Control in Transportation Systems (eBook)

Proceedings of the 4th IFAC/IFIP/IFORS Conference, Baden-Baden, Federal Republic of Germany, 20-22 April 1983

D. Klamt, R. Lauber (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2014 | 1. Auflage
384 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4831-5766-5 (ISBN)

Infos

Control in Transportation Systems covers the proceedings of the Fourth International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC)/International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP)/International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS) Conference on Control in Transportation Systems. The book discusses papers that tackle applications, methodologies, and control problems of surface transportation systems. This text covers topics such as operation of ground transportation systems; availability and safety; and the impact of modeling on the operation of transportation systems. This selection also discusses self-tuning control of multilocomotive-powered long freight trains; fuzzy control for automatic train operation system; and energy optimal control in transportation systems. This book will be of great use to engineers especially those who specialize with transport systems.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Control in Transportation Systems 4
Copyright Page 5
4Th Ifac/Ifip/Ifors Conference Oncontrol In Transportation Systems 6
Preface 7
Table of Contents 8
CHAPTER 1. OPERATION OF GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: TRAFFIC CONTROL OF SUBWAYS 
12 
1. GENERAL CONCEPTS OF THE CARRIER 12
2. ORGANISING THE OPERATION 14
3. EXAMPLES 14
4. CONCLUSION 18
CHAPTER 2. AVAILABILITY AND SAFETY 20
AVAILABILITY 20
SAFETY 21
CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SAFE HIGH AVAILABILITY SYSTEMS 
23 
PROOF OF SAFETY 23
CONCLUSIONS 24
REFERENCES 25
CHAPTER 3. THE IMPACT OF MODELLING ON THE OPERATION OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 
26 
1. INTRODUCTION 26
2. MODELLING OF CONVENTIONAL OPERATIONS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 
27 
3. MODELLING OF COMPUTERIZED OPERATIONS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 
27 
4. A GENERAL MODEL FOR COMPUTERIZED OPERATION OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 
27 
5. SPECIFICATION OF COMPUTERIZED OPERATION 28
6. SKETCH OF THE NOMINAL STATE OF ON-DEMAND BUS SYSTEMS 
28 
7. MODEL FOR DATA TRANSMISSION ON MOBILE 
30 
8. THE IMPACT OF MODELLING ON THE DESIGN OF SYSTEMS FOR COMPUTERIZED OPERATION OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 
31 
9. POSITION DETERMINATION ALONG A TRACK AS A DESIGN EXAMPLE 
32 
CONCLUSIONS 33
CHAPTER 4. SELF-TUNING CONTROL OF MULTILOCOMOTIVE-POWERED LONG FREIGHT TRAINS 
36 
INTRODUCTION 36
TRAIN MODEL 37
SELF-TUNING REGULATORS 38
SIMULATION 39
CONCLUSION 41
REFERENCES 41
CHAPTER 5. FUZZY CONTROL FOR AUTOMATIC TRAIN OPERATION SYSTEM 
44 
INTRODUCTION 44
AUTOMATIC TRAIN OPERATION CONTROL AND MODELING 
44 
TRAIN OPERATION BY A HUMAN OPERATOR 
45 
FUZZY CONTROL 45
THE FUZZY CONTROLLED ATO 46
SIMULATION 47
CONCLUSIONS 47
REFERENCES 48
CHAPTER 6. THE LILLE UNDERGROUND–FIRST APPLICATION OF THE VAL SYSTEM 
52 
1. BACKGROUND 52
2. THE FUNDAMENTAL OPTIONS 52
3. THE TECHNOLOGY 53
4. SAFETY AND AVAILABILITY 55
5. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 56
6. EXPERIMENTAL OPERATION ON THE FIRST SECTION OF THE LINE 
56 
CONCLUSION 57
CHAPTER 7. DEMAND BUS SYSTEM FOR TSUKUBA SCIENCE CITY AND ITS SIMULATION STUDY 
58 
INTRODUCTION 58
THE DEMAND BUS SYSTEM FOR TSUKUBA SCIENCE CITY 
59 
SIMULATION MODEL 59
SIMULATION 60
RESULTS OF THE SIMULATION 61
DISCUSSION 63
CONCLUSIONS 65
REFERENCES 65
CHAPTER 8. DETERMINATION OF OPTIMAL PATH AND ALLOCATION OF DEMAND BUSES USING FUZZY HEURISTIC APPROACH 
66 
INTRODUCTION 66
CONNECTION MATRIX OF ROADS 67
GOALS, CONSTRAINTS AND FUZZY VARIABLES 68
OPTIMAL PATHS-NON FUZZY CASE 
69 
FUZZY HEURISTIC APPROACH- LEVEL 0 70
SIMPLE STOCHASTIC MODEL 71
FUZZY HEURISTIC APPROACH- LEVEL 1 71
REFERENCES 71
CHAPTER 9. OPTIMAL DISPATCHING CONTROL OF BUS LINES 
72 
INTRODUCTION 72
DISPATCHING CONTROL 73
OPTIMAL CONTROL 75
CONCLUSIONS 76
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 76
REFERENCES 76
CHAPTER 10. TWO STUDIES ON A COMPUTER AIDED TRAIN SCHEDULE ADJUSTMENT 
78 
PART 1: NETWORK REPRESENTATION OF THE TRAIN SCHEDULE 
78 
INTRODUCTION 78
TRANSACTION NETWORK 78
FEATURES OF TRANSACTION NETWORK 79
A NEW METHOD TO FIND OUT DEAD-LOCK PHENOMENA 80
A SIMPLE EXAMPLE 80
CONCLUDING REMARK 81
REFERENCES 81
PART 2: AN ALGORITHM FOR AN OPTIMAL TRAIN ADJUSTMENT BASED ON CHANGING THE ORDER OF TRAINS 
81 
INTRODUCTION 81
FUNCTION OF A NEW ALGORITHM 81
SCOPE OF CONSIDERATION 82
ESTIMATION FUNCTION 82
TRAIN ADJUSTMENT 82
UNIQUENESS OF TRAIN OPERATION 82
SUMMARY 83
DECIDING THE TRAIN ORDER IN STATION SEQUENCE 83
STAGE SIMULATION 83
TREE STRUCTURE 84
EXAMPLE 84
RESULTS OF NO TRAIN ADJUSTMENT 84
APPLICATION OF THE ALGORITHM 84
CONCLUSIONS 85
REFERENCES 85
CHAPTER 11. DIGITAL STATE CONTROL AND OBSERVATION OF MAGLEV VEHICLE MOTIONS 
86 
INTRODUCTION AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 
86 
SYSTEM FEATURES AND DYNAMICS 87
CONTROL SYSTEM 87
REFERENCES 92
CHAPTER 12. REQUIREMENTS OF OPERATIONS CONTROL FOR MAGLEV TRANSIT SYSTEMS 
94 
ASPECTS OF OPERATION IN HIGH SPEED MAGLEV TRANSIT 
94 
IMPORTANT PARAMETERS OFNOMINAL OPERATION 94
CONSIDERING THE CONTROL DESIGN 96
REFERENCES 98
CHAPTER 13. AUTOMATIC ROUTING AND SCHEDULING OF A FLEET OF VEHICLES PROVIDING DOOR-TO-DOOR SERVICE FOR HANDICAPPED PEOPLE 
100 
INTRODUCTION 100
APPROACH OF THE PROBLEM 100
THE ALLOTING ALGORITHM 
101 
RESULTS OF SIMULATION 104
CONCLUSIONS 104
REFERENCES 105
CHAPTER 14. THE CONCEPTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN OPERATION CONTROL SYSTEM FOR FLEXIBLE MODES OF OPERATION 
108 
INTRODUCTION 108
SYSTEM FUNCTIONS 108
DESCRIPTION OF THE SOFTWARE STRUCTURE 
111 
DESCRIPTION OF THEROUTING PROCEDURE 112
FUTURE PROSPECTS 114
CHAPTER 15. ALLOCATION ALGORITHM FOR MIXED OPERATION MODES 
116 
INTRODUCTION 116
REQUIREMENTS ON THE ALLOCATION ALGORITHM 
117 
DESCRIPTION OF THE ALGORITHM 117
DETAILS OF THE DETERMINATION OF TRANSPORT ROUTES 
118 
DETAILS OF THE ALLOCATIONIN FREE DEMAND MODE 119
QUANTITATIVE REQUIREMENTS 121
IMPLEMENTATION 121
REFERENCES 122
CHAPTER 16. ENERGY-OPTIMAL CONTROL INTRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 124
INTRODUCTION 124
MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION 125
METHODS OF SOLUTION 
126 
THE ALGORITHM OF OPTIMAL CONTROL 
126 
CONCLUSION 129
REFERENCES 129
CHAPTER 17. ENERGY REGENERATION IN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS–METHODOLOGIES FOR POWER-NETWORKS SIMULATION 
130 
INTRODUCTION 130
POWER-NETWORK PECULIARITIES 130
THE MODEL POWER NETWORK 131
COMPARISON OF SOLUTION METHODS 132
COMPARISON AT EQUAL TOLERANCE DEGREE 132
THE INFLUENCE OF INITIAL CONDITIONS 
132 
THE TOLERANCE OF THE ITERATIVE PROCEDURE 
133 
CONCLUSIONS 134
REFERENCES 135
CHAPTER 18. MODELS AND MEANS OF TRAIN OPERATION CONTROL 
136 
CONCLUSION 141
REFERENCES 141
CHAPTER 19. A MODEL OF TRAINS MOVEMENT THROUGH A RAILWAY MAIN-LINE CONTROLLED BY A COMPUTER SYSTEM 
142 
INTRODUCTION 142
THE PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING 
142 
MODEL ELEMENTS 143
MODEL UTILIZATION 144
CONCLUSION 144
REFERENCES 144
CHAPTER 20. DISTRIBUTED MICROCOMPUTER-BASED CONTROL OF MULTIPLE SIGNALIZED TRAFFIC INTERSECTIONS 
146 
1. INTRODUCTION 146
2. TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM CONFIGURATION 
146 
3. THE OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURE 148
4. MICROCOMPUTER-BASED REALIZATION 149
5. SYSTEM SIMULATION 150
6. CONCLUSION 150
REFERENCES 150
CHAPTER 21. DETERMINING THE TIME-DEPENDENT TRIP DISTRIBUTION IN A COMPLEX INTERSECTION FOR TRAFFIC RESPONSIVE CONTROL 
152 
INTRODUCTION 152
PROBLEM STATEMENT 153
ESTIMATION ALGORITHM 154
RESULTS 156
CONCLUSIONS 157
REFERENCES 158
CHAPTER 22. MAXIMIZATION OF TRAFFIC FLOW THROUGH INTERSECTION BY BRANCH-AND-BOUND METHOD 
160 
INTRODUCTION 160
PROBLEM STATEMENT 160
SOLUTION METHOD 162
CONCLUSIONS 164
REFERENCES 164
CHAPTER 23. FEASIBILITY OF A DISTRIBUTED COMPUTERTRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM 168
I. INTRODUCTION 168
II. STRUCTURE OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 
168 
III. ALGORITHM FOR OPTIMIZATION 169
IV. RESULTS 172
V. MEMORY REQUIREMENT AND EXECUTION TIME 
173 
VI. CONCLUSION 174
BIBLIOGRAPHY 174
CHAPTER 24. DESIGN OF AN AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM FOR TRAIN-TO-TRAIN CONTAINER TRANSFER 
176 
GENERAL REMARKS 176
THE OPERATING SYSTEM BFS 177
THE TRAIN-TO-TRAIN CONTAINER TRANSFER SYSTEM -TEST AND EFFICIENCY 
178 
CONCLUDING REMARKS 179
REFERNCES 179
CHAPTER 25. AN OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE OF BIGCONTAINER TRANSPORT IN ROAD NETWORK 186
I. INTRODUCTION 186
II. METHOD 187
III. COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS 191
IV. REFERENCES 191
CHAPTER 26. OPTIMIZATION OF THE DATA BASE LOGICAL STRUCTURE 
192 
REFERENCES 197
CHAPTER 27. A COMPREHENSIVE CONTROL CONCEPT FOR MERGING OF AUTOMATED VEHICLES UNDERA BROAD CLASS OF TRAFFIC CONDITIONS 
198 
1. GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE MERGING CONTROL PROBLEM 
198 
2. THE TIME AND EVENT DEPENDENT ORDER AND STRUCTURE OF THE "PROCESS" AND ITS RELATION TO MODES OF CONFLICT 
198 
3.DESIGN APPROACH FOR A COMPREHENSIVE MERGING CONTROL CONCEPT 
199 
4. VALIDATION OF THE MERGING CONTROLLER BY SIMULATION 
201 
5. IMPLEMENTATION ASPECTS OF THE MERGING CONTROLLER 
202 
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 202
REFERENCES 202
CHAPTER 28. FREEWAY TRAFFIC MODELLING AND CONTROL 
206 
1.INTRODUCTION 206
2.MACROSCOPIC VARIABLES AND CONTROL PROBLEM 
206 
3. MODELS BASED ON THE CONSERVATION EQUATION 
207 
4. EXTENSION OF THE MODEL BYUSE OF THE VOLUME-DENSITY CHARACTERISTIC (VDC) 
208 
5. CONSIDERATION OF THE MEAN SPEED DYNAMICS 
210 
6. PRACTICAL FREEWAY TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS 
211 
7. CONCLUSIONS 211
REFERENCES 212
CHAPTER 29. A MARTINGALE APPROACH TO ESTIMATION AND CONTROL OF TRAFFIC FLOW ON MOTORWAYS 
214 
INTRODUCTION 214
THE TRAFFIC FLOW MODEL 215
ESTIMATION 217
CONTROL 219
CONCLUSION 220
REFERENCES 220
CHAPTER 30. THE METRO LINE SIMULATOR OF RATP 222
1. WHY A SIMULATOR 222
2. THE TRAINEES 222
3. THE DESIGN 222
4. THE SIMULATOR LAYOUT 223
5. SOFTWARE 223
6. THE OPERATING PROCEDURES 224
7. CONCLUSION 224
CHAPTER 31. A METHOD TO DISTINGUISH SAFE FROM LESS SAFE DRIVING 
226 
INTRODUCTION 226
INFORMATION PROCESSING 227
MEASUREMENTS 228
CONCLUSION 230
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 230
REFERENCES 230
CHAPTER 32. IMPROVING THE USER GUIDANCE OF TICKET SLOT MACHINES 
234 
INTRODUCTION 234
1. COLLECTING AND OBSERVING 234
2. EXPERIMENTS 235
3. ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS 236
4. IMPROVEMENTS 238
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 238
REFERENCES 238
CHAPTER 33. FLOATING TRAFFIC CONTROL FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 
240 
INTRODUCTION 240
TRAFFIC MODEL 240
CONTROL FOR FLOATING OPERATION 242
EXTENDED MODEL FOR A COMPLEX SYSTEM WITH MERGING AND BRANCHING 
243 
SENSITIVITY TO SYSTEM DISTURBANCE 245
SIMPLIFICATION OF CONTROL CALCULATION 245
CONCLUDING REMARK 246
REFERENCE 246
CHAPTER 34. A NEW APPROACH FOR REAL-TIME CONTROL OF URBAN TRAFFIC NETWORKS 
248 
INTRODUCTION 248
CONCLUSION 252
REFERENCES 252
CHAPTER 35. OPERATIONS PLANNING AND CONTROL INURBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT AS AN INTEGRATED CONTROL LOOP 
254 
CONTROL LOOPS OF OPERATIONS 254
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF AUTOMATIC VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEMS (AVM) 
255 
SYSTEM SUPERVISION ASSISTANCE WITH AVM 
256 
OPERATIONS PLANNING 258
ACTUAL STATE OF DEVELOPMENT 259
REFERENCES 260
CHAPTER 36. ON THE USE OF A COMPUTER-AIDED SPECIFICATION TOOL TO SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT AND LICENSING OF SAFETY-RELATED SYSTEMS 
262 
INTRODUCTION 262
SAFETY- AND RELIABILITYREQUIREMENTS 262
PROBLEMS CAUSED BY THE COMPLEXITY OF HAARDWARE/SOFTWARE-SYSTEMS 
263 
FACTORS EFFECTING THE OCCURANCE OF HUMAN ERRORS 
263 
STRATEGIES FOR SAFETY RELATED SYSTEMS 
263 
FAULT-AVOIDANCE AND FAULT-REMOVAL 
264 
REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION 265
DESIGN OF SAFETY RELATED SYSTEMS 
265 
ANALYSING AND CHECKING OF THE SPECIFICATION 
267 
DOCUMENTATION OF SAFETY RELATED SYSTEMS 
267 
CONCLUSION 269
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 269
REFERENCES 269
CHAPTER 37. SAFETY, AVAILABILITY AND COST QUESTIONS ABOUT DIVERSITY 
270 
INTRODUCTION 270
RISK CONSIDERATION 270
SINGULAR SYSTEM 271
DIVERSE SYSTEM 272
CONCLUSIONS 276
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 276
REFERENCES 276
CHAPTER 38. CONTROL TASK ASSIGNMENT AND SYSTEMS AVAILABILITY – RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF SPATIALLY DISTRIBUTED MICROCOMPUTER CONTROL SYSTEMS 
278 
INTRODUCTION 278
CONTROL TASK ASSIGNMENT 
278 
THE SIMULATIOI METHOD 
279 
SIMULATION RESULTS 
281 
CONCLUSIONS 
281 
REFERENCES 283
CHAPTER 39. THE ACTUAL CHANGE IN QUESTIONS OF THE PROOF OF SAFETY AND AVAILABILITY IN THE RAILWAYS TECHNIQUES 
284 
INTRODUCTION 284
2. DEFINITIONS, THE RELATION OF THE RELEVANT TERMS 
285 
3. THE QUANTITATIVE SAFETY VIEW 286
4. MANAGEMENT ASPECTS OF SAFETY AND SAFETY RESPONSIBILITY 
289 
5. CONCLUSIONS 289
REFERENCES 290
CHAPTER 40. AREA MEASUREMENT OF TRAFFIC FLOW USING PHOTOELECTRIC ELEMENTS 
292 
INTRODUCTION 292
PILOT EXPERIMENT OF DETECTOR 292
EXPERIMENTAL RESULT 293
DISCUSSION 298
CONCLUSION 298
REFERENCES 298
CHAPTER 41. OPTIMAL FIXED-TIME VEHICULAR CONTROL FOR MULTI-JUNCTION NODES USING MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING 
300 
INTRODUCTION 300
MULTI-JUNCTION NODES 301
SOME TERMINOLOGY AND NOTATION 302
PROBLEM FORMAL STATEMENT 302
SOME PROPERTIES OF THE MODEL 304
METHODS FOR REDUCING THE NUMBER OF CASES 
304 
SOLVING SYSTEM 307
CONCLUSIONS 307
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 307
REFERENCES 307
CHAPTER 42. A METHOD FOR ANALYSING TRAFFIC STREAMS IN AN URBAN NETWORK 
308 
I - THE DATA 308
II THE AIMS OF THE STUDY 309
Ill GLOBAL ANALYSIS 309
IV - SPACE ANALYSIS 310
V - TIME ANALYSIS 312
CONCLUSION 313
REFERENCES 314
CHAPTER 43. THE PRODYN REAL TIME TRAFFIC ALGORITHM 316
1. INTRODUCTION 316
2. FORMULATION 316
3. DECOMPOSITION COORDINATION 317
4. SUBSYSTEM O...M.....O. 
318 
5. REAL TIME ASPECTS -IMPLEMENTATION 319
7. CONCLUSION 320
6. TESTS OF PRODYN - RESULTS 
319 
REFERENCES 320
CHAPTER 44. SIMULATION OF PASSENGER FLOWS ON THE METRO LINES 
322 
INTRODUCTION 322
THE MAIN CONTENS OF THE STUDY 
322 
DATA COLLECTING SYSTEM WITH ACP AND WD INSTALLED AT EVERY STATION IN BOTH DARECTIONS 
323 
DATA COLLECTING SYSTEM WITHOUT USING WD 
324 
CONCLUSION 326
REFERENCES 327
CHAPTER 45. SAFETY STUDIES FOR THE"METRO DE CARACAS 
328 
INTRODUCTION 328
SAFETY SPECIFICATIONS 328
3. QUALITATIVE ANALYSES 329
4. SAFETY OBJECTIVES 331
5. Conclusions 334
Références 
334 
CHAPTER 46. SAFETY ENGINEERING FOR AN ACTIVE HUNTING CONTROLLER FOR BOGIES IN WHEEL/RAIL SYSTEMS 
336 
INTRODUCTION 336
METHODS OF SAFETY ENGINEERING 337
SAFETY CONCEPT 338
EVALUATION OF SAFETY AND RELIABILITY 340
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 342
CONCLUSIONS 342
REFERENCES 342
CHAPTER 47. LICENSING OF SAFETY-RELATED EQUIPMENT OF TRACK-BOUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 
344 
INTRODUCTION 344
DERIVATION OF SAFETY REQUIREMENTS 
344 
PHILOSOPHY OF SAFETY 345
TECHNICAL REALIZATION AND SAFETY VERIFICATION 
345 
CONCLUSIONS TO BE DRAWN FROM VERIFICATION OF SAFETY 
346 
ASPECTS OF RELIABILITY 346
CONCLUSION 346
REFERENCES 347
CHAPTER 48. THE USE OF LSI CIRCUITS IN SIGNALLING SAFETY SYSTEMS 
348 
INTRODUCTION 348
THE USE OF THE TWO k OUT-OF n CODES 
349 
THE EXAMPLE OF THE USE IN SIGNALLING 
350 
THE REALIZATION 351
THE CONCLUSION 353
REFERENCES 353
CHAPTER 49. MOVING-MONITORING SYSTEM APPLIED MARK TRACING 
354 
INTRODUCTION 354
METHODOLOGY 354
HARDWARE 357
OPERATION OF THE SYSTEM 359
CONCLUSIONS 359
REFERENCES 359
CHAPTER 50. STOCHASTIC MODELS FOR ESTIMATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A ROUTE GUIDANCE SYSTEM 
360 
INTRODUCTION 360
FORMATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS 360
NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 362
ROUTE GUIDANCE TESTS 363
VERIFICATION OF THE MODELS 363
PARAMETERS RELATED TO THE MODELS 364
CONCLUSIONS 365
REFERENCES 366
CHAPTER 51. ON SAFE LONGITUDINAL CONTROL OF GROUND TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES 
368 
1. INTRODUCTION 368
2. SPACING POLICIES 368
3. SAFE LONGITUDINAL CONTROL 369
4. CONCLUSIONS 371
REFERENCES 371
CHAPTER 52. A VELOCITY-ADAPTIVE, MICROPROCESSOR-BASED, VEHICLE LATERAL CONTROLLER 
376 
INTRODUCTION 376
LATERAL CONTROLLER DESIGN 376
FULL-SCALE STUDIES 378
DISCUSSION 379
REFERENCES 379
AUTHOR INDEX 384

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 23.5.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Natur / Technik ► Fahrzeuge / Flugzeuge / Schiffe ► Nutzfahrzeuge
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Wirtschaft
• ISBN-10: 1-4831-5766-0 / 1483157660
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4831-5766-5 / 9781483157665