The Psychology of Sex and Gender
Routledge (Verlag)
978-0-205-39311-4 (ISBN)
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Preface
Introduction
Acknowledgments
Dedication
I. AN INTRODUCTION TO SEX AND GENDER
1. Why a Psychology of Sex and Gender?
Why a Psychology of Sex and Gender?
The Terminology of Sex and Gender
Introduction to the Psychology of Sex and Gender
Traditional Psychology and the Experience of Women
A Misrepresentation of Men?
Development of Women=s Studies and Men=s Studies
Women's Studies from a Psychological Perspective
Men's Studies from a Psychological Perspective
Personal Perspectives: Societal Expectations, the Family, and the Individual
Why Sex and Gender Studies?
Goals of Gender Studies
Academic goals
Social goals
Personal goals
Chapter Summary
Resources
Suggested Readings
Suggested Films
Other Resources
Research Project: Societal Expectations, the Family, and the Individual
Journaling
Self-Evaluation Sample Form
Discussion Questions
A Common Vocabulary
Notes and Comments
2. Methodological Considerations When Studying Sex and Gender
The Scientific Analysis of Sex and Gender
The Scientific Method
Approaches Commonly Used to Study of Sex and Gender
Experimental Approach
Naturalistic Observation
Case Study Approach
Survey and Interview Approach
Meta-analysis Approach
Considerations When Selecting A Research Design
Longitudinal Design
Cross-sectional Design
Cross-sequential Design
Data Analysis
Sex and Gender as Subject and Response Variables
Sex as a Subject Variable
Gender as a Subject Variable
Sex and Gender as Response Variables
Issues Related to a Global Research Approach
Issues Related to Social Analyses
Sex, Gender, and Culture: Issues with Generalizability
Personal Perspectives: A Lack of Multiculturalism in Education
Advantages of Incorporating a Global Perspective into our Research Programs
Avoiding Problems of Bias in Research: Diversity as a Continuing Issue
How Does Generalizability Relate to the Text?
Chapter Summary
Resources
Suggested Readings
Suggested Films
Research Project: Practical Issues Related to Research
Discussion Questions
A Common Vocabulary
Notes and Comments
3. Stereotypes, Mythology, Media Messages
Stereotyping As a Cognitive Strategy
Are Men and Women Fundamentally Different From Each Other?
Stereotyping as a Cognitive Strategy
Common Beliefs
Investigatory Project: Stereotypes
An Historical Overview of Stereotypes: Major Mythological Themes
Male as Powerful
Male as Normative
Female as Evil
Female as Giver of Life
Female as Sexual Being
Investigatory Project: Underlying Themes of Gender Stereotypes
How the Study of Myths Relates to Gender Studies
Manifestation of Mythological Themes Related to Females
Manifestation of Mythological Themes Related to Males
Modern-Day Myths as Reflected by the Media
Representations of Boys and Men
Representations of Girls and Women
A Market-Based Explanation for Gender Stereotyping in the Media
Potential for the Internalization of Dominant Beliefs
Personal Perspectives: Do Stereotypes Influence Behavior?
Why Does Stereotyping in the Media Continue To Be So Pervasive?
Chapter Summary
Resources
Suggested Readings
Suggested Films
Other Resources
Investigatory Project: Self-fulfilling Prophecies
Discussion Questions
A Common Vocabulary
Notes and Comments
II. THEORETICAL EXPLANATIONS FOR THE ACQUISITION OF A GENDER IDENTITY
4. Theoretial Explanations for Gender Identity: Biological through Neo-Freudian Perpsectives
What is a Theory?
Hallmarks of a Good Theory
Development of a Theory
The Biological Perspective
The Processes of Sex Determination and Sex Differentiation
Sex-Linked Traits and Disorders
Evidence for the Contribution of Genetic Material to Sex Determination and Sex Differentiation
Evidence for Hormonal Mediation of Sex Differentiation
The Role of Hormones on Cognitive Tasks
Research Report: Sex Differentiation of Cognitive Abilities
Evidence from Animal Models of the Biological Basis for Aggressive Behavior
A Sociobiological Perspective
A Critical Analysis of Biological Theory
Freudian Psychoanalytic Perspective
A Profile: Sigmund Freud
Freud's Concept of the Psyche
Freud and the Male Oedipal Complex
Freud and the Female as a Castrated Male
The Social Identification Process and Development of the Superego
Fixation at the Phallic Stage of Psychosexual Development
A Critical Analysis of Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory
NeoFreudian Contributions to the Psychoanalytic Perspective
A Psychology of Women: Helene Deutsch
Psychosocial Theory: Erik Erikson
Object Relations Theory: Margaret Mahler and Nancy Chodorow
Commonalities of Psychoanalytic and Object Relations Theories
A Critical Analysis of NeoFreudian Psychoanalytic Theory and Object Relations Theory
Chapter Summary
Resources for
Suggested Readings
Suggested Films
Other Resources
Discussion Questions
A Common Vocabulary
Notes and Comment
5. Theoretical Explanations for Gender Identity: Cognitive through Environmental Perspectives
Cognitive Perspectives
Cognitive Developmental Theory: Lawrence Kohlberg
Cognitive development: Jean Piaget
Piaget's stages
Assumptions of Cognitive Developmentalists
Gender Schema Theory: Sandra Bem
A Critical Analysis of Kohlberg’s Developmental Theory and Bem’s Gender Schema Theory
Moral Reasoning: Are There Developmental Patterns Related to Gender?
Investigatory Report: Moral Reasoning
Gender Differences in the Development of Moral Reasoning According to Lawrence Kohlberg
Biographical Sketch: Lawrence Kohlberg
Socialization and Moral Reasoning According to Carol Gilligan
Biographical Sketch: Carol Gilligan
Environmental Perspectives
Operant Conditioning Theory: B. F. Skinner
Social Learning Theory: John Dollard, Neal Miller, Walter Mischel, and Albert Bandura
Research Report: Gender Differences in Modeling
Broader Social Influences
Investigatory Project: Social Influences and Symbolism
A Critical Analysis of Learning Theories
Theory and the Acquisition of Gender Identityand Sex Typing
Chapter Summary
Resources
Suggested Readings
Suggested Films
Other Resources
Investigatory Project: Morality and the Law
Discussion Questions
A Common Vocabulary
Notes and Comments
III. A DEVELOPMENTAL OVERVIEW OF SEX AND GENDER
6. A Developmental Overview: Prenatal Development through Childhood
An Overview of Development
Key Developmental Principles Relevant to the Study of Sex and Gender
Prenatal Development
Developmental beginnings: Chromosomal Sex
Developmental beginnings: Gonadal Sex
Developmental Beginnings: Hormonal Sex
Child Development in the Physical Domain
Neural Development
Physical Growth
Motor Development
Activity Patterns
Child Development in the Cognitive Domain
Sensation and Perception
Tactile sensitivity
Taste
Olfaction
Vision
Audition
Early Social Perceptions
Language Development
Child Development in the Socioemotional Domain
Social Attachments
Biographical Sketch: Mary D. Salter Ainsworth
Modern Family Structure
Sex, Gender, and Play
Experiment 1: Peer Preference
Chapter Summary
Resources
Suggested Readings
Suggested Films
Other Resources
Classroom Activity
Doll and Parrots: Nurturing as a "Girl Thing"
Mom, where=s the coffee and bread?
Discussion Questions
A Common Vocabulary
Notes and comments
7. Topics in Childhood
Attachment
Developmental Outcomes Related to the Nature of Attachment Style
Student Assignment Excerpt: Bullies and Victims
Self-esteem and Identity Development
The Nature and Causes of Child Abuse
Investigatory Project: Child Abuse Worldwide and Intervention
The Consequences of Child Abuse
Play
Play, Gender, and Social Relationships
Investigative Project: Learning From Schoolchildren
Experiment 1: Gender Labels and Play Styles
A Biological Perspective of Play
Experiment 2: Play and Peer Sex Discrimination (Bower, 1989)
Psychoanalytic and Object Relations Perspectives of Play
A Cognitive Developmental Explanation for Play
Gender Schema Theory and Play
Social Learning Theory, Operant Theory and Play
Early Education
Educational Opportunities from a Systems Perspective
Developmental Disabilities
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (ADHD) and Schooling
Personal Perspectives: ADHD and Development
Creativity and Gender
Creative Writing
Childrens’ Artwork
Investigatory Project: Art and Gender
Chapter Summary
Resources
Suggested Readings
Suggested Films
Other Resources
Discussion Questions
A Common Vocabulary
Notes and Comments
8. A Developmental Overview: Adolescence and Young Adulthood
History of Adolescent Psychology
Adolescence: Stage or Transition?
Biographical Sketches: Granville Stanley Hall and Erik Homberger Erikson
Adolescent Physical Development
Development of Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics
Female Maturation
Psychological experience of adolescent girls
Male Maturation
Psychological experience of adolescent boys
Individual Differences in Physical Development
Personal Perspectives: Rate of Maturation
Adolescent Cognitive Development
A Piagetian View of Adolescent Cognitive Development
Education
School adjustment
Academic attitudes and choices
Journal Excerpt: A Young Woman’s Experience with Math
Academic performance and self-esteem
Adolescent Socioemotional Development
Family Relationships
Peer Relationships
School as a social setting: An intervention
Investigatory Project: The Influence of Educational Settings on Gender Stereotypes
Development of intimate relationships
Identity and sexual orientation
Personal Perspective: Coming Out
Personal Perspective: Bisexual Orientation
Personal Perspectives: Negative Outcomes Related to Sexual Orientation
Function of Dating
Personal Perspectives: Cross-Cultural Issues and Dating
Personal Perspective: Homosexual Teens and Dating
Chapter Summary
Resources
Suggested Readings
Suggested Films
Discussion Questions
A Common Vocabulary
Notes and Comments
9. Topics in Adolescence and Young Adulthood
Adolescents, Young Adults, and Sexuality
Personal Perspective: Sexual Activity and Education
Developing Sexual Attitudes
Gender and Sexual Attitudes
Religion, Sexual Attitudes, and Behavior
Sexual Behavior: Autoerotic Activities
Personal Perspectives: Autoerotic Activities
Sexual Behavior: Intercourse
Cultural Diversity and Sexual Behavior
Potential Consequences of Early Sexual Activity
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Contraceptive Use
Early Parenthood
Family and Cultural Values
Sex Education
Sex Education Programs in the Schools
Book excerpt: Developing Refusal Skills
Other Sources of Sex Education
Physical and Psychological Health
Externalization of Conflict: Juvenile Delinquency
Conflict, aggression, and gender
Student Paper Excerpt: Bullying
Investigatory Project: Troubled Teens
Relational conflict
Internalization of Conflict: Suicide and Eating Disorders
Suicide
Investigatory Report: Suicide and Young Adolescents
Eating disorders and body image
Personal Perspectives: Eating Disorders, Self-image, and Body Image
Chapter Summary
Resources
Suggested Readings
Suggested Films
Other Resources
Research Project: A Social Function for Religion
Discussion Questions
Investigatory Project: Eating Disorders
A Common Vocabulary
Notes and Comments
10. A Developmental Overview: Adulthood
Adult Development in the Physical Domain
General Physical Decline
Age-Related Weight Changes
Structural Changes
The Sexual-Reproductive System
Hormonal Cycling in Females
Cognitive correlates of the menstrual cycle
Premenstrual syndrome/premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Definitional issues
Methodological issues
Interventions
Hormonal Fluctuations in Males
Middle Age and Reproductive Changes
Menopause
Is there male menopause?
Aging and the prostate gland
Breast and ovarian cancer
Sexuality and the Later Adult Years
Sexual activity and the elderly
Sexual orientation
Adult Development in the Cognitive Domain
Adult Sensation and Perception
Olfaction
Taste
Audition
Vision
Touch
Visuospatial and Verbal Abilities
Spatial skills and visuospatial abilities
Verbal abilities
Lateralization of Cognitive Function
Patterns of Cognitive Change
Adult Development in the Social Domain
Homosexuality
Falling in Love
What do Adults Look For in a Relationship?
Characteristics of Single Adults
Characteristics of Divorced and Widowed Singles
Characteristics of Cohabiting and Married Couples
Decision-Making and Influence Strategies in Relationships
Reactions to Relationship Dissolution
Personal Perspective: The End of a Marriage
Chapter Summary
Resources for Students and Instructors
Suggested Readings
Suggested Films
Other Resources
Discussion Questions
A Common Vocabulary
Notes and Comments
11. Current Topics in Adulthood
Health
Reproductive Complications
Infertility
Sexual dysfunction
Sexually transmitted diseases and the elderly
Psychiatric Problems
Borderline and narcissistic personality disorders
Depression
Excerpt from student paper: Suicide and the Elderly
Anorexia nervosa and the elderly
Healthcare Policy and Gender
Communication
Verbal Communication: Production and Comprehension
Communication Strategies in Relationships
Verbal
Nonverbal
Relationships
Intimate Relationships
Personal factors
Relational factors
Cultural factors
An eclectic explanation
Personal Perspectives: Gender Role Specialization
Parenting: Stability or Change in Gender Roles?
Biological basis for parenting
An object relations perspective
Point and counterpoint
Occupation
Division of Labor in the Home
Labor Outside of the Home
Chapter Summary
Resources
Suggested Readings
Suggested Films
Other Resources
Investigatory Projects
Discussion Questions
A Common Vocabulary
Notes and Comments
Glossary
References
Author Index
Subject Index
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 11.5.2006 |
|---|---|
| Verlagsort | New York |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Maße | 236 x 177 mm |
| Gewicht | 930 g |
| Themenwelt | Schulbuch / Wörterbuch |
| Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie ► Sexualität / Partnerschaft | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-205-39311-X / 020539311X |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-205-39311-4 / 9780205393114 |
| Zustand | Neuware |
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