables 313
18 “Measurement System Capability” Reference Manual 314
1 Introduction 315
1.1 EN ISO 9001 315
1.2 EN ISO 10012 Quality Assurance Requirements for Measuring Equipment 315
1.3 QS-9000 Requirements 315
1.4 VDA 6.1 Requirements 316
1.5 GUM and EN ISO 14253-1 317
1.6 ANFIA AVSQ94 Requirements 317
2 Definitions 317
2.1 Measurement Deviation 317
2.1.1 Bias 317
2.1.2 Random Measurement Deviation 318
2.2 Measuring Device 318
2.3 Gage 318
2.4 Measuring Equipment 318
2.5 Linearity 319
2.6 Standard Master / Calibration Master / Reference Part 319
2.7 Measuring Chain 320
2.8 Measurement Process / Measurement System 320
2.9 Repeatability 320
2.10 Reproducibility 321
2.11 Measurement Stability 322
3 Scope 322
4 Procedures for a Capability Study 323
4.1 Measuring Device Resolution 323
4.2 Study Type 1 323
4.3 Study Type 2 323
4.4 Study Type 3 323
4.5 Linearity 324
4.6 Measurement Stability 324
4.7 Procedure 324
5 Study Type 1 326
6 Study Type 2 330
7 Study Type 3 333
8 Linearity / Analysis at the Specification Limits 336
8.1 Preliminary Notes 336
8.2 Defintion of “Linearity” 336
8.3 Determination of the Bias 338
8.4 Evaluation of the Linearity 339
8.5 Regression Analysis 339
8.6 Linearity Study 339
8.7 Analysis at the Specification Limits 339
9 Measurement Stability 340
19 GM PowerTrain Measurement Systems Specification (SP-Q-MSS) 342
20 Bosch Booklet 10: Capability of Measurement and Test Processes 415
21 Index 441

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 1.1.2011
• Verlagsort: München
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Fahrzeugbau / Schiffbau
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: Messtechnik • Qualitätsmanagement • Zertifizierung
• ISBN-10: 3-446-42955-7 / 3446429557
• ISBN-13: 978-3-446-42955-0 / 9783446429550