Storm and Cloud Dynamics (eBook)

George Bryan, William R. Cotton, Susan C. van den Heever (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2010 | 2. Auflage
820 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-091665-1 (ISBN)

Infos

Storm and Cloud Dynamics focuses on the dynamics of clouds and of precipitating mesoscale meteorological systems. Clouds and precipitating mesoscale systems represent some of the most important and scientifically exciting weather systems in the world. These are the systems that produce torrential rains, severe winds including downburst and tornadoes, hail, thunder and lightning, and major snow storms. Forecasting such storms represents a major challenge since they are too small to be adequately resolved by conventional observing networks and numerical prediction models. - Provides a complete treatment of clouds integrating the analysis of air motions with cloud structure, microphysics, and precipitation mechanics - Describes and explains the basic types of clouds and cloud systems that occur in the atmosphere-fog, stratus, stratocumulus, altocumulus, altostratus, cirrus, thunderstorms, tornadoes, waterspouts, orographically induced clouds, mesoscale convection complexes, hurricanes, fronts, and extratropical cyclones - Summarizes the fundamentals, both observational and theoretical, of atmospheric dynamics, thermodynamics, cloud microphysics, and radar meteorology, allowing each type of cloud to be examined in depth - Integrates the latest field observations, numerical model simulations, and theory - Supplies a theoretical treatment suitable for the advanced undergraduate or graduate level, as well as post-graduate

Inhalt

Front cover 1
Half title page 2
Title page 4
Copyright page 5
Contents 6
Preface 14
References 17
Chapter 1. Clouds 18
1.1. Introduction 18
1.2. The classification of clouds 19
1.3. Cloud time scales, vertical velocities, and liquid-water contents 22
References 28
Part I: Fundamental Concepts and Parameterizations 30
Chapter 2. Fundamental Equations Governing Cloud Processes 32
2.1. Introduction 32
2.2. State Properties 33
2.3. Velocity 35
2.4. Conservation of mass 37
2.5. Conservation of momentum 38
2.6. Conservation of internal energy 41
2.7. Equation for pressure 45
2.8. Equation for potential temperature 45
2.9. Approximate equations 46
2.10. Derived thermodynamic variables 50
2.11. Buoyancy 55
2.12. Lapse rates and stability 59
2.13. CAPE 62
2.14. Summary 67
References 67
Chapter 3. Turbulence 70
3.1. Introduction 70
3.2. Reynolds Averaging 73
3.3. Large eddy simulation 84
3.4. Subgrid condensation and evaporation 91
3.5. Implications of Filtering to the Interpretation of Model-Predicted Data 99
References 101
Chapter 4. The Parameterization or Modeling of Microphysical Processes in Clouds 104
4.1. Introduction 104
4.2. General Theory of the Microphysics of Clouds 104
4.3. Approaches to Modeling Cloud Microphysics in Cloud Models 109
4.4. Fundamental Principles of Ice-Phase Microphysics 118
4.5. Summary of Cloud Microphysical Processes 134
4.6. Modeling and Parameterization of Ice-Phase Microphysics 136
4.7. Impact of Cloud Microphysical Processes on Cloud Dynamics 140
References 144
Chapter 5. Radiative Transfer in a Cloudy Atmosphere and Its Parameterization 160
5.1. Introduction 160
5.2. Absorptance, Reflectance, Transmittance, and Emittance in the Clear Atmosphere 162
5.3. Shortwave Radiative Transfer in a Cloudy Atmosphere 164
5.4. Longwave Radiative Transfer in a Cloudy Atmosphere 170
5.5. Radiative Characteristics of Clouds of Horizontally Finite Extent 172
5.6. Radiative Influences on Cloud Particle Growth 173
5.7. Aerosol Effects on the Radiative Properties of Clouds 176
5.8. Parameterization of Radiative Transfer in Clouds 179
5.9. Summary 187
References 187
Part II: The Dynamics of Clouds 194
Chapter 6. Fogs and Stratocumulus Clouds 196
6.1. Introduction 196
6.2. Types of Fog and Formation Mechanisms 196
6.3. Radiation Fog Physics and Dynamics 198
6.4. Valley Fog 206
6.5. Marine Fog 208
6.6. Stratocumulus Clouds 220
6.7. Arctic Stratus Clouds 247
References 250
Chapter 7. Cumulus Clouds 260
7.1. Introduction 260
7.2. Boundary Layer Cumuli---An Ensemble View 261
7.3. Theories of Entrainment, Detrainment, and Downdraft Initiation in Cumuli 300
7.4. The Role of Precipitation 307
7.5. Cloud Merger and Larger Scale Convergence 313
References 319
Chapter 8. Cumulonimbus Clouds and Severe Convective Storms 332
8.1. Introduction 332
8.2. Descriptive Storm Models and Storm Types 332
8.3. Updrafts and Turbulence in Cumulonimbi 341
8.4. Updraft Magnitudes and Profiles 342
8.5. Turbulence 348
8.6. Downdrafts: Origin and Intensity 351
8.7. Low-Level Outflows and Gust Fronts 362
8.8. Theories of Storm Movement and Propagation 368
8.9. Mesocyclones and Tornados 380
8.10. Hailstorms 408
8.11. Models of Hailstorms and Hail Formation Processes 412
8.12. Rainfall from Cumulonimbus Clouds 426
8.13. Aerosol Impacts on Convective Precipitation 431
8.14. Thunderstorm Electrification and Storm Dynamics 434
References 445
Chapter 9. Mesoscale Convective Systems 472
9.1. Introduction 472
9.2. Definition of Mesoscale Convective Systems 472
9.3. Conceptual Models of MCSs 473
9.4. Climatology of MCSs 489
9.5. MCVs and Tropical Cyclone Genesis 523
9.6. Impacts of MCSs 530
References 532
Chapter 10. The Mesoscale Structure of Extratropical Cyclones and Middle and High Clouds 544
10.1. Introduction 544
10.2. Large-Scale Processes that Determine Mesoscale Features 545
10.3. Mesoscale Structure of Extratropical Cyclones 553
10.4. Middle- and High-Level Clouds 625
References 658
Chapter 11. The Influence of Mountains on Airflow, Clouds, and Precipitation 690
11.1. Introduction 690
11.2. Theory of Flow over Hills and Mountains 690
11.3. Effects of Clouds on Orographic Flow 711
11.4. Orogenic Precipitation 721
11.5. Turbulence eddies and embedded convection in orographic clouds 727
11.6. Blocking impacts on orographic precipitation 728
11.7. Orographic Modification of Extratropical Cyclones and Precipitation 729
11.8. Distribution of Supercooled Liquid-Water in Orographic Clouds 739
11.9. Efficiency of Orographic Precipitation and Diurnal Variability 748
11.10. Aerosol influences on orographic precipitation 755
References 757
Part III: Clouds, Storms and Global Climate 768
Chapter 12. Clouds, Storms, and Global Climate 770
12.1. Introduction 770
12.2. Clouds and the Global Radiation Budget 770
12.3. Hot Towers and Tropical Circulations 771
12.4. Clouds and the Global Hydrological Cycle 773
12.5. Cloud Venting 775
12.6. Aerosol Pollution Impacts on Global Climate 775
12.7. Representing Clouds in General Circulation Models 777
References 781
Volumes in Series 786
Index 792

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 21.12.2010
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sachbuch/Ratgeber
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Meteorologie / Klimatologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• ISBN-10: 0-08-091665-1 / 0080916651
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-091665-1 / 9780080916651