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Biofouling - Simone Dürr, Jeremy C. Thomason

Biofouling

Buch | Hardcover
464 Seiten
2009
Wiley-Blackwell (Verlag)
978-1-4051-6926-4 (ISBN)
CHF 309,95 inkl. MwSt
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* Includes contributions from many internationally known workers in the area
* Well edited and integrated
* Cutting edge information of commercial importance to the antifouling industry
* Biofouling causes billions of dollars of damage annually.
Biofouling (the colonisation of an interface by a diverse array of organisms) is almost always a problem where it occurs, as it negatively affects surfaces, the materials that they are made from and the  structures that they form, and   can even destroy them.

This comprehensive book covers in detail in its first section the processes involved in marine , freshwater and medical biofouling including coverage of settlement by larvae and spores, biofouling community processes,   epibiosis (biofouling on living organisms) and microbial fouling, including biofilms deleterious to human health. The book's second section, encompassing biofouling processes with industrial implications, includes coverage of biofouling on artificial substrata, paints and coatings technology for the control of marine biofouling, biofouling and antifouling in the maritime industries, such as shipping, offshore oil , and aquaculture, and in power stations and other industries. The impacts of both biofouling and biofouling control and details of current legislation of relevance to biofouling issues are fully covered. The book's final section looks at methods for the measurement of biofouling, and future prospects for biofouling, including in-depth coverage of the changes anticipated in biofouling worldwide due to global climate change, and likely future directions in antifouling research, technology and legislation.

Biofouling, which includes contributions from many international experts, is an essential reference for all those working in the antifouling industry including those involved in formulation of antifouling products such as paints and other coatings. Aquatic biologists, ecologists, environmental scientists and lawyers, marine engineers, aquaculture personnel, chemists, and medical researchers will all find much of interest within this book. All universities and research establishments where these subjects are studied and taught should have copies of this important work on their shelves.

Simone Dürr is a Lecturer in Marine Biology at the School of Natural Sciences and Psychology,  Liverpool John Moores University, U. K. Jeremy C Thomason was  formerly a Senior Lecturer in Marine Biology at the School of Biology, Newcastle University, U. K. and is now works from Paris, France, as a consultant on biofouling for the antifouling and aquaculture industries.

List of Contributors xi

Preface xv

I Processes in Marine and Freshwater Biofouling

i Larvae and Spores

Chapter 1 Reproduction and Larvae/Spore Types 1
Jon N. Havenhand and Craig A. Styan

Introduction 1

Some Terminology 2

Asexual Production of Propagules 3

Sexual Reproduction – Mechanisms Facilitating Fertilisation 5

Demographic Effects on Fertilisation Success – Allee Effects 7

Environmental Factors Affecting Fertilisation 8

Links Between Fertilisation and Subsequent Larval Attributes 8

Hatching and Development 9

Mobility and Survival of Larvae/Spores 10

Carry-over Effects 10

Conclusions 11

References 11

Chapter 2 Larval Supply and Dispersal 16
Christopher D. McQuaid and Karen Miller

Introduction 16

The Significance of Scales of Larval Dispersal 16

Factors Influencing Dispersal Scales 18

Estimating Dispersal 21

Practical Consequences of Dispersal Scales 22

Conclusions 24

References 24

Chapter 3 Settlement and Behaviour of Marine Fouling Organisms 30
Gabrielle S. Prendergast

Introduction 30

Cues 31

Planktonic Propagules 32

Inert Surface Encounter, Followed by (Active?) Attachment or Rejection 45

Behavioural Surface Encounter, Exploration and Attachment or Rejection 46

Conclusions 51

References 51

ii Fouling Community Processes

Chapter 4 Succession on Hard Substrata 60
Stuart R. Jenkins and Gustavo M. Martins

Introduction 60

Succession and the Role of Disturbance 60

Models of Succession 62

Extension of General Models 63

Life History Characteristics 64

Patch Characteristics 65

Mode of Colonisation 66

Seasonality 67

Variable Endpoints of Succession 67

Conclusions 68

References 69

Chapter 5 Patterns of Fouling on a Global Scale 73
João Canning-Clode and Martin Wahl

Background 73

Is There a Latitudinal Cline in Fouling Organisms? 74

The Pattern Revealed by a Global Modular Fouling Experiment 76

Are Biofouling Communities Saturated? The Relationship Between Local and Regional Diversity 80

Discussion and Future Perspectives 81

Conclusions 83

Acknowledgements 83

References 83

Chapter 6 Biofouling Patterns with Depth 87
Phillip R. Cowie

Introduction 87

Major Forcing Factors Determining Subtidal Sessile Assemblages 89

Patterns of Vertical Zonation on Natural Substratum Subtidal Communities 92

Patterns of Vertical Zonation in Biofouling Communities on Man-made Structures 94

Conclusions 95

References 96

iii Epibiosis and Anti-epibiosis

Chapter 7 Epibiosis 100
Martin Wahl

Sessile Mode of Life 100

Consequences of Epibioses 101

Distributional Patterns of Epibioses 103

Conclusions 106

References 106

Chapter 8 Natural Control of Fouling 109
Rocky de Nys, Jana Guenther and Maria J. Uriz

Biofouling and Its Biological Consequences 109

Defence Mechanisms Against Biofouling 110

Conclusions 116

References 116

IV Introduction to Microbial Fouling 121
Sergey Dobretsov, Anna M. Romaní, David A. Spratt, Derren Ready and Jonathan Pratten

Chapter 9 Marine Biofilms 123
Sergey Dobretsov

Biofilm Development 123

Composition of Microbial Biofilms 125

Biofilm Dynamics 128

Signalling in Biofilms 129

Prokaryote–Eukaryote Interactions in Biofilms 130

Conclusions 132

Acknowledgements 133

Dedication 133

References 133

Chapter 10 Freshwater Biofilms 137
Anna M. Romaní

Introduction 137

Structure and Architecture of Freshwater Biofilms 138

Biofilm Biomass 140

Biofilm Metabolism and Its Role on the Aquatic Food Web 143

Dynamic Structure–Function in Freshwater Biofilms 145

Conclusions 147

Acknowledgements 148

References 148

Chapter 11 Biofilms in Medicine 154
David A. Spratt, Derren Ready and Jonathan Pratten

Introduction 154

Infection of the Head and Neck 155

Respiratory Tract 158

Gastrointestinal 159

Genitourinary 160

Surgical and Nosocomial Infections 161

Skin and Soft Tissues 162

Conclusions 164

References 164

II Biofouling Processes in Industry

Chapter 12 Fouling on Artificial Substrata 170
Antonio Terlizzi and Marco Faimali

The Influence of the Nature of Artificial Substrata on Fouling Assemblages 170

Environmental, Physical–Chemical and Biological Interactions During Fouling Colonisation of Artificial Substrata 171

Man-made Structures as Extra Habitat for Biofouling Organisms 176

Artificial Substrata for Biofouling Monitoring in Cooling Water Systems 177

Conclusions 179

References 179

Chapter 13 Paint and Coatings Technology for the Control of Marine Fouling 185
Alistair A. Finnie and David N. Williams

Introduction 185

Biocidal Antifouling Paints 186

Non-biocidal Coatings 193

Paint Selection – Economic Considerations 199

Future Perspectives 200

Conclusions 201

References 201

Chapter 14 Fouling on Shipping: Data-Mining the World’s Largest Antifouling Archive 207
Jeremy C. Thomason

Introduction 207

Digging the Data-mine 208

The First Nuggets 210

Conclusions 213

Acknowledgements 214

References 214

Chapter 15 Consequences of Fouling on Shipping 217
Robert Edyvean

Introduction 217

Biofilms and Their Effect on the External Hull of Ships 218

The Effects of Biofilms on The Internal Operating Systems of Ships 219

The Effects of Biofilms in Water Systems 221

Biofilm Effects in Fuel and Hydraulic Systems 222

Other Areas of Biofilm Effects 223

Conclusions 223

References 223

Chapter 16 Consequences of Antifouling Coatings – The Chemist’s Perspective 226
Dickon Howell and Brigitte Behrends

Introduction 226

History of AF Technologies 227

Constituents of Biocidal Coatings 227

Biocides in AF Paints 228

Distribution of Biocides in the Environment 237

Conclusions 238

References 239

Chapter 17 Consequences of Antifouling Systems – An Environmental Perspective 243
Cato C. ten Hallers-Tjabbes and Simon Walmsley

Introduction 243

Antifouling Systems 244

Tributyltin – Behaviour and Fate in Natural Systems 244

Environmental Risks Associated with AFS and Alternative AFS 245

AFS Ecotoxicity 246

AFS in the Presence of Other Contaminants 246

Sensory–Behavioural Effects 247

Conclusions 248

References 248

Chapter 18 Fouling and Antifouling in Oil and Other Offshore Industries 252
Henry M. Page, Jenifer E. Dugan and Fred Piltz

Introduction 252

The Biofouling Assemblage 253

Fouling Assemblage Development 258

Ecological Effects of the Fouling Assemblage 259

Novel and Exotic Species 260

Economic Value of the Biofouling Assemblage 261

Management of Biofouling and Economic Impacts 262

Conclusions 263

References 264

Chapter 19 Biofouling and Antifouling in Aquaculture 267
Simone Dürr and Douglas I. Watson

The Cost of Fouling in Aquaculture 267

The Problems with Fouling in Aquaculture 268

Major Fouling Groups 271

Antifouling Strategies 277

Future Solutions 281

Conclusions 282

Acknowledgements 282

References 282

Chapter 20 Fouling and Antifouling in Other Industries – Power Stations, Desalination Plants – Drinking Water Supplies and Sensors 288
Peter Henderson

Microfouling Organisms of Water Intakes and Cooling Systems 288

Macrofouling Organisms 289

Consequences of Fouling for Plant Operation and Safety 294

Control and Mitigation of Fouling 296

Consequences of Treatments to the Environment 299

Changing Biofouling Threats 302

Conclusions 303

References 303

Chapter 21 Regulation of Marine Antifouling in International and EC Law 306
Ilona Cheyne

The International Law of the Sea 306

The International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Paints for Ships, 2001 309

Implementation of the International Antifouling Convention by the EC 311

Authorisation of Biocidal Substances 312

Conclusions 313

Notes 314

iii Research Methodologies and Future Directions

Chapter 22 Techniques for the Quantification of Biofouling 319
Alan J. Butler, João Canning-Clode, Ashley D.M. Coutts, Phillip R. Cowie, Sergey Dobretsov, Simone Dürr, Marco Faimali, John A. Lewis, Henry M. Page, Jonathan Pratten, Derren Ready, Dan Rittschof, David A. Spratt, Antonio Terlizzi and Jeremy C. Thomason

Vessel Hull 319

Steel Mariner Barge 327

References 329

Chapter 23 Biofouling and Climate Change 333
Elvira S. Poloczanska and Alan J. Butler

Introduction 333

Recent and Projected Changes in the Ocean–Atmosphere System 333

Climate and Climate-Related Factors Regulating Biofouling Communities 334

Ecological Impacts of Climate Change Effects on Biofouling 338

Economic Impacts of Climate Change Effects on Biofouling 340

Environmental Impacts of Climate Change Effects on Biofouling 340

Conclusions 342

References 342

Chapter 24 Biofouling Invasions 348
John A. Lewis and Ashley D.M. Coutts

Invasive Species 348

Vectors 349

The Translocation Process for Biofouling Organisms 349

Historical Translocations 351

Modern Translocations 353

Proposed Management Measures 356

Conclusions 357

References 358

Chapter 25 New Directions in Antifouling Technology 366
Dean C. Webster and Bret J. Chisholm

Introduction 366

Biocidal Antifouling Coatings 367

Natural Antifoulants 370

Non-toxic Non-fouling Approaches 371

Conclusions 379

References 380

Chapter 26 Implications of International and European Regulatory Developments for Marine Antifouling 388
Ilona Cheyne

The Introduction of New Antifouling Restrictions 388

Amendments to the ICAFS 388

Ballast Water Management 390

Other Relevant Policy Areas in EC Law 391

Conclusions 392

Notes 392

Chapter 27 Research on Practical Environmentally Benign Antifouling Coatings 396
Dan Rittschof

Environmentally Benign Antifouling Coatings 396

Fouling and Fouling Control 397

Biofouling Management 399

The Antifouling Problem in a Nutshell 400

Control of Biofouling and Environmental Impacts 400

Practical Solutions 401

Considerations for a Novel Antifouling Coating 401

Coating Application and Removal 403

Governmental Oversight 404

Perspective 404

Theoretical Considerations for a Novel Antifouling Coating 404

Environmentally Benign Coatings 404

Commercialisation 405

Conclusions 406

References 406

Index 410

Colour plates appear between pages 332 and 333

Verlagsort Hoboken
Sprache englisch
Maße 180 x 252 mm
Gewicht 1134 g
Themenwelt Naturwissenschaften Biologie Limnologie / Meeresbiologie
Naturwissenschaften Biologie Ökologie / Naturschutz
Technik Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
Weitere Fachgebiete Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei
ISBN-10 1-4051-6926-5 / 1405169265
ISBN-13 978-1-4051-6926-4 / 9781405169264
Zustand Neuware
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