Biomimetics for Architecture & Design (eBook)
XX, 337 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-319-19120-1 (ISBN)
This book provides the readers with a timely guide to the application of biomimetic principles in architecture and engineering design. As a result of a combined effort by two internationally recognized authorities, the biologist Werner Nachtigall and the architect Göran Pohl, the book describes the principles which can be used to compare nature and technology, and at the same time it presents detailed explanations and examples showing how biology can be used as a source of inspiration and 'translated' in building and architectural solutions (biomimicry). Even though nature cannot be directly copied, the living world can provide architects and engineers with a wealth of analogues and inspirations for their own creative designs. But how can analysis of natural entities give rise to advanced and sustainable design? By reporting on the latest bionic design methods and using extensive artwork, the book guides readers through the field of nature-inspired architecture, offering an extraordinary resource for professional architects, engineers, designers and urban planners, as well as for university teachers, researchers and students. Natural evolution is seen throughout the book as a powerful resource that can serve architecture and design by providing innovative, optimal and sustainable solutions.
Prof. Pohl is professor for design, structural design and urban planning at the School for Architecture, University of Applied Sciences HTW Saar, Germany. After his studies at the University of Stuttgart, he and his wife Julia Pohl founded the office of Pohl Architects and the Lightweight Structures Institute in Jena, the latter of which has since become Pohl Architects' research center, taking part in a number of projects on biomimetics and lightweight structures. Their works have been published in numerous reference books and magazines, and endowed with national and international awards. Prof. Pohl developed his understanding of lightweight construction and biomimetics as well as his knowledge of the structural aspects of architecture during his studies at the University of Stuttgart, Germany, under Frei Otto and Peter C. von Seidlein, among others, and during his doctoral studies at the TU Delft in the Netherlands under Ulrich Knaack. He is the editor and author of Textiles, Polymers, and Composites for Buildings (2010) Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge. He is also author of numerous technical lectures and publications in the areas of building materials and systems, natural and artificial fiber composite materials and biomimetics as well. In recent years he has been teaching at several international universities and has participated to national and international research projects. In 2011 he founded the B2E3 Institute for Efficient Buildings at the HTW Saar, which he has been leading since then, and is a founding member of BIOKON INTERNATIONAL. Besides being a member of the panel committee for biomimetics of VDI (Association of German Engineers), he is also chair of the guidelines committee VDI 6226 for Biomimetic Architecture, Industrial Design, and Structural Engineering. Prof. em. Dr. rer. nat. Werner Nachtigall Prof. Nachtigall studied biology, physics and the fundamentals of structural engineering and architecture history at the Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) in Munich and at the Technical University of Munich. With his pioneering insights on technical biology and bionics and the founding of the 'Society for Technical Biology and Bionics,' he has made great contributions to the convergence of biology and technology, and has become an internationally respected authority on the 'study of nature'. He is author of numerous books that have set the standards for studies in bionics. His latest book on Biomimetics for Architecture & Design, co-authored with Göran Pohl and published by Springer in 2015, is the first English translation of the 2nd edition of their German book on Bau-Bionik, published by Springer in 2013. He has published, among others, Bionik - Grundlagen und Beispiele für Ingenieure und Naturwissenschaftler (2nd edition, 2002); Biologisches Design - Systematischer Katalog für bionisches Gestalten (2005); Bionik als Wissenschaft - Erkennen, Abstrahieren, Umsetzen (2010); and Bionics by Examples: 250 Scenarios from Classical to Modern Times (2015), which he co-authored with Alfred Wisser. Prof. Nachtigall is also the author of more than 300 technical scientific papers. He is a member of two academies and his work has been honored with several awards.
Prof. Pohl is professor for design, structural design and urban planning at the School for Architecture, University of Applied Sciences HTW Saar, Germany. After his studies at the University of Stuttgart, he and his wife Julia Pohl founded the office of Pohl Architects and the Lightweight Structures Institute in Jena, the latter of which has since become Pohl Architects’ research center, taking part in a number of projects on biomimetics and lightweight structures. Their works have been published in numerous reference books and magazines, and endowed with national and international awards. Prof. Pohl developed his understanding of lightweight construction and biomimetics as well as his knowledge of the structural aspects of architecture during his studies at the University of Stuttgart, Germany, under Frei Otto and Peter C. von Seidlein, among others, and during his doctoral studies at the TU Delft in the Netherlands under Ulrich Knaack. He is the editor and author of Textiles, Polymers, and Composites for Buildings (2010) Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge. He is also author of numerous technical lectures and publications in the areas of building materials and systems, natural and artificial fiber composite materials and biomimetics as well. In recent years he has been teaching at several international universities and has participated to national and international research projects. In 2011 he founded the B2E3 Institute for Efficient Buildings at the HTW Saar, which he has been leading since then, and is a founding member of BIOKON INTERNATIONAL. Besides being a member of the panel committee for biomimetics of VDI (Association of German Engineers), he is also chair of the guidelines committee VDI 6226 for Biomimetic Architecture, Industrial Design, and Structural Engineering. Prof. em. Dr. rer. nat. Werner Nachtigall Prof. Nachtigall studied biology, physics and the fundamentals of structural engineering and architecture history at the Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) in Munich and at the Technical University of Munich. With his pioneering insights on technical biology and bionics and the founding of the “Society for Technical Biology and Bionics,” he has made great contributions to the convergence of biology and technology, and has become an internationally respected authority on the “study of nature”. He is author of numerous books that have set the standards for studies in bionics. His latest book on Biomimetics for Architecture & Design, co-authored with Göran Pohl and published by Springer in 2015, is the first English translation of the 2nd edition of their German book on Bau-Bionik, published by Springer in 2013. He has published, among others, Bionik – Grundlagen und Beispiele für Ingenieure und Naturwissenschaftler (2nd edition, 2002); Biologisches Design – Systematischer Katalog für bionisches Gestalten (2005); Bionik als Wissenschaft – Erkennen, Abstrahieren, Umsetzen (2010); and Bionics by Examples: 250 Scenarios from Classical to Modern Times (2015), which he co-authored with Alfred Wisser. Prof. Nachtigall is also the author of more than 300 technical scientific papers. He is a member of two academies and his work has been honored with several awards.
Preface 5
Acknowledgement 8
Contents 9
About the Authors 17
Chapter-1 19
Technical Biology and Biomimetics 19
1.1 The Term “Biomimetics” 19
1.2 Historical and Functional Analogies 20
1.3 The Form–Function Problem 21
1.4 Biomimetics and Optimization 21
1.5 From Accidental Discoveries to the Entry into the Market 22
1.6 Nature and Technology—Antagonistic? 22
1.7 Classical Definitions of Biomimetics 23
1.8 Biomimetic Disciplines 24
1.9 Biomimetics for Architecture and Design: Basic Aspects 25
1.10 Nature and Technology as Continuum 26
Chapter-2 27
Buildings, Architecture, and Biomimetics 27
2.1 Technical Biology and Biomimetics of Building and Load-Bearing Structures 28
2.1.1 Dome-Forming Node-and-Rod Structures 28
2.1.2 Special Forms of Spatial Node-and-Rod Structures 29
2.1.3 Self-supporting Structures (“Tensegrity Structures”) 31
2.1.4 Orthogonal Lattice Structures 32
2.1.5 Panel Structures 34
2.1.6 Fold Structures 36
2.1.7 Honeycombs of the Honeybee—Still Somewhat Puzzling 38
2.1.8 Do Tensegrity Structures have a Fundamental Cytomechanical Meaning? 40
Chapter-3 43
Biomimetics for Buildings 43
3.1 Architecture and Biomimetics from the View of Architects, Engineers, and Designers 44
3.2 Historical Background and the Origins of Building 46
3.3 Definitions and Methods of Biomimetics for Buildings 47
3.3.1 Definitions from the VDI 47
3.3.2 Methods of Biomimetics 48
3.3.3 Biology Push and Technology Pull as Methods of Biomimetics 48
3.3.4 Pool Research as Method of the Biomimetic Process for Architects, Civil Engineers, and Industrial Designers 49
3.3.5 Evolutionary Light Structure Engineering (ELiSE) 50
3.3.6 Technical Biology, According to the Definition of VDI 52
3.4 Building Biomimetics 52
3.5 Classification of Building Biomimetics 52
3.5.1 Similar to Nature: Buildings as Sculptures Similar in Appearance to Nature 53
3.5.2 Nature Analog: Building Methods Analogous to Nature 55
3.5.3 Nature-Integrative: Biomimetic Principles as Components of Architecture 56
3.6 Potentials of Building Biomimetics 57
3.6.1 Demands of Modern Buildings: Modern Architecture with the Use of Biomimetic Insights 57
3.6.1.1 Energy Efficiency, Material Efficiency, and Functionality 58
3.6.1.2 Life Cycle 60
3.6.1.3 Material-Efficient Construction with “Old” and “New” Materials 60
3.6.2 Potentials of Nature-Integrating Building Techniques 61
3.6.2.1 Biomorphic? A Research Potential for Architects and Engineers 62
3.6.2.2 Hierarchical Structures as Optimizing Strategy 63
3.6.3 Evolving Design and Evolutionary Urban Planning 66
3.7 Methods and Approaches Related to Building Biomimetics 68
3.7.1 Scionic®: Industrial Design and Biomimetics 68
3.7.2 Methods of Structure Optimization and Self-Organization 69
Chapter-4 71
Natural Functions and Processes as Prototypes for Buildings 71
4.1 Polar Bears and Alpine Plants: Transparent Insulation Materials 71
4.1.1 Polar Bear Fur as Solar-Driven Heat Pump and Transparent Insulation Material 71
4.1.2 Transparent Insulation Materials in Technology 77
4.2 Termite and Ant Structures: Solar Air Conditioning 79
4.2.1 Climate Control in Enclosed Termite and Ant Structures 79
4.2.2 Solar Chimneys in Termite Structures and Buildings 82
4.2.3 The Termite Principle for Buildings 84
4.3 Mud and Earth: Ancient Materials 86
4.3.1 Clay and Mortar Nests 86
4.3.2 Construction with Adobe 87
4.3.3 Earthen Materials and Dwelling in Earthen Structures 96
4.4 Building with Reeds and Bamboo: Rediscovered Traditions 99
4.4.1 Ancient Reed Structures 99
4.4.2 Bamboo as Modern Building Material 99
4.5 Incorporation of Wind Power: Animal Structures and Ancient Building Cultures as Analogies 100
4.5.1 Use of the Bernoulli Principle in Animal Structures and Buildings 101
4.5.2 Climate-Suitable Building Methods in Ancient and Modern Cultures 110
4.5.3 Usage of the Dynamic Pressure Principle in Animal Structures and Man-made Buildings 115
4.5.4 Example for Ventilation and Air Conditioning: Incorporation of Biomimetic Inspirations in the Structural–Architectural Planning Process 120
4.5.4.1 The Further Development of Double Facades in Relation to Ventilation and Light Distribution Systems 121
4.5.4.2 The Transparent Light Sword 125
4.6 Principles of Self-Organization 125
4.6.1 Self-Organization in Nature 125
4.6.2 Self-Organization in Urban Planning 127
4.7 Solar Effects: Multitude of Possibilities in Nature and Technology 129
4.7.1 The Sun as a Source of Energy 130
4.7.2 Biological Adaptations to Solar Radiation 133
4.7.3 Macroscopic, Solar-Driven Energy Systems 134
4.7.4 Butterfly Wing as a Solar Panel 137
4.7.5 Adaptive Solar Usage 140
4.8 Photovoltaik: Solar-Contingent Electricity Generation in Nature and Technology 140
4.8.1 Principal Function of Photovoltaic Cells 140
4.8.2 Problems of Photovoltaics on Basis of Silicon 142
4.8.3 Photovoltaic and Thermoelectric Effects of Hornets 142
4.8.4 Organic Photovoltaic Solar Cells 144
4.8.5 The Plastic Solar Cell 146
Chapter-5 149
Biological Support and Envelope Structures and their Counterparts in Buildings 149
5.1 Lightweight Structures 149
5.1.1 Diatoms ? Geodesic Domes 150
5.1.2 Radiolaria ? Radiolaria-Inspired Structures 158
5.1.3 Radiolaria ? Radiolaria-Analogous Spatial Structures 159
5.2 Node-and-Rod Frameworks and Hexagonal Structures 162
5.2.1 Pith of the Juncus Plant ? Unbendable System 162
5.2.2 Panel Bracing ? Experimental Structures 165
5.2.3 Bee Honeycombs ? Hexagonal Systems 165
5.3 Rigid Nodes and Tubes 167
5.3.1 Nodes with the Lowest Material Expenditure ? Analogous Nodal Structures in Technology 168
5.3.2 Tetrahedral Node Networks ? Long-Spanning Structural Systems 169
5.3.3 Plant Rigidity ? Tubes of High Rigidity 169
5.4 Structures on the Principles of Bone 172
5.4.1 “Ossified Force Trajectories” ? Floor—Column Structures 172
5.4.2 Isostatic Ribs 173
5.4.3 Bone Braces 175
5.5 Shell Structures 176
5.5.1 Mussel Shells ? “Isoflex” 176
5.5.2 Shells Similar to Tridacna ? Shell Structures 177
5.5.3 Sea Urchin Shells ? Inspiration for Structure 180
5.6 Pneumatics: Buildings 181
5.6.1 Biological Pneus ? Technological Pneus 182
5.6.2 The Pneu as Key Element of Development 183
5.6.3 The Pneu as Technological Building Block 185
5.6.4 Tensairity: Connecting the Systems of Tensegrity and Pneu 185
5.6.5 Water Spider ? Diving Bells 190
5.7 “Tree Columns” and Tent Structures 191
5.7.1 Principles of Tree Structure ? Tree Columns 191
5.7.2 Spider Webs ? Tent Roofs 191
5.7.3 The Variety of Tent Structures 193
5.8 Moving Structures 194
5.8.1 Non-Autonomous Movements 194
5.8.2 Autonomous Movements 195
5.8.3 Responsive Movements 195
Chapter-6 196
Products and Architecture: Examples of Biomimetics for Buildings 196
6.1 Biomimetics on the Basis of Algae, a Biological Example 197
6.2 Pool Research as Biomimetic Method in Application 199
6.3 Pool Research: Abstraction Through the Classification of Biological Precedents 200
6.3.1 Classification of Diatom Species 200
6.4 Pool Research: Analysis and Evaluation 201
6.5 Pool Research: Abstraction of Geometric Principles 203
6.6 Pool Research: Translation into CAD Models 204
6.6.1 Structuring of a Free-Form Surface Analogous to the Centrales 204
6.6.2 Structuring of Free-Form Surface Analogous to the Diatom Species Craspedodiscus 205
6.6.3 Segmented, Radially Symmetric, Double-Contorted Free-Form Surface 205
6.6.4 Structuring of a Free-Form Surface Analogous to the Pennales (Araphidineae) 205
6.6.5 Evaluation 205
6.7 From Pool Research to Applied Research 209
6.8 Generative Design 210
6.9 Physical Models 214
6.10 Biomimetic Potentials: Ribs and Frames 217
6.11 Biomimetic Potentials: Rectangular Frames 218
6.12 Biomimetic Potentials: Layered structures 219
6.13 Biomimetic Potential: Offset Beams 220
6.14 Biomimetic Potentials: Incisions and Curvature 221
6.15 Biomimetic Potentials: Curvature 222
6.16 Biomimetic Potentials: Hierarchical Structures 223
6.17 Biomimetic Potentials: Fold Systems 224
6.18 Translation and Technological Implementation in the Example of the BOWOOSS Research Pavilion 225
6.18.1 The Research Project BOWOOSS as Example for Research and Development 225
6.18.2 Process Method of the Biomimetics Research Project BOWOOSS 228
6.19 BOWOOSS Research Pavilion: Methods and Results of Building Biomimetics 231
6.20 Building Biomimetics in Examples: Biomimetic and Analogous Developments 238
6.21 Structural Optimization 239
6.22 Self-Organization 241
6.23 Evolutionary Design 243
6.24 Morphogenetic Design 245
6.25 Geometric Optimizations: Sectional Optimization 247
6.26 Hierarchical Structures 249
6.27 Evolutionary Urban Planning 251
6.28 Exterior Surface Effects 253
6.29 Fundamentals of Resource-Efficient Facade Technologies 255
6.30 Daylight Usage 257
6.31 Shading 259
6.32 Shading and Solar Energy Production 261
6.33 Shading and Light Utilization 1 263
6.34 Shading and Directing Light 2 265
6.35 Color without Pigments 1 267
6.36 Color without Pigments 2 269
6.37 Complex Climate Systems 1: New Buildings 271
6.38 Complex Climate System 2: Building Reuse 273
6.39 Spatial Panels 275
6.40 Spines 277
6.41 Spatial Structures of Curved Modules 1 279
6.42 Spatial Structures from Curved Modules 2 281
6.43 Layered Tissues 283
6.44 Pneu 285
6.45 Solid, Efficient Load-Bearing and Heat-Insulated Lightweight Structures 287
6.46 Sonar 289
6.47 Fiber Composite Sensors 291
6.48 Reactive Envelope Structures 293
6.49 Ventilation Systems for Breathing Envelopes 295
6.50 Thermoregulating Envelope Structures 297
6.51 Modifiable Surface Elements 1 299
6.52 Modifiable Surface Elements 2 301
6.53 Multiaxially Modifiable Surface Elements 303
6.54 Reactive Contraction Systems 305
6.55 Self-responsive Movements, Fin Ray Effect® 307
6.56 Flexible Shells 309
6.57 Self-healing 311
6.58 Bambootanics 313
6.59 Floating Volumes 315
6.60 Sources, Figure Index, Authors and Project Contributors in Chap. 6 317
6.60.1 Biomimetics on the Basis of Algae, a Biological Example 317
6.60.2 Pool Research as Biomimetic Method in Application 317
6.60.3 Pool Research: Abstraction through the Classification of Biological Precedents 317
6.60.4 Pool Research: Analysis and Evaluation 317
6.60.5 Pool Research: Abstraction of Geometric Principles 317
6.60.6 Pool Research: Translation into CAD Models 317
6.60.7 From Pool Research to Applied Research 318
6.60.8 Generative Design 318
6.60.9 Physical Models 318
6.60.10 Biomimetic Potentials: Ribs and Frameworks 318
6.60.11 Biomimetic Potentials: Rectangular Frames 318
6.60.12 Biomimetic Potentials: Layered Structure 318
6.60.13 Biomimetic Potential: Offset Beams 318
6.60.14 Biomimetic Potentials: Incisions and Curvature 319
6.60.15 Biomimetic Potentials: Curvature 319
6.60.16 Biomimetic Potentials: Hierarchical Structures 319
6.60.17 Biomimetic Potentials: Fold Systems 319
6.60.18 Translation and Technological Implementation using the example of the BOWOOSS Research Pavilion 319
6.60.19 BOWOOSS Research Pavilion: Methods and Results of Building-Biomimetics 320
6.60.20 Building Biomimetics in Examples: Biomimetics and Analogous Developments 320
6.60.21 Structural Optimization 320
6.60.22 Self-organization 320
6.60.23 Evolutionary Design 320
6.60.24 Morphogenetic Design 320
6.60.25 Geometric Optimizations: Sectional Optimization 321
6.60.26 Hierarchical Structures 321
6.60.27 Evolutionary Urban Planning 321
6.60.28 Exterior Surface Effects 322
6.60.29 Foundations of Resource-Efficient Facade Technologies 322
6.60.30 Daylight Usage 322
6.60.31 Shading 322
6.60.32 Shading and Solar Energy Production 323
6.60.33 Shading and Directing Light 1 323
6.60.34 Shading and Directing Light 2 323
6.60.35 Color without Pigments 2 323
6.60.36 Complex Climate Systems 1: New Construction 324
6.60.37 Complex Climate Systems 2: Building Reuse 324
6.60.38 Spatial Panels 324
6.60.39 Spines 324
6.60.40 Spatial Structures with Curved Modules 1 324
6.60.41 Spatial Structures with Curved Modules 2 325
6.60.42 Layered Tissues 325
6.60.43 Expandable Structures 325
6.60.44 Solid, Efficient, Load-bearing and Heat-Insulated Lightweight Structures 325
6.60.45 Sonar 325
6.60.46 Fiber Composite Sensors 326
6.60.47 Reactive Envelope Structures 326
6.60.48 Ventilation Systems for Breathing Envelopes 326
6.60.49 Thermoregulating Envelope Structures 326
6.60.50 Modifiable Surface Elements 1 327
6.60.51 Modifiable Surface Elements 2 327
6.60.52 Multiaxially Modifiable Surface Elements 328
6.60.53 Reactive Construction Systems 328
6.60.54 Self-responsive Movements, Fin Ray Effect® 328
6.60.55 Relocating Shells 328
6.60.56 Self-healing 328
6.60.57 Bambootanic 329
6.60.58 Floating Volumes 329
Chapter-7 330
Brief Information to Biological Structures 330
7.1 Biological Building Materials (Outline) 330
7.2 Beaver Structures 331
7.3 Beaver Dams 331
7.4 Badger Structures 331
7.5 Tunnel Systems of Steppe Marmots 331
7.6 Scrubfowl Mounds 332
7.7 Storage Chambers of Moles 332
7.8 Storage Chambers of Hamsters 332
7.9 Spherical Structures of the Ovenbird 332
7.10 Mortar Structures of the Potter Wasp 332
7.11 Weaver Bird Nests 332
7.12 Tallest Ant Mounds 333
7.13 Stockpiles of the Harvester Ant 333
7.14 Structures of Compass Termites 333
7.15 Elongated Termite Structures 333
7.16 Earth Mounds of Less Organized Termites 333
7.17 Largest Termite Structures 333
7.18 Nest of the Goldcrest 334
7.19 Tree Frog Nests 334
7.20 Foam Nest of the Green Flying Frog 334
7.21 Egg Raft of the Purple Snail 334
7.22 Honeycombs of the Honeybee 335
7.23 Precise Constructions of the Honeybee 335
7.24 Temperature Differential in Bee Colonies 335
7.25 Spider Webs 335
7.26 Thickness of Spider Silk 335
7.27 Egg Containers of the Sac Spider 336
7.28 Silkworm Cocoons 336
7.29 Nest Structures of the Swift 336
7.30 Dung Balls of the Scarab Beetle 336
7.31 Coral Reefs 336
7.32 Sand Coral Reefs 336
7.33 Fishing Nets 337
7.34 Storage Hideaways 337
7.35 Path Constructions 337
7.36 Bowers of the Bowerbird 337
7.37 Regulating Humidity 337
7.38 Gas Exchange 338
7.39 Vertebrate Temperature Regulation 338
7.40 Temperature Regulation by Insects 338
7.41 Sizes of Populations of Colony-Forming Insects 339
7.42 Leaf Surfaces of Plants 339
7.43 Maximum Heights of Trees 339
7.44 Maximum Trunk Diameters of Trees 339
7.45 Slenderness of Plants 339
7.46 Specific Masses of Wood 340
7.47 Elasticity Moduli of Biological Building Materials 340
7.48 Elastic Efficiencies of Biological Stretching Elements 340
7.49 Tensile Strength of Biological Building Materials 340
7.50 Root Depths of Plants 340
Additional Literature 341
Index 347
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 30.10.2015 |
|---|---|
| Zusatzinfo | XX, 337 p. 368 illus., 194 illus. in color. |
| Verlagsort | Cham |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Sozialwissenschaften ► Politik / Verwaltung |
| Technik ► Architektur | |
| Technik ► Bauwesen | |
| Schlagworte | adaptive architecture • Ant Structures • Bau-Bionik • Biologically-inspired design • Biological Role Models • Bionic Architecture • climate control • Complexity • Composite and Smart Materials • Evolutionary Urban Planning • Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning • Nature Analogs • Self-Organization in Nature |
| ISBN-10 | 3-319-19120-9 / 3319191209 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-3-319-19120-1 / 9783319191201 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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