Materials Handbook (eBook)

A Concise Desktop Reference

Francois Cardarelli (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2008 | 2nd ed. 2008
LXXVI, 1339 Seiten
Springer London (Verlag)
978-1-84628-669-8 (ISBN)

Infos

This unique and practical book provides quick and easy access to data on the physical and chemical properties of all classes of materials. The second edition has been much expanded to include whole new families of materials while many of the existing families are broadened and refined with new material and up-to-date information. Particular emphasis is placed on the properties of common industrial materials in each class. Detailed appendices provide additional information, and careful indexing and a tabular format make the data quickly accessible. This book is an essential tool for any practitioner or academic working in materials or in engineering.

François Cardarelli has had wide-ranging commercial and industrial experience of materials, commodities and processes:

• at CNRS in Paris he designed and used electrochemical sensors for pollution control;

• as a research scientist at Électricité de France he helped to invent methods of preparation of industrial titanium and tantalum electrodes;

• as a registered professional consultant in Toulouse, he solved problems in electrochemical engineering, the selection of electrode materials, corrosion and high-temperature operation;

• at the Avestor Corporation, he worked as an industrial electrochemist and materials expert in charge of strategic raw materials, scientific and technical support for lithium processing and, as Battery Product Leader, in charge of lithium polymer batteries for electric vehicles, down-hole drilling anf telecommunications he defined battery requirements and specifications and invented pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processing for spent lithium batteries;

• at Rio Tinto Iron and Titanium, he was principal chemist for Materials at Sorel-Tracy in Quebéc dealing with valorization processes for industrial residues and refactory benchmarking and electrowinning of metallic titanium.

• at the Material and Electrochemical Research (MER) Corp., Tucson (Arizona, USA) he was principal electrochemist working on the electrowinning of titanium metal powder from composite anodes and other materials-related projects.

• following a period as Manager of Recycling at 5NPlus Inc in Saint-Laurent Quebéc he has started his own company, Electrochem Technologies & Materials, providing professional services and promoting his own patented electrochemical technologies on a commercial basis.

Doctor Cardarelli is also the author of Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures for Springer (ISBN: 1-85233-682-X).

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Despite the wide availability of several comprehensive series in materials sciences and metallurgy, it is difficult to find grouped properties either on metals and alloys, traditional and advanced ceramics, refractories, polymers and elastomers, composites, m- erals and rocks, soils, woods, cement, and building materials in a single-volume source book. Actually, the purpose of this practical and concise reference book is to provide key scientific and technical materials properties and data to materials scientists, metallurgists, engineers, chemists, and physicists as well as to professors, technicians, and students wo- ing in a broad range of scientific and technical fields. The classes of materials described in this handbook are as follows: (i) metals and their alloys; (ii) semiconductors; (iii) superconductors; (iv) magnetic materials; (v) dielectrics and insulators; (vi) miscellaneous electrical materials (e.g., resistors, ther- couples, and industrial electrode materials); (vii) ceramics, refractories, and glasses; (viii) polymers and elastomers; (ix) minerals, ores, and gemstones; (x) rocks and meteorites; (xi) soils and fertilizers; (xii) timbers and woods; (xiii) cement and concrete; (xiv) building materials; (xv) fuels, propellants, and explosives; xxxviii Introduction (xvi) composites; (xvii) gases; (xviii) liquids.

Inhalt

Dedication for the First Edition 6
Dedication for the Second Edition 6
Acknowledgements for the First Edition 7
Acknowledgements for the Second Edition 7
Units Policy 8
Author Biography 8
Contents 10
Introduction 37
Properties of Materials 39
1.1 Physical Properties 39
1.2 Mechanical Properties 44
1.3 Acoustical Properties 61
1.4 Thermal Properties 63
1.5 Optical Properties 70
1.6 Other Properties 85
1.7 Fundamental Constants 88
1.8 Conversion Factors 90
1.9 Further Reading 92
Ferrous Metals and Their Alloys 97
2.1 Iron and Steels 97
2.2 Nickel and Nickel Alloys 162
2.3 Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys 179
2.4 Manganese and Manganese-Based Alloys 187
Common Nonferrous Metals 197
3.1 Introduction 197
3.2 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 197
3.3 Copper and Copper Alloys 217
3.4 Zinc and Zinc Alloys 225
3.5 Lead and Lead Alloys 234
3.6 Tin and Tin Alloys 242
3.7 Low-Melting-Point or Fusible Alloys 247
Less Common Nonferrous Metals 251
4.1 Alkali Metals 251
4.2 Alkaline-Earth Metals 281
4.3 Refractory Metals 304
4.4 Noble and Precious Metals 431
4.5 Platinum-Group Metals 445
4.6 Rare-Earth Metals 460
4.7 Uranides 474
Semiconductors 493
5.1 Band Theory of Bonding in Crystalline Solids 493
5.2 Electrical Classification of Solids 494
5.3 Semiconductor Classes 495
5.4 Concentrations of Charge Carriers 498
5.5 Transport Properties 499
5.6 Physical Properties of Semiconductors 501
5.7 Industrial Applications and Uses 501
5.8 Common Semiconductors 501
5.9 Semiconductor Wafer Processing 509
5.10 The P-N Junction 513
5.11 Further Reading 513
Superconductors 515
6.1 Description and General Properties 515
6.2 Superconductor Types 516
6.3 Basic Theory 520
6.4 Meissner–Ochsenfeld Effect 521
6.5 History 521
6.6 Industrial Applications and Uses 523
6.7 Further Reading 523
Magnetic Materials 525
7.1 Magnetic Physical Quantities 525
7.2 Classification of Magnetic Materials 536
7.3 Ferromagnetic Materials 542
7.4 Industrial Applications of Magnetic Materials 554
7.5 Further Reading 554
Insulators and Dielectrics 557
8.1 Physical Quantities of Dielectrics 557
8.2 Physical Properties of Insulators 564
8.3 Dielectric Behavior 568
8.4 Dielectric Breakdown Mechanisms 570
8.5 Electrostriction 571
8.6 Piezoelectricity 572
8.7 Ferroelectrics 572
8.8 Aging of Ferroelectrics 576
8.9 Classification of Industrial Dielectrics 576
8.10 Selected Properties of Insulators and Dielectric Materials 577
8.11 Further Reading 580
Miscellaneous Electrical Materials 581
9.1 Thermocouple Materials 581
9.2 Resistors and Thermistors 586
9.3 Electron-emitting Materials 590
9.4 Photocathode Materials 591
9.5 Secondary Emission 592
9.6 Electrolytes 593
9.7 Electrode Materials 594
9.8 Electrochemical Galvanic Series 628
Ceramics, Refractories, and Glasses 631
10.1 Introduction and Definitions 631
10.2 Raw Materials for Ceramics, Refractories and Glasses 632
10.3 Traditional Ceramics 667
10.4 Refractories 668
10.5 Advanced Ceramics 673
10.6 Standards for Testing Refractories 681
10.7 Properties of Pure Ceramics ( Borides, Carbides, Nitrides, Silicides, and Oxides) 685
10.8 Further Reading 708
10.9 Glasses 709
10.10 Proppants 715
Polymers and Elastomers 729
11.1 Fundamentals and Definitions 729
11.2 Properties and Characteristics of Polymers 732
11.3 Classification of Plastics and Elastomers 735
11.4 Thermoplastics 735
11.5 Thermosets 751
11.6 Rubbers and Elastomers 753
11.7 Physical Properties of Polymers 758
11.8 Gas Permeability of Polymers 772
11.9 Chemical Resistance of Polymers 772
11.10 IUPAC Acronyms of Polymers and Elastomers 783
11.11 Economic Data on Polymers and Related Chemical Intermediates 784
11.12 Further Reading 788
Minerals, Ores and Gemstones 789
12.1 Definitions 789
12.2 Mineralogical, Physical and Chemical Properties 794
12.3 Strunz Classification of Minerals 815
12.4 Dana’s Classification of Minerals 817
12.5 Gemstones 819
12.6 IMA Acronyms of Rock-forming Minerals 836
12.7 Mineral and Gemstone Properties Table 838
12.8 Mineral Synonyms 906
12.9 Further Reading 916
Rocks and Meteorites 923
13.1 Introduction 923
13.2 Structure of the Earth’s Interior 924
13.3 Different Type of Rocks 927
13.4 Igneous Rocks 928
13.5 Sedimentary Rocks 942
13.6 Metamorphic Rocks 948
13.7 Ice 950
13.8 Meteorites 952
13.9 Properties of Common Rocks 959
13.10 Further Reading 963
Soils and Fertilizers 965
14.1 Introduction 965
14.2 History 966
14.3 Pedogenesis 967
14.4 Soil Morphology 969
14.5 Soil Properties 974
14.6 Soil Taxonomy 983
14.7 Soil Identification 995
14.8 ISO and ASTM Standards 996
14.9 Physical Properties of Common Soils 999
14.10 Fertilizers 999
14.11 Further Reading 1004
Cements, Concrete, Building Stones and Construction Materials 1005
15.1 Introduction 1005
15.2 Portland Cement 1006
15.3 Aggregates 1012
15.4 Mineral Admixtures 1014
15.5 Mortars and Concrete 1014
15.6 Ceramics for Construction 1016
15.7 Building Stones 1017
15.8 Further Reading 1019
Timbers and Woods 1021
16.1 General Description 1021
16.2 Properties of Woods 1023
16.3 Properties of Hardwoods and Softwoods 1028
16.4 Applications 1035
16.5 Wood Performance in Various Corrosives 1035
16.6 Further Reading 1036
Fuels, Propellants and Explosives 1037
17.1 Introduction and Classification 1037
17.2 Combustion Characteristics 1037
17.3 Solid Fuels: Coals and Cokes 1042
17.4 Liquid Fuels 1046
17.5 Gaseous Fuels 1047
17.6 Prices of Common Fuels 1049
17.7 Propellants 1049
17.8 Explosives 1053
17.9 Further Reading 1056
Composite Materials 1057
18.1 Definitions 1057
18.2 Properties of Composites 1059
18.3 Fabrication Processes for Monofilaments 1062
18.4 Reinforcement Materials 1063
18.5 Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs) 1067
18.6 Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) 1069
18.7 Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) 1071
18.8 Carbon–Carbon Composites (CCs) 1072
18.9 Further Reading 1073
Gases 1075
19.1 Properties of Gases 1075
19.2 Physico–Chemical Properties of Major Gases 1102
19.3 Monographies on Major Industrial Gases 1112
19.4 Halocarbons 1131
19.5 Hydrates of Gases and Clathrates 1132
19.6 Materials for Drying and Purifying Gases 1133
19.7 Producers and Manufacturers of Major Industrial Gases 1138
19.8 Further Reading 1139
Liquids 1141
20.1 Properties of Liquids 1141
20.2 Properties of Most Common Liquids 1159
20.3 Monographies on Liquids 1159
20.4 Properties of Liquid Metals 1213
20.5 Properties of Molten Salts 1215
20.6 Properties of Heat Transfer Fluids 1216
20.7 Colloidal and Dispersed Systems 1218
20.8 Further Reading 1218
Background Data for the Chemical Elements 1219
A.1 Periodic Chart of the Elements 1219
A.2 Historical Names of the Chemical Elements 1219
A.3 UNS Standard Alphabetical Designation 1219
A.4 Names of Transfermium Elements 101–110 1222
A.5 Selected Physical Properties of the Elements 1223
A.6 Geochemical Classification of the Elements 1223
NIST Thermochemical Data for Pure Substances 1233
Natural Radioactivity and Radionuclides 1239
C.1 Introduction 1239
C.2 Mononuclidic Elements 1240
C.3 Nuclear Decay Series 1240
C.4 Non-Series Primordial Radionuclides 1243
C.5 Cosmogenic Radionuclides 1244
C.6 NORM and TENORM 1244
C.7 Activity Calculations 1245
Crystallography and Crystallochemistry 1247
D.1 Direct Space Lattice Parameters 1247
D.2 Symmetry Elements 1248
D.3 The Seven Crystal Systems 1249
D.4 Conversion of a Rhombohedral to a Hexagonal Lattice 1249
D.5 The 14 Bravais Space Lattices 1249
D.6 Characteristics of Close-Packed Arrangements 1249
D.7 The 32 Classes of Symmetry 1250
D.8 Strukturbericht Structures 1253
D.9 The 230 Space Groups 1259
D.10 Crystallographic Calculations 1266
D.11 Interplanar Spacing 1269
D.12 Reciprocal Lattice Unit Cell 1270
Transparent Materials for Optical Windows 1271
Corrosion Resistance of Materials Towards Various Corrosive Media 1275
Economic Data for Metals, Industrial Minerals and Electricity 1283
G.1 Prices of Pure Elements 1283
G.2 World Annual Production of Commodities 1286
G.3 Economic Data for Industrial Minerals 1287
G.4 Prices of Electricity in Various Countries 1292
Geological Time Scale 1293
Materials Societies 1295
Bibliography 1307
1 General Desk References 1307
2 Dictionaries and Encyclopedias 1310
3 Comprehensive Series in Material Sciences 1310
Index 1315

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 19.3.2008
• Zusatzinfo: LXXVI, 1339 p.
• Verlagsort: London
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Schulbuch / Wörterbuch ► Lexikon / Chroniken
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: Aluminium • Ceramics • chemical engineering • Civil Engineering • Composites • Data • Electronic Engineering • Emission • Ferrous Metals • gases • Glass • liquid • Liquids • Material Science • mechanical engineering • Metallurgy • Nonferrous Metals • Plastics • Polymer • Polymers • semiconductors • superconductors • Uran • Wood
• ISBN-10: 1-84628-669-7 / 1846286697
• ISBN-13: 978-1-84628-669-8 / 9781846286698