Modern Gas-based Temperature and Pressure Measurements
Plenum Publishing Co.,N.Y. (Verlag)
978-0-306-44167-7 (ISBN)
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This work is the only comprehensive survey of methods for pressure measurement in gaseous media used in the medium-to-low pressure range closely connected with thermometry. It assembles current information on thermometry and manometry that involve the use of gaseous substances and that are likely to be valid methods for the future. As such, it is an important resource for the researcher. This edition is updated through the very latest scientific and technical developments of gas-based temperature and pressure measurements using thermometry and manometry, and brings all of the techniques together under one cover. This book fills the gap in international literature, as no other recently published book provides a comprehensive survey for gaseous media closely connected with thermometry. Updates in this new edition include revised appendices and new chapters on Mutual Recognition Agreement and its main applications, and developments in the European Metrology Society.
List of Acronyms.- PART I: Temperature measurements in the range from 0.1 K to 300 K.- List of Symbols.- Introduction.- The concept of temperature.- Definitions of temperature.- The phenomenological approach.- The axiomatic approach.- The microscopic approach.- Negative and non-equilibrium thermodynamic temperatures.- Temperature scales.- Thermodynamic temperature.- Empirical temperature.- Semi-empirical scales.- Empirical scales.- Official temperature Scales.- The 'mise en pratique' of the kelvin.- Summary of a temperature scale definition.- Gas-based fixed points for thermometry.- Thermodynamic states versus standard reference materials.- Substances and standard reference materials.- Thermodynamic states and phase diagrams.- Reference points: triple, boiling and critical points.- Physics associated with gas triple points.- Triple point of a pure substance.- Triple point of an impure substance Cryoscopy.- Ideal solutions of solid-insoluble impurities.- Solid-soluble and isotopic impurities.- Eutectic, peritectic and other mixtures .- The realization of temperature fixed points using gas triple points.- Thermal problems in the design of triple point cells.- Vapour-pressure bulb-type cell, used with the dynamic technique.- Small cell with inner thermometer, used with the equilibrium technique .- Hydrostatic temperature gradient.- Chemico-physical problems in triple point realizations.- Purity.- Reactive substances.- Ortho-para composition.- Gas handling systems.- The technique of sealed cell for the realization of a temperature reference.- Cells with vapor-space extending to room temperature.- Totally cold cells.- Modern design of temperature fixed points based on the triple point of gases.- Sealed cells for capsule thermometers.- Single cell design.- Multiple-cell cells.- High enthalpy cells.- Sealed cells for long-stem thermometers.- Fixed points using other phase transitions.- Liquid-to-liquid transition.- Solid-to-solid transitions.- The ITS-90 between 13.80 K and 273.16 K and Scale approximations using sealed fixed points.- Realization of the ITS-90 in the Laboratories .- Approximating the ITS-90.- Gaseous Standard Reference Materials and the sealed cells.- Summary of triple-point sealed-cell design criteria.- Summary of sealed-cell fabrication techniques.- Summary of the sealed-cell measurement procedures by step-melting.- Gas thermometry between 0.5 K and 273.16 K.- Constant volume gas thermometry.- Influence of physical parameters.- Virial coefficient.- Amount of "active" substance.- Gas purity.- Influence of technical parameters.- The gas bulb.- Pressure measuring line.- Filling molar density.- Gas thermometer with built-in pressure measuring device.- Use of a CVGT with a differential cryogenic pressure transducer .- Use of a CVGT with an absolute pressure transducer.- The bulb volume of the gas thermometer.- Interpolating constant-volume gas thermometers.- ICVGT types with stipulation of the virial function.- Three-fixed point ICVGTs.- Two-fixed point ICVGTs.- Four-fixed point ICVGTs.- ICVGT types without stipulations.- Three-fixed point ICVGTs.- Two-fixed point ICVGTs.- Four-fixed point ICVGTs.- Gas thermometer realization.- CVGTs with reference at temperatures lower than 273.16 K.- Measuring bulb.- Pressure capillary.- Pressure measuring system.- Modern realizations.- CVGTs with reference temperature at 273.16 K.- CVGTs using a cryogenic pressure-measuring gauge.- Realizations of interpolating gas thermometers.- Gas thermometry in the ITS-90, and future development.- Dielectric-constant, refractive-index, and acoustic gas thermometers.- Dielectric-constant gas thermometer.- Refractive index gas thermometer.- Acoustic thermometer.- Summary of design criteria for an absolute CVGT in the low temperature range .- Summary of differences and simplifications in design criteria of an ICVGT.- Summary of the measurements procedures for an absolute CVGT in the low temperature range.- Summary of differences and simplifications in measurements procedures for an ICVGT.- Vapor-pressure thermometry.- Influence of physical parameters.- Purity of the substance.- Effect of impurities.- Scale errors due to impurities.- Isotopic- and isomeric-composition errors.- Effect of magnetic fields.- Amount of substance .- Influence of technical parameters.- Thermometer with gauge for pressure measurement at room temperature.- Thermometer volume.- Pressure measurement.- Pressure corrections.- Thermal problems.- Use of sealed cells for vapor pressure measurements.- Thermometer with gauge for pressure measurement at low temperature.- Liquid-vapor versus solid-vapor equilibria.- Realization of vapor-pressure temperature scales.- Equations for vapor pressure.- Helium vapor pressure.- 3He Scale (formerly T62).- 4He Scale (formerly T58).- ITS-90 between 0.65 K and 5.0 K.- Gas thermometry versus vapor-pressure thermometry below 5 K.- Summary of design criteria for vapor-pressure thermometers.- Summary of fabrication techniques for vapor-pressure thermometers.- Summary of measurement procedures with vapor-pressure thermometers.- Thermometry based on the melting line of 3He.- The 3He melting-line thermometer.- Melting line experiment below Tmin.- Melting line experiment above Tmin.- Pressure and temperature measurement.- The PLTS-2000 Scale.- Cryostats for thermometry and gas-based temperature control.- Cryostats.- Refrigerator-based cryostats.- Closed-cycle types (0.3 K to 300 K).- Refrigerated-bath thermostats (200 K to 300 K).- Liquid-refrigerant cryostats.- Bath cryostats.- Flow cryostats.- Temperature control in thermometry and gas-based temperature controls.- Control of the cryogen bath temperature.- Vapor-flow technique.- Passive thermostats.- Self-regulated passive shields.- Gas-filled heat switches.- Gas-type heat switches.- Thermosyphon- and condensation-type heat switches.- Strategy for cryostat selection.- Further Readings.- Bibliography Part I.- PART II Pressure measurements (102 to 108) Pa .- List of Symbols.- Introduction.- Primary standards for pressure measurements.- Liquid-column manometers for pressure measurements.- Operating principles and general precautions for absolute pressure measurements below 0.3 MPa .- Basic apparatus in metrological laboratories Different methods for height measurements..- White-light interferometer manometers.- Laser interferometer manometers.- Capacitance/gauge-block manometer.- Capacitance/interferometer manometers.- Ultrasonic manometers.- Calculations applicable with mercury-column manometers Pressure measurement uncertainty .- Mercury density.- Acceleration due to gravity.- Aerostatic head.- Reference pressure, p0.- Uncertainty of pressure measurements by liquid-column manometers.- Liquid columns for different applications.- Gas-operated piston gauges.- Basic description.- Absolute pressure measurements up to 5 MPa .- Mass.- Local acceleration due to gravity.- The effective area.- Elastic distortion coefficient .- Linear thermal expansion coefficients .- Temperature of the piston-cylinder assembly .- The reference pressure, p0.- Aerostatic-head corrections.- Gauge pressure measurements up to 100 MPa .- Air density.- Pressure distortion coefficients Controlled-clearance and similarity methods .- Uncertainty of absolute and gauge pressure measurements with piston gauges.- Differential gas pressure measurements.- Results of comparison measurements in gas media.- Comparisons of liquid-column manometers and piston gauges.- What future for primary pressure standards ? .- Summary of typical uncertainty levels for liquid-column manometers and piston gauges.- Pressure transducers for gaseous media.- Introduction.- Transfer standards for absolute pressure measurements below 120 kPa.- Transfer standards for atmospheric pressure measurements.- Transfer standards for gas pressure measurements from 100 Pa to 10 kPa.- Transfer standards for pressure measurements up to 100 MPa.- Transducers used for differential pressure measurements and as null detectors.- Differential pressure transducers for high line pressures.- Differential pressure transducers used as null detectors.- Transducers for pressure measurements in cryogenic environments.- Strain-gauge pressure transducers for cryogenic applications.- Resonant- and capacitance-type pressure transducers for cryogenic applications.- Glossary.- Terms used in the metrological characterization of a pressure transducer.- Typical procedure for the static calibration of a pressure transducer in gaseous media.- Gas based pressure fixed points.- Introduction.- The pressure scale from 102 to 108 Pa based on fixed points.- Triple points.- Other pressure fixed-points.- Experiences in the use of fixed points as pressure transfer standards.- Summary of possible fixed points to be used as transfer standards for gas pressure measurements from 100 Pa to approximately 100 MPa.- The thermomolecular pressure difference effect.- Introduction.- The calculation of the thermomolecular pressure difference.- Experimental measurements of the thermomolecular pressure difference.- General considerations on experimental measurements and theoretical calculations of the thermomolecular pressure difference.- Further Readings.- Bibliography Part II.- The Mutual Recognition Arrangement and its implementations.- Introduction.- The key comparisons.- The calibration and measurement capabilities.- The BIPM KCDB.- Appendix 1 - The international Temperature Scale of 1990.- Annotated text of the parts of the definition below 273.16 K.- Notes on scale differences.- The Scale PLTS-2000.- Appendix 2 - List of temperature and pressure fixed points.- Appendix 3 - Reference data on gases.- Appendix 4 - Vapor pressures.- Appendix 5 - Reference data for liquid-column manometers.- Appendix 6 - Reference data for piston gauges.- Appendix 7 - The text of the Mutual Recognition Arrangement.-
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 31.8.1992 |
|---|---|
| Reihe/Serie | International Cryogenics Monograph Series |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Maße | 155 x 235 mm |
| Gewicht | 2050 g |
| Einbandart | gebunden |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Atom- / Kern- / Molekularphysik |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Mechanik | |
| Technik ► Maschinenbau | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-306-44167-5 / 0306441675 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-306-44167-7 / 9780306441677 |
| Zustand | Neuware |
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