Gender Equality in the Workplace (eBook)

Macro and Micro Perspectives on the Status of Highly Educated Women

Nina Pološki Vokić, Alka Obadić, Dubravka Sinčić Ćorić (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2019 | 1st ed. 2019
XXI, 187 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-030-18861-0 (ISBN)

Infos

Focusing on the status of highly educated women in the workplace, this book examines how a particular demographic and workforce group can help to close the gender pay gap worldwide. Despite contributing to the substantial fall of differentials between men and women on a global scale, the demographic of highly educated women is rarely explored in terms of its impact on gender equality. Drawing on both macro- and micro-level perspectives, this book analyses the theory behind gender segregation and initiatives for women's inclusion, as well as offering empirical accounts of women's experiences in the workplace. The authors have written a timely and valuable book that will appeal to both researchers of diversity and inclusion in the workplace, but also policy-makers and practitioners involved in HR.

Nina Pološki Voki? is Professor of Management and HRM in the Faculty of Economics and Business at the University of Zagreb, Croatia. She is also a Guest Professor at WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Austria, and has written and edited a number of books, chapters and journal articles.

Alka Obadi? is Professor of Economics in the Faculty of Economics and Business at the University of Zagreb, Croatia, and Visiting Professor at the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Teaching and researching macroeconomics, the Croatian economy, employment policies, clusters and competitiveness, Alka is co-author of a number of university textbooks, monographs and journal articles.

Dubravka Sin?i? ?ori? is Professor of Marketing, Marketing Management and Business-to-Business Marketing in the Faculty of Economics and Business at the University of Zagreb, Croatia. She has co-authored 3 textbooks and over 50 articles and papers. 

Inhalt

Foreword 5
Acknowledgements 8
Contents 9
List of Figures 14
List of Tables 16
Chapter 1: Introduction 19
References 22
Chapter 2: Gender Inequality: General Areas of Gender Segregation 24
2.1 Introduction 24
2.2 Essentialist Gender Segregation 25
2.2.1 Biological and Psychological Differences between Genders 25
2.2.2 Supply-Side Gender Essentialism 26
2.2.3 Gender Role Socialisation 27
2.2.4 Demand-Side Gender Essentialism 29
2.2.5 The Asymmetric Change in the Gender-Essentialist System 29
2.2.6 Care Burden—The Key Factor Explaining Gender-Essentialist Segregation 30
2.3 Educational Gender Segregation 31
2.3.1 Educational Attainment of Women 31
2.3.2 Female Education Fields 33
2.3.3 Training and Development Investments in Women 34
2.4 Employment Gender Segregation 35
2.4.1 Traditional Gendered Division of Labour 35
2.4.2 Specific Characteristics of Women’s Employment 37
2.5 Occupational (Horizontal) Gender Segregation 38
2.5.1 ‘Background’ of Occupational Gender Segregation 38
2.5.2 Female Occupational Profile 39
2.5.3 Women’s Potential According to the Tournament and Queuing Occupational Theory 40
2.5.4 Women-Friendly Jobs 41
2.6 Hierarchical (Vertical) Gender Segregation 41
2.6.1 The Background of Hierarchical Gender Segregation 41
2.6.2 The Presence of Gendered Hierarchies in Organisations 42
2.6.3 Women in ‘Executive Suits’ 43
2.7 Gender Pay Segregation 44
2.7.1 The Origin of the Gender Pay Gap 44
2.7.2 The Size of the Gender Pay Gap 45
2.7.3 Women and Low-Paying Jobs and Industries 46
2.7.4 Pay Differentials between ‘Male’ and ‘Female’ Jobs 47
References 48
Chapter 3: Gender Inequality: Specific Areas of Gender Segregation 54
3.1 Introduction 54
3.2 Gender Segregation in Politics 55
3.2.1 The Presence of Women in Politics 55
3.2.2 Gender Quotas in Politics 57
3.2.3 Interests of Female Politicians 58
3.3 Gender Segregation in Entrepreneurship 58
3.3.1 The Status, Characteristics and Benefits of Female Entrepreneurship 58
3.3.2 Obstacles to Female Entrepreneurship and Ways of Overcoming Them 59
3.4 Gender Segregation in STEM 60
3.4.1 The Absence of Female Representation in STEM Education 60
3.4.2 The Absence of Women from STEM Careers 63
3.4.3 Encouraging Girls and Women to Choose STEM 64
3.5 Gender Segregation in Communist and Post-communist Economies 70
3.5.1 Women’s Status in Communist Countries 70
3.5.2 A New Reality for Women in Post-communist Countries 72
References 73
Chapter 4: The Consequences of Gender Segregation in the Contemporary Work Environment: Barriers to Women’s Employment, Development and Advancement 78
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 Social Obstacles to Women’s Career Development 79
4.3 Organisational Obstacles to Women’s Career Development 81
4.4 Personal Obstacles to Women’s Career Development 85
References 89
Chapter 5: Gender Equality Initiatives and Their Benefits 91
5.1 Introduction 92
5.2 Inclusion Initiatives for Women 92
5.2.1 Five Groups of Inclusion Initiatives for Women 92
5.2.2 Society-Level Inclusion Initiatives for Women 94
5.2.3 State-Level Inclusion Initiatives for Women 94
5.2.4 Organisational-Level Inclusion Initiatives for Women 100
5.2.5 Household-Level Inclusion Initiatives for Women 108
5.2.6 Individual-Level Inclusion Initiatives for Women 109
5.3 The Benefits of Women’s Inclusion 110
5.3.1 Social and Macroeconomic Benefits of Women’s Inclusion 110
5.3.2 Microeconomic Benefits of Women’s Inclusion 113
References 118
Chapter 6: Previous Findings about the (In)Equality of Highly Educated Women 121
6.1 Introduction 121
6.2 Essentialist Segregation of Highly Educated Women 123
6.3 Educational Segregation of Highly Educated Women 123
6.4 Employment Segregation of Highly Educated Women 124
6.5 Occupational Segregation of Highly Educated Women 125
6.6 Hierarchical Segregation of Highly Educated Women 126
6.7 Pay Segregation of Highly Educated Women 126
References 127
Chapter 7: Macro Perspectives on the Equality of Highly Educated Women: Focus on EU-28 130
7.1 Introduction 131
7.2 The Methodology of the Macro-level Analyses 131
7.3 Educational Segregation of Highly Educated Women in the EU-28 132
7.3.1 Tertiary Education Attainment of Highly Educated Women in the EU-28: Present Status and Trends 132
7.3.2 Horizontal Educational Segregation of Highly Educated Women in the EU-28 136
7.4 Employment Segregation of Highly Educated Women in the EU-28 141
7.4.1 Employment and Unemployment Trends of Highly Educated Women in the EU-28 141
7.4.2 Precarious Forms of Employment for Highly Educated Women in the EU-28 144
7.5 Occupational Segregation of Highly Educated Women in the EU-28 147
7.5.1 Typical Jobs of Highly Educated Women in the EU-28 147
7.5.2 Participation of Highly Educated Women in the EU-28 in Science and Technology Occupations 147
7.5.3 Participation of Highly Educated Women in Academia in the EU-28 151
7.6 Hierarchical Segregation of Highly Educated Women in the EU-28 153
7.6.1 Highly Educated Women as Managers in the EU Total Population 154
7.6.2 Highly Educated Female Managers in the Total EU Managerial Population 155
7.7 Pay Segregation of Highly Educated Women in the EU-28 156
7.7.1 The Decreasing Pay Segregation of Highly Educated Women in the EU-28 156
7.7.2 Unadjusted GPG Related to Highly Educated Women in the EU-28 157
7.7.3 Pay Segregation of Highly Educated Women in the EU-28 by Economic Activities 161
References 162
Chapter 8: Micro Perspectives on the Equality of Highly Educated Women: Their Perceptions of Career Development 165
8.1 Introduction 165
8.2 The Methodology of the Micro-level Analysis 166
8.3 Highly Educated Women’s Satisfaction with Their Careers 170
8.4 Personal Factors Influencing the Career Development of Highly Educated Women 172
8.5 Organisational Factors Influencing the Career Development of Highly Educated Women 175
8.6 Social Factors Influencing the Career Development of Highly Educated Women 181
8.7 Highly Educated Women’s Experiences of Gender Inequality 183
8.8 Circumstances Impacting the Career Development of Highly Educated Women 185
References 187
Chapter 9: Conclusion: Highly Educated Women and the Future of Equality 188
References 191
Index 192

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 27.6.2019
• Vorwort: Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović
• Zusatzinfo: XXI, 187 p. 29 illus.
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sachbuch/Ratgeber ► Beruf / Finanzen / Recht / Wirtschaft ► Bewerbung / Karriere
• Themenwelt: Wirtschaft ► Betriebswirtschaft / Management ► Personalwesen
• Themenwelt: Wirtschaft ► Betriebswirtschaft / Management ► Unternehmensführung / Management
• Schlagworte: EU-28 • Gender Pay Gap • Gender segregation • Human Resources • Pay Gap • women equality initiatives
• ISBN-10: 3-030-18861-2 / 3030188612
• ISBN-13: 978-3-030-18861-0 / 9783030188610