Principles of Applied Clinical Chemistry Chemical Background and Medical Applications
Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers (Verlag)
978-0-306-35231-7 (ISBN)
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The material is presented from the point of view of the clinical chemist, but since it is impossible to discuss a mechanism adequately without visualizing its parts, some schematic anatomical drawings are included to simplify the discussion of responses to chemical challenges. The book is partly a curriculum which has been worked out by the authors for the training of clinical chemists and clinical pathologists. It should also be useful for the training of medical technologists.
Section I Body Fluids and Electrolytes.- 1 Maintenance of the Steady State in the Human.- 1.1 The Steady State.- 1.2 Selected Reading-Equilibrium, Steady State Homeostasis.- 1.3 The Need for Constant pH in Body Fluids.- 1.4 References.- 2 Acids and Bases.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Selected Reading-Acids and Bases.- 2.3 Buffers.- 2.4 Indicators.- 2.5 Titration.- 2.6 Selected Reading-Buffers.- 2.7 The Bicarbonate Buffer System.- 2.8 Selected Reading-The Bicarbonate System.- 2.9 References.- 3 Partial Pressures (% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCamaaBa % aaleaacaWGpbWaaSbaaWqaaiaaikdaaeqaaaWcbeaaaaa!38DD! $${p_{{O_2}}}$$ and % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaaeaaaaaaaaa8 % qacaWGWbWdamaaBaaaleaapeGaam4qaiaad+eapaWaaSbaaWqaa8qa % caaIYaaapaqabaaaleqaaaaa!3A12! 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$${p_{C{O_2}}}$$ Total CO2 and pH.- 3.4 Oxygen Content, Capacity and Percentage Saturation.- 3.5 Hemoglobin Affinity for Oxygen and Diphosphoglycerate.- 3.5.1 Effect of Change in % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCamaaBa % aaleaacaWGpbWaaSbaaWqaaiaaikdaaeqaaaWcbeaaaaa!38DD! $${p_{{O_2}}}$$.- 3.5.2 Effect of Exercise.- 3.5.3 Shift of P50 by Drugs.- 3.5.4 Control of DPG Concentration.- 3.5.5 Stored Blood.- 3.5.6 Other factors Affecting the Shift of the Oxygen Dissociation Curve.- 3.5.7 Methods for Obtaining P50 from the Oxygen Saturation Curve.- 3.6 Selected Reading-Partial Pressures % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCamaaBa % aaleaacaWGpbWaaSbaaWqaaiaaikdaaeqaaaWcbeaaaaa!38DD! $${p_{{O_2}}}$$ and % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaaeaaaaaaaaa8 % qacaWGWbWdamaaBaaaleaapeGaam4qaiaad+eapaWaaSbaaWqaa8qa % caaIYaaapaqabaaaleqaaaaa!3A12! $${p_{C{O_2}}}$$.- 3.7 Blood and Alveolar % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaaeaaaaaaaaa8 % qacaWGWbWdamaaBaaaleaapeGaam4qaiaad+eapaWaaSbaaWqaa8qa % caaIYaaapaqabaaaleqaaaaa!3A12! $${p_{C{O_2}}}$$ and % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCamaaBa % aaleaacaWGpbWaaSbaaWqaaiaaikdaaeqaaaWcbeaaaaa!38DD! $${p_{{O_2}}}$$.- 3.8 Relationship Between Alveolar and Blood % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaaeaaaaaaaaa8 % qacaWGWbWdamaaBaaaleaapeGaam4qaiaad+eapaWaaSbaaWqaa8qa % caaIYaaapaqabaaaleqaaaaa!3A12! $${p_{C{O_2}}}$$ and % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCamaaBa % aaleaacaWGpbWaaSbaaWqaaiaaikdaaeqaaaWcbeaaaaa!38DD! $${p_{{O_2}}}$$.- 3.9 Effect of Decreased Blood Flow to the Lungs on % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCamaaBa % aaleaacaWGpbWaaSbaaWqaaiaaikdaaeqaaaWcbeaaaaa!38DD! $${p_{{O_2}}}$$ and % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaaeaaaaaaaaa8 % qacaWGWbWdamaaBaaaleaapeGaam4qaiaad+eapaWaaSbaaWqaa8qa % caaIYaaapaqabaaaleqaaaaa!3A12! $${p_{C{O_2}}}$$.- 3.10 Effect of Decreased Ventilation on % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaaeaaaaaaaaa8 % qacaWGWbWdamaaBaaaleaapeGaam4qaiaad+eapaWaaSbaaWqaa8qa % caaIYaaapaqabaaaleqaaaaa!3A12! $${p_{C{O_2}}}$$ and % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCamaaBa % aaleaacaWGpbWaaSbaaWqaaiaaikdaaeqaaaWcbeaaaaa!38DD! $${p_{{O_2}}}$$.- 3.11 Shunt Effects.- 3.12 Recapitulation.- 3.13 Selected Reading-Blood and Alveolar % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaaeaaaaaaaaa8 % qacaWGWbWdamaaBaaaleaapeGaam4qaiaad+eapaWaaSbaaWqaa8qa % caaIYaaapaqabaaaleqaaaaa!3A12! $${p_{C{O_2}}}$$ and % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCamaaBa % aaleaacaWGpbWaaSbaaWqaaiaaikdaaeqaaaWcbeaaaaa!38DD! $${p_{{O_2}}}$$.- 3.14 References.- 4 Maintenance of Constant pH in the Human.- 4.1 The Lungs.- 4.2 The Hemoglobin-Oxyhemoglobin System.- 4.3 The Bicarbonate System.- 4.4 Protein as a Buffer.- 4.5 Phosphate Buffer.- 4.6 Chloride Shift.- 4.7 Isohydric Shift.- 4.8 Organic Acids.- 4.9 Carbonic Anhydrase.- 4.10 Recapitulation.- 4.11 Selected Reading-Maintenance of Constant pH in the Human.- 4.12 References.- 5 Maintenance of Constant Osmotic Pressure in Body Fluids.- 5.1 Definition and Units of Osmotic Pressure.- 5.2 Body Water.- 5.3 Maintenance of Osmotic Balance Between Intravascular and Interstitial Fluid.- 5.4 Variation in Extracellular Fluid Volume in Defense of Intracellular Osmotic Pressure.- 5.5 Mechanisms for Maintaining Constant Volume and Osmotic Pressure.- 5.5.1 Stretch Receptors.- 5.5.2 Osmoreceptors.- 5.5.3 Other Mechanisms for Maintaining Constant Volume and Osmotic Pressure in the Extracellular Fluid.- 5.6 Recapitulation.- 5.7 Selected Reading-Constant Osmotic Pressure and Body Fluids.- 5.8 References.- 6 Maintenance of Constant Ion Concentration in Body Fluids : Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Sodium and Chloride.- 6.3 Electrolyte Balance Between Bone and Extracellular Fluids.- 6.4 The "High Salt Syndrome".- 6.5 The "Low Salt Syndrome".- 6.6 Disparity between Sodium and Chloride Excretion.- 6.7 Potassium.- 6.8 Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia.- 6.9 Selected Reading-Maintenance of Constant Ion Concentration in Body Fluids: Sodium, Potassium and Chloride.- 6.10 References.- 7 Maintenance of Constant Ion Concentration in Body Fluids Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphate, and Sulfate.- 7.1 Plasma Calcium.- 7.2 Calcium Transport.- 7.3 Maintenance of Constant Serum Ca2+ Concentration.- 7.3.1 Parathormone.- 7.3.2 Calcitonin.- 7.3.3 Vitamin D.- 7.4 Other Factors Affecting Plasma Calcium Levels.- 7.4.1 Pituitary Extracts.- 7.4.2 Sugars.- 7.4.3 Effect of Amino Acids.- 7.5 Abnormal Serum Calcium Concentration.- 7.5.1 Hypercalcemia.- 7.5.2 Hypocalcemia.- 7.5.3 Magnesium Deficiency.- 7.6 Magnesium.- 7.7 Mechanisms Controlling Serum Phosphate Levels.- 7.8 Abnormal Serum Phosphate Levels.- 7.8.1 Hyperphosphatemia.- 7.8.2 Hypophosphatemia.- 7.9 Plasma Inorganic Sulfate.- 7.9.1 Sulfatase Transport.- 7.9.2 Sulfate Activity.- 7.9.3 Sulfate and Molybdenum.- 7.10 Recapitulation.- 7.11 Selected Reading-Maintenance of Constant Ion Concentration in Body Fluids: Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphate, and Sulfate.- 7.12 References.- 8 Mechanisms for Maintenance of a Steady State Between Plasma and Interstitial Fluid.- 8.1 The Capillary Bed.- 8.2 The Lymphatic System.- 8.2.1 Drainage.- 8.2.2 Absorption.- 8.2.3 Transport.- 8.3 Abnormal Distribution of Extracellular Fluid (Edema).- 8.4 Recapitulation.- 8.5 Selected Reading-Steady State Between Plasma and Interstitial Fluid; Lymph, Edema.- 8.6 References.- 9 Abnormal Blood pH (Acidosis and Alkalosis).- 9.1 Metabolic Acidosis.- 9.1.1 Calculation of Base Excess and Base Deficit.- 9.1.1.1 From Na+, K+, and Chloride Concentrations.- 9.1.1.2 From Bicarbonate Base Levels.- a. Method of Singer and Hastings.- b. Method of Hastings, Astrup and Siggaard-Andersen.- 9.1.2 Direct Calculation of Total Sodium Bicarbonate Required to Bring to Normal pH.- 9.2 Respiratory Acidosis.- 9.3 Metabolic Alkalosis.- 9.4 Respiratory Alkalosis.- 9.5 Recapitulation.- 9.6 Selected Reading-Abnormal Blood pH: Acidosis and Alkalosis.- 9.7 References.- 10 Fluid and Electrolyte Applications.- 10.1 Water Requirements.- 10.1.1 By Body Weight.- 10.1.2 Water Replacement.- 10.1.3 The Infant.- 10.1.4 Surface Area.- 10.1.5 By Caloric Expenditure.- 10.2 Recirculating Fluids.- 10.3 Maintenance Fluids.- 10.3.1 The Adult.- 10.3.2 Repair and Maintenance Solutions.- 10.4 Maintenance Fluids in Infants.- 10.5 Repair Solutions.- 10.5.1 To Correct Erythrocyte Deficit.- 10.5.2 To Correct Na, K, and Cl Deficit.- 10.5.3 To Correct Plasma Protein Deficit.- 10.5.4 Correction of Blood pH.- 10.5.4.1 Metabolic Acidosis.- 10.5.4.2 Metabolic Alkalosis.- 10.5.4.3 Respiratory Alkalosis and Acidosis.- 10.6 Recapitulation.- 10.7 Selected Reading-Fluid and Electrolyte Applications.- 10.8 References.- Section II The Kidney and Sweat Glands in Fluid and Electrolyte Balance.- 11 The Kidney.- 11.1 Kidney Function and Maintenance of the Steady State.- 11.2 Kidney Structure.- 11.3 Blood Flow to the Kidney.- 11.3.1 Filtration to Bowman's Capsule.- 11.3.2 Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR).- 11.4 Function of the Uriniferous Tubules (General Survey).- 11.4.1 The Proximal Tubule.- 11.4.2 The Loop of Henle.- 11.4.3 The Distal Convoluted Tubules.- 11.4.4 The Collecting Ducts.- 11.5 Mechanism for Urine Formation.- 11.5.1 Introduction.- 11.5.2 Proximal Tubule Reabsorption.- 11.5.2.1 The Osmotic Multiplier (Loop of Henle.- 11.5.2.2 The Countercurrent Osmotic Exchanger (Vasa Recta).- 11.5.2.3 The Osmotic Exchanger (Distal Tubules and Collecting Ducts).- 11.5.2.4 The Effect of Albumin Concentration in the Interstitium.- 11.6 The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus.- 11.7 Renal Potassium Excretion.- 11.8 Hydrogen Ion Excretion.- 11.8.1 Proximal Tubule.- 11.8.2 Ammonia Excretion.- 11.8.3 Carbonic Anhydrase.- 11.8.4 The Distal Tubule.- 11.8.5 Diuretics.- 11.9 Renal Function Tests.- 11.9.1 Urea Nitrogen.- 11.9.2 Nonprotein Nitrogen.- 11.9.3 Creatinine.- 11.9.4 Other Guanidino Compounds.- 11.9.5 Proteins in Urine.- 11.10 Procedures for the Renal Function Tests.- 11.10.1 Introduction.- 11.10.2 Renal Blood Flow (RBF) and Renal Plasma (RPF).- 11.11 Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) (Creatinine and Urea Clearance).- 11.11.1 Clearance.- 11.11.2 Procedure (Creatinine or Urea Clearance).- 11.12 Calculations.- 11.13 The Proximal Tubule: Procedures for Measuring Its Function.- 11.13.1 Tubular Maximum Excretory Capacity (Tm).- 11.13.2 Tubular Maximum Reabsorption Capacity (Tm).- 11.13.3 Phenolsulfonephthalein (PSP) Dye Excretion Test.- 11.13.4 Tubular Phosphate Reabsorption (TRP).- 11.14 Distal Tubule: Procedures for Measuring its Function.- 11.14.1 The Urine Concentration Test.- 11.14.2 Titratable Acidity.- 11.14.3 Renal Acid Excretion Test.- 11.15 Other Kidney Function Tests.- 11.16 Laboratory Findings in Various Renal Diseases.- 11.16.1 Acute Glomerulonephritis.- 11.16.2 Chronic Glomerulonephritis.- 11.16.3 The Nephrotic Syndrome.- 11.16.4 Lipoid Nephrosis.- 11.16.5 Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis.- 11.16.6 Disseminated Lupus Erythematosus.- 11.16.7 Arteriolar Nephrosclerosis.- 11.16.8 Pyelonephritis.- 11.16.9 Amyloidosis.- 11.16.10 Neoplastic Disease of the Urinary Tract.- 11.16.11 Multiple Myeloma.- 11.17 Recapitulation.- 11.18 Selected Reading-Kidney in Water and Electrolyte Balance.- 11.19 References.- 12 The Sweat Glands.- 12.1 Function of the Exocrine (Eccrine )Sweat Glands.- 12.2 Structure of the Exocrine (Eccrine) Sweat Glands.- 12.3 Neurological Control of Sweating.- 12.4 Factors Involved in Determining the Volume and Composition of the Sweat.- 12.5 Excretion of Electrolytes in the Sweat Glands.- 12.6 Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis).- 12.7 Sweat and Cystic Fibrosis.- 12.8 Laboratory Test for Cystic Fibrosis.- 12.9 Nonprotein Nitrogen and Total Nitrogen Excretion.- 12.10 Selected Reading-Human Sweat.- 12.11 References.- Section III Appendix and Index.- Bibliography on Analytical Clinical Chemistry.- Derivation of Equation for Calculating Amount of Alkali to Bring to Normal pH.- Table A.5 Sample Calculations for Preparing Table 9.3.- Table A.6 Normal Range for Components of Major Importance in Fluid and Electrolyte Balance.
| Zusatzinfo | 16 black & white illustrations, biography |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Schulbuch / Wörterbuch |
| Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-306-35231-1 / 0306352311 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-306-35231-7 / 9780306352317 |
| Zustand | Neuware |
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