Applied Bioelectricity
Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
978-0-387-98407-0 (ISBN)
1 Introduction.- 1.1 General Perspective.- 1.2 Electrical Exposure.- 1.3 Scales of Short-Term Reactions to Contact Current.- 1.4 Reactions to Electric and Magnetic Field Stimulation.- 1.5 Variables Affecting Thresholds.- 2 Impedance and Current Distribution.- 2.1 Dielectric Properties of Biological Materials.- 2.2 Skin Impedance.- 2.3 Total Body Impedance: Low-Frequency and DC.- 2.4 Impedance at Higher Frequencies.- 2.5 Impedance Through Foot Contact.- 2.6 High-Voltage and Transient Properties.- 2.7 Impedance of Domestic Animals.- 3 Electrical Principles of Nerve and Muscle Function.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Cellular Membranes.- 3.3 The Excitable Nerve Membrane.- 3.4 Action Potential Models for Cardiac Tissue.- 3.5 Sensory Transduction.- 3.6 Muscle Function.- 3.7 Synapses.- 3.8 The Spinal Reflex.- 4 Excitation Models.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Linear Strength-Duration Model.- 4.3 Electrical Cable Representations.- 4.4 Myelinated Nerve Model.- 4.5 Response to Monophasic Stimulation.- 4.6 Response to Biphasic and Repetitive Stimuli.- 4.7 Parameter Variation Effects.- 5 Electrical Properties of the Heart.- 5.1 Cardiovascular System: General Anatomical and Functional Aspects.- 5.2 Origin and Spread of Excitation.- 5.3 Elementary Processes of Excitation and Contraction.- 5.4 Stimulation, Propagation, and Refractoriness.- 5.5 Regular and Ectopic Pacemakers.- 5.6 Effects of Autonomic Nerves and of Changes in Electrolyte Composition.- 5.7 Electrocardiogram.- 5.8 Abnormalities in Cardiac Rhythm as Reflected in the ECG.- 5.9 Mechanism of Flutter and Fibrillation.- 5.10 Vulnerable Period: Threshold for Fibrillation.- 5.11 Electrical Defibrillation.- 6 Cardiac Sensitivity to Electrical Stimulation.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Threshold Sensitivity with Respect to Cardiac Cycle.- 6.3 Strength-Duration Relations for Unidirectional Currents.- 6.4 Biphasic and Sinusoidal Stimulation.- 6.5 Duration Sensitivity for Oscillatory Stimuli.- 6.6 Energy Criteria and Impulse Currents.- 6.7 Body-Size Scaling.- 6.8 Statistical Distribution of Thresholds.- 6.9 Combined AC and DC Stimuli.- 6.10 Electrodes and Current Density.- 7 Sensory Responses to Electrical Stimulation.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Mechanisms of Electrical Transduction.- 7.3 Perception of Transient Monophasic Currents.- 7.4 Suprathreshold Responses.- 7.5 Stimulus Waveform Factors.- 7.6 Electrodes and Current Density.- 7.7 Body Location Sensitivity.- 7.8 Skin Temperature.- 7.9 Tactile Masking.- 7.10 Individual Differences in Electrical Sensitivity.- 7.11 Startle Reactions.- 7.12 Electrical Stimulation of Domestic Animals.- 7.13 Visual and Auditory Effects.- 8 Skeletal Muscle Response to Electrical Stimulation.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Neuromuscular Structure and Function.- 8.3 Fundamental Principles of Skeletal Muscle Electrical Stimulation.- 8.4 Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation Systems.- 8.5 Skeletal Muscle Stimulation in Electrical Accidents.- 8.6 Analysis of the Let-Go Phenomenon.- 8.7 Effects of Electrical Stimulation on Respiration.- 9 Stimulation via Electric and Magnetic Fields.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Electric Field Induction Principles.- 9.3 Direct Perception of ELF Electric Fields.- 9.4 Human Reactions to AC Electric Field-Induced Shock.- 9.5 Time-Varying Magnetic Field Induction.- 9.6 Principles of Excitation by Time-Varying Magnetic Fields.- 9.7 Experimental Investigations of Magnetic Excitation: Large Area Exposure.- 9.8 Visual and Auditory Reactions to Electromagnetic Exposure.- 9.9 Local Magnetic Stimulation.- 9.10 Scales of Reaction: Power Frequency.- 9.11 Magnetic Forces on Moving Charges.- 10 High-Voltage and High-Current Injuries.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Modes of Injury.- 10.3 Impedance Considerations and Current Distribution in the Body.- 10.4 Thermal Trauma.- 10.5 Nonthermal Trauma.- 10.6 Lightning Injuries.- 10.7 Clinical Observations.- 10.8 Clinical Treatment.- 11 Standards and Rationale.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Electromagnetic Field Exposure Standards.- 11.3 Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields.- 11.4 Consideration of Spark Discharges in EMF Standards.- 11.5 Absorbed Energy and Thermal Considerations in EMF Standards.- 11.6 Consideration of EMF Interaction Mechanisms in Standards Setting.- 11.7 ELF Magnetic Field Standards Derived from Established Mechanisms.- 11.8 Standards in Consumer Products and Installations.- References.
Co-Autor | H. Antoni, M.A. Chilbert, J.D. Sweeney |
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Zusatzinfo | XIX, 563 p. |
Verlagsort | New York, NY |
Sprache | englisch |
Maße | 155 x 235 mm |
Themenwelt | Medizin / Pharmazie ► Physiotherapie / Ergotherapie ► Orthopädie |
Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Physiologie | |
Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Humanbiologie | |
Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zoologie | |
Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Angewandte Physik | |
Technik ► Medizintechnik | |
ISBN-10 | 0-387-98407-0 / 0387984070 |
ISBN-13 | 978-0-387-98407-0 / 9780387984070 |
Zustand | Neuware |
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