Even in the twenty-first century some two-thirds of the world's peoples--the world's social majority--quietly live in non-modern, non-cosmopolitan places. In such places the multitudinous voices of the spirits, deities, and other denizens of the other-than-human world continue to be heard, continue to be loved or feared or both, continue to accompany the human beings in all their activities. In this book, Frederique Apffel-Marglin draws on a lifetime of work with the indigenous peoples of Peru and India to support her argument that the beliefs, values, and practices of such traditional peoples are ''eco-metaphysically true.'' In other words, they recognize that human beings are in communion with other beings in nature that have agency and are kinds of spiritual intelligences, with whom humans can be in relationship and communion. Ritual is the medium for communicating, reciprocating, creating and working with the other-than-humans, who daily remind the humans that the world is not for humans' exclusive use. Apffel-Marglin argues moreover, that when such relationships are appropriately robust, human lifeways are rich, rewarding, and in the contemporary jargon, environmentally sustainable. Her ultimate objective is to ''re-entangle'' humans in nature--she is, in the final analysis, promoting a spirituality and ecology of belonging and connection to nature, and an appreciation of animistic perception and ecologies. Along the way she offers provocative and poignant critiques of many assumptions, including of the ''development'' paradigm as benign (including feminist forms of development advocacy), of the majority of anthropological and other social scientific understandings of indigenous religions, and of common views about peasant and indigenous agronomy. She concludes with a case study of the fair trade movement, illuminating both its shortcomings (how it echoes some of the assumptions in the development paradigms) and its promise as a way to rekindle community between humans as well as between humans and the other-than-human world.
Professor Emerita of Anthropology, Smith College
Introduction ; Chapter 1: The Politics of "Wilderness": The Nature/Culture Dualism Revisited ; Chapter 2: Economics and the Making of "Natural Resources" ; Chapter 3: Re-entangling the Material and the Discursive: Quantum Physics and Agential Realism ; Chapter 4: The Spirit of the Gift in the Peruvian Andes: Yarqa Aspiy in Quispillacta ; Chapter 5: Supersessionism and the Teaching of Agronomy in Peru ; Chapter 6: Dancing with the Mountain in the Altiplano: The Festival of the Ispallas ; Chapter 7: The State and Feminist Missionizing in Bolivia (with Loyda Sanchez) ; Chapter 8: Beyond Absolute Time and Space: From Representation to Performativity in Rituals ; Chapter 9: Fair Trade and the Possibility of Biocultural Regeneration ; Epilogue: Performing the Lessons Learned ; Appendix ; Bibliography
