Comparative Plant Virology (eBook)

Roger Hull (Autor)

eBook Download: EPUB

2009 | 2. Auflage
400 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-092096-2 (ISBN)

Infos

Comparative Plant Virology provides a complete overview of our current knowledge of plant viruses including background information on plant viruses and up-to-date aspects of virus biology and control. It deals mainly with concepts rather than detail. The focus will be on plant viruses but due to the changing environment of how virology is taught, comparisons will be drawn with viruses of other kingdomes, animals, fungi and bacteria. It has been written for students of plant virology, plant pathology, virology and microbiology who have no previous knowledge of plant viruses or of virology in general.

* Boxes highlight important information such as virus definition and taxonomy.
* Includes profiles of 32 plant viruses that feature extensively in the text
* Companion website providng image bank
* Full colour throughout

---

Comparative Plant Virology provides a complete overview of our current knowledge of plant viruses, including background information on plant viruses and up-to-date aspects of virus biology and control. It deals mainly with concepts rather than detail. The focus will be on plant viruses but due to the changing environment of how virology is taught, comparisons will be drawn with viruses of other kingdomes, animals, fungi and bacteria. It has been written for students of plant virology, plant pathology, virology and microbiology who have no previous knowledge of plant viruses or of virology in general. - Boxes highlight important information such as virus definition and taxonomy- Includes profiles of 32 plant viruses that feature extensively in the text- Full color throughout

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Comparative Plant Virology 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Preface 14
List of Abbreviations 16
Section I: Introduction to Plant Viruses 18
Chapter 1: What Is a Virus? 20
I. Introduction 20
II. History 20
III. Definition of a Virus 26
A. How Viruses Differ from Other Plant Pathogens 26
B. Are Viruses Alive? 30
IV. Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses 30
A. Virus Classification 30
B. Families, Genera, and Species 31
C. Naming Viruses (Species) 32
D. Acronyms or Abbreviations 33
E. Plant Virus Classification 34
F. Virus Strains 34
G. Use of Virus Names 36
V. Viruses of Other Kingdoms 37
VI. Summary 38
References 38
Further Reading 38
Chapter 2: Overview of Plant Viruses 40
I. Introduction 40
II. Economic Losses Due to Plant Viruses 41
III. Virus Profiles 41
IV. Macroscopic Symptoms 42
A. Local Symptoms 42
B. Systemic Symptoms 43
1. Effects on Plant Size 43
2. Mosaic Patterns and Related Symptoms 43
3. Yellow Diseases 45
4. Leaf Rolling 45
5. Ring Spot Diseases 45
6. Necrotic Diseases 45
7. Developmental Abnormalities 45
8. Wilting 46
9. Recovery from Disease 46
10. Genetic Effects 46
C. The Cryptoviruses 46
D. Diseases Caused by Viral Complexes 46
E. Agents Inducing Virus-Like Symptoms 47
V. Histological Changes 47
A. Necrosis 47
B. Hypoplasia 47
C. Hyperplasia 49
1. Cell Size 49
2. Cell Division in Differentiated Cells 49
3. Abnormal Division of Cambial Cells 49
VI. Cytological Effects 49
A. Effects on Cell Structures 49
1. Nuclei 49
2. Mitochondria 50
3. Chloroplasts 50
4. Cell Walls 50
5. Cell Death 51
B. Virus-Induced Structures in the Cytoplasm 51
1. Accumulations of Virus Particles 51
2. Aggregates of Virus-Encoded Proteins 52
3. Caulimovirus Inclusions 52
C. Why Inclusion Bodies? 54
D. Cytological Structures 54
VII. The Host Range of Viruses 55
A. Limitations in Host Range Studies 55
B. Patterns of Host Range 56
C. The Determinants of Host Range 56
1. Initial Events 56
2. Expression and Replication 56
3. Cell-to-Cell Movement 57
4. Stimulation of Host-Cell Defenses 57
VIII. Viruses in Other Kingdoms 57
IX. Summary 57
References 58
Further Reading 58
Chapter 3: Agents That Resemble or Alter Plant Virus Diseases 60
I. Viroids 60
A. Classification of Viroids 61
B. Pathology of Viroids 61
1. Macroscopic Disease Symptoms 61
2. Cytopathic Effects 61
3. Location of Viroids in Plants 62
4. Movement in the Plant 62
5. Transmission 62
6. Epidemiology 62
C. Properties of Viroid RNAs 62
1. Sequence and Structure 62
2. Replication 64
3. Recombination Between Viroids 66
4. Interference Between Viroids 66
D. Molecular Basis for Biological Activity 67
E. Diagnostic Procedures for Viroids 67
II. Phytoplasma 67
III. Satellite Viruses and Satellite RNAS 68
A. Satellite Plant Viruses (A-type) 69
B. Satellite RNAs (satRNAs) 70
1. Large Satellite RNAs (B-type) 70
2. Small Linear Satellite RNAs (C-type) 70
3. Small Circular Satellite RNAs (D-type) 71
4. Satellite-Like RNAs 72
a. A Satellite RNA of Groundnut Rosette Virus (GRV) 72
b. Ancillary RNAs of Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus (BNYVV) 73
5. The Molecular Basis for Symptom Modulation 73
C. Satellite DNAs 74
D. Discussion 75
IV. Defective and Defective Interfering Nucleic Acids 75
A. Group 1: Single Deletion D RNAs 77
B. Group 2: Multiple Deletion D and DI RNAs 77
C. Defective DNAs Associated with DNA Viruses 77
V. Viruses of Other Kingdoms 77
VI. Summary 78
References 78
Further Reading 78
Chapter 4: Plant Virus Origins and Evolution 80
I. Introduction 80
II. Virus Evolution 81
A. Origins of Viruses 81
B. Virus Variation 82
C. Types of Evolution 82
1. Microevolution and Macroevolution 82
2. Sequence Divergence or Convergence 84
3. Modular Evolution 84
4. Sources of Viral Genes 84
a. Replicases 84
b. Proteinases 85
c. Coat Proteins 87
d. Cell-to-Cell Movement Proteins 88
e. Suppressors of Gene Silencing 88
D. Selection Pressures for Evolution 88
1. Adaptation to Niches 88
2. Maximising the Variation 88
3. Controlling the Variation 89
a. Muller's Ratchet 90
b. Muller’s Ratchet and Plant Viruses 90
4. Role of Selection Pressure 90
5. Selection Pressure by Host Plants 91
E. Timeline for Evolution 91
1. Nonconstant Rates of Evolution 91
2. Estimated Rates of Evolution 91
III. Evidence for Virus Evolution 92
A. Geminiviruses 92
B. Closteroviruses 92
C. Luteoviruses 92
IV. Coevolution of Viruses with Their Hosts and Vectors 97
V. Viruses of Other Kingdoms 98
VI. Summary 98
References 98
Further Reading 98
Section II: What is a Virus Made Of? 100
Chapter 5: Architecture and Assembly of Virus Particles 102
I. Introduction 102
II. Methods 103
A. Chemical and Biochemical Studies 103
B. Methods for Studying Size and Fine Structure of Viruses 103
1. Hydrodynamic Measurements 103
2. Electron Microscopy 104
3. X-Ray Crystallography 104
4. Neutron Small-Angle Scattering 104
5. Atomic Force Microscopy 104
6. Mass Spectrometry 105
7. Serological Methods 105
8. Stabilising Bonds 105
III. Architecture of Rod-Shaped Viruses 105
A. Introduction 105
B. Structure of TMV 106
1. General Features 106
2. Virus Structure 107
C. Assembly of TMV 109
1. Properties of the Coat Protein 109
2. Assembly of TMV Coat Protein 109
3. Assembly of the TMV Rod 109
a. Assembly in Vitro 109
b. Assembly in Vivo 111
IV. Architecture of Isometric Viruses 111
A. Introduction 111
B. Possible Icosahedra 111
C. Clustering of Subunits 114
D. Quasiequivalence 114
V. Small Icosahedral Viruses 114
A. Subunit Structure 114
B. Virion Structure 115
1. T = 1 Particles 115
2. Other Particles Based on T = 1 Symmetry 115
a. Bacilliform Particles Based on T = 1 Symmetry 115
b. Geminiviruses 116
3. T = 3 Particles 116
a. Bacilliform Particles Based on T = 3 Symmetry 117
b. Pseudo T = 3 Symmetry 117
4. T = 7 Particles 117
C. The Arrangement of Nucleic Acid Within Icosahedral Viruses 117
1. RNA Structure 117
2. Interactions Between RNA and Protein in Small Isometric Viruses 117
D. Stabilisation of Small Isometric Particles 118
1. Protein-RNA Stabilisation 118
2. Protein-Protein Stabilisation 118
3. Protein-Protein + Protein-RNA Stabilisation 118
VI. More Complex Isometric Viruses 118
VII. Enveloped Viruses 118
VIII. Assembly of Icosahedral Viruses 119
A. Bromoviruses 119
B. RNA Selection During Assembly of Plant Reoviruses 119
IX. General Considerations 120
X. Viruses of Other Kingdoms 121
XI. Summary 121
References 121
Further Reading 121
Chapter 6: Plant Viral Genomes 122
I. Introduction 122
II. General Properties of Plant Viral Genomes 122
A. Information Content 123
B. Economy in the Use of Genomic Nucleic Acids 123
C. The Functions of Viral Gene Products 124
1. Functional Proteins 124
a. Proteins That Initiate Infection 124
b. Proteins That Replicate the Viral Genome 125
c. Proteins That Process Viral Gene Products 125
d. Proteins That Facilitate Viral Movement Through the Host 126
e. Overcoming Host Defence Systems 126
f. Proteins That Facilitate the Host to Host Movement of Viruses 126
D. Nucleic Acids 126
1. Multipartite Genomes 126
2. Nucleic Acid Structures 126
3. Noncoding Regions 126
a. End-Group Structures 126
b. 5' and 3' Noncoding Regions 129
c. Intergenic Regions 129
III. Plant Viral Genome Organisation 129
A. Structure of the Genome 129
B. Recognising Activities of Viral Genes 131
1. Location of Spontaneous or Artificially Induced Mutations 131
2. Recombinant Viruses 132
3. Expression of the Gene in a Transgenic Plant 132
4. Hybrid Arrest and Hybrid Selection Procedures 132
5. Sequence Comparison with Genes of Known Function 133
6. Functional Regions Within a Gene 133
IV. Viruses of Other Kingdoms 133
V. Summary 133
Further Reading 133
Chapter 7: Expression of Viral Genomes 134
I. Stages in Virus Infection Cycle 134
II. Virus Entry and Uncoating 136
A. Virus Entry 136
B. Uncoating 136
1. Uncoating of TMV 136
2. Uncoating of Brome Mosaic Virus and Southern Bean Mosaic Virus 136
3. Uncoating of Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus 138
4. Uncoating Other Plant Viruses 139
III. Initial Translation of Viral Genome 139
IV. Synthesis of mRNAs 140
A. Negative-Sense Single-Stranded RNA Viruses 140
B. Double-Stranded RNA Viruses 140
C. DNA Viruses 141
1. Caulimoviridae 141
2. Geminiviridae 142
V. Plant Viral Genome Strategies 142
A. The Eukaryotic Translation System Constraints 142
B. Virus Strategies to Overcome Eukaryotic Translation Constraints 143
1. Strategy 1. Polyproteins 143
2. Strategy 2. Subgenomic RNAs 146
3. Strategy 3. Multipartite Genomes 148
4. Strategy 4. Splicing 148
5. Strategy 5. Translation for Both Viral and Complementary Strands (Ambisense) 148
6. Strategy 6. Internal Initiation 148
7. Strategy 7. Leaky Scanning 150
a. Two Initiation Sites on One ORF (Two Start) 150
b. Overlapping ORFs 150
c. Two or More Consecutive ORFs 150
8. Strategy 8. Non-AUG Start Codon 150
9. Strategy 9. Transactivation 150
10. Strategy 10. Translational (Ribosome) Shunt 151
11. Strategy 11. Read-Through Proteins 151
12. Strategy 12. Frameshift Proteins 152
C. Control of Translation 153
1. Cap but No Poly(A) Tail 153
2. Poly(A) Tail but No Cap 153
3. Neither Cap nor Poly(A) Tail 153
4. Cap Snatching 153
5. 5prime UTR 154
D. Discussion 154
VI. Viruses of Other Kingdoms 154
VII. Summary 154
Reference 155
Further Reading 155
Chapter 8: Virus Replication 156
I. Host Functions used by Plant Viruses 156
II. Methods for Studying Viral Replication 157
III. Replication of Plus-Sense Single-Stranded RNA Viruses 157
A. Viral Templates 157
B. Replicase 160
1. RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase 160
2. Helicases 160
3. Methyl Transferase Activity 161
4. Organisation of Functional Domains in Viral ORFs 161
C. Sites of Replication 163
D. Mechanism of Replication 164
E. Discussion 164
IV. Replication of Negative-Sense Single-Stranded Rna Viruses 169
V. Replication of Double-Stranded Rna Viruses 169
VI. Replication of Reverse Transcribing Viruses 170
A. Introduction 170
B. Reverse Transcriptase 171
C. Replication of "Caulimoviruses" 171
1. Replication Pathway 171
2. Inclusion Bodies 172
VII. Replication of Single-Stranded DNA Viruses 173
A. Geminivirus Replication 173
B. Geminivirus Rep Proteins 173
VIII. Faults in Replication 175
A. Mutation 175
B. Recombination 176
1. DNA Virus Recombination 176
2. RNA Virus Recombination 176
3. Recombination and Integrated Viral Sequences 178
IX. Viruses of Other Kingdoms 178
X. Summary 180
Further Reading 181
Section III: How do Plant Viruses Work? 182
Chapter 9: Virus-Host Interactions - Plant Level 184
I. Movement and Final Distribution 184
A. Intracellular Movement 185
B. Intercellular Movement 185
1. Plasmodesmata 185
2. Movement Proteins (MPs) 186
3. What Actually Moves 192
4. Cell-to-Cell Movement of Viroids 192
5. Complementation 193
6. Rate of Cell-to-Cell Movement 193
C. Systemic Movement 193
1. Steps in Systemic Movement 193
2. Form in Which Virus Is Transported 196
3. Rate of Systemic Movement 196
4. Movement in the Xylem 197
D. Final Distribution in the Plant 197
E. Outstanding Questions on Plant Virus Movement 198
II. Effects on Plant Metabolism 198
A. Nucleic Acids and Proteins 198
B. Lipids 199
C. Carbohydrates 199
D. Photosynthesis 201
E. Respiration 201
F. Transpiration 201
G. Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds 201
III. Processes Involved in Symptom Induction 202
A. Sequestration of Raw Materials 202
B. Effects on Growth 203
C. Effects on Chloroplasts 203
D. Mosaic Symptoms 203
E. Role of Membranes 204
IV. Other Kingdoms 205
V. Summary 205
Further Reading 206
Chapter 10: Virus-Plant Interactions: 1. Molecular Level 208
I. Introduction 208
II. Host Responses To Inoculation 209
A. Immunity 209
B. Subliminal Infection 212
C. Nonpermissive Infection 212
1. Local Infection 212
a. Host Protein Changes in the Hypersensitive Response 214
b. Local Acquired Resistance 215
2. Systemic Infection 215
3. Systemic Acquired Resistance 215
4. Programmed Cell Death 217
D. Permissive Infection 217
1. Systemic Host Response 217
2. Virus Genes Involved 217
III. Interactions Between Viruses 219
A. Interactions Between Related Viruses 219
B. Interactions Between Unrelated Viruses 220
1. Complete Dependence for Disease 220
2. Incomplete Dependence for Disease 220
3. Synergistic Effects on Virus Replication 220
4. Effects on Virus Movement 220
C. Interactions Between Viruses and Other Plant Pathogens 220
IV. Viruses Of Other Kingdoms 221
V. Summary 221
References 221
Further Reading 222
Chapter 11: Virus-Plant Interactions: 2. RNA Silencing 224
I. Introduction 224
II. Mechanism of Silencing 225
A. The Basic Pathway 225
B. Components of the System 225
1. dsRNA 225
2. Dicer 226
3. Products of Dicer 226
4. RISC 228
C. Results of the System 228
III. Systemic Silencing 228
IV. Overcoming Silencing 228
A. Suppression of Silencing 228
1. Protein Suppressors of Silencing 228
2. Nucleic Acid Suppressors of Silencing 231
B. Avoidance of Silencing 231
V. Silencing and Symptoms 231
A. Recovery 232
B. Dark Green Islands and Mosaics 233
C. miRNA 233
D. siRNA Effects 233
E. Synergistic Effects 233
F. Other Activities of Silencing Suppressors 234
VI. Transcriptional and Translational Repression 235
VII. Evolutionary Aspects 235
VIII. RNA Silencing in Animal and Other Viruses 235
IX. Summary 235
Further Reading 236
Section IV: Plant Viruses in Agriculture and Industry 238
Chapter 12: Plant-to-Plant Movement 240
I. Introduction 240
II. Transmission Via Plant Material 240
A. Mechanical Transmission 240
B. Seed Transmission 241
C. Pollen Transmission 242
D. Vegetative Propagation 242
E. Grafting 242
III. Transmission by Invertebrates 242
A. Relationships Between Plant Viruses and Insects 245
B. Nonpersistent Transmission by Insects 248
1. Features of Nonpersistent Transmission 248
2. Virus-Vector Relationships 248
a. Direct Capsid Interaction 249
b. Indirect Interaction Involving Helper Components 249
C. Persistent Transmission by Insects 252
1. Circulative Viruses 252
a. Features of Circulative Virus: Vector Interaction 252
b. Dependent Transmission 254
2. Propagative Viruses 254
3. Thrip Transmission of Tospoviruses 255
D. Virus Transmission by Beetles 255
E. Nematode Transmission of Viruses 256
1. Features of Nematode Transmission 256
2. Virus-Nematode Relationships 256
IV. Fungal Transmission of Viruses 257
V. Viruses of Other Kingdoms 259
VI. Summary 259
Further Reading 259
Chapter 13: Plant Viruses in the Field: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Ecology 262
I. Diagnosis 262
A. Introduction 262
B. Methods Involving Biology of the Virus 263
1. Indicator Hosts 263
2. Host Range 263
3. Methods of Transmission 264
4. Cytological Effects 264
5. Mixed Infections 264
C. Methods That Depend on Physical Properties of the Virus Particle 264
1. Stability and Physicochemical Properties 264
2. Electron Microscopy 264
D. Methods That Depend on Properties of Viral Proteins 266
1. Serology 266
2. Types of Antisera 266
3. Methods for Detecting Antibody-Virus Combination 266
a. ELISA Procedures 266
b. Serologically Specific Electron Microscopy 272
c. Electrophoretic Procedures 273
d. Dot Blots 273
E. Methods That Involve Properties of the Viral Nucleic Acid 273
1. Type and Size of Nucleic Acid 273
2. Cleavage Patterns of DNA 274
3. Hybridisation Procedures 274
4. Dot Blots 274
5. Polymerase Chain Reaction 274
6. DNA Microarray 276
F. Decision Making on Diagnosis 277
II. Epidemiology and Ecology 277
A. Epidemiology of Viruses in Agriculture 278
1. Primary Infections 278
2. Secondary Spread 281
B. Plant Viruses in the Natural Environment 284
C. Emergence of New Viruses 284
III. Viruses of Other Kingdoms 285
IV. Summary 285
Further Reading 285
Chapter 14: Conventional Control 286
I. Introduction 286
II. Avoiding Infection 288
A. Removal of Sources of Infection 288
B. Virus-Free Seed 288
C. Virus-Free Vegetative Stocks 288
D. Modified Agronomic Practices 289
E. Quarantine Regulations 290
III. Stopping the Vector 291
A. Air-Borne Vectors 291
1. Insecticides 292
2. Insect Deterrents 292
3. Agronomic Techniques 292
B. Soil-Borne Vectors 294
1. Nematodes 294
2. Fungi 294
IV. Protecting the Plant 294
A. Protection by a Plant Pathogen 294
B. Antiviral Chemicals 295
V. Conventional Resistance to Plant Viruses 297
A. Introduction 297
B. Genetics of Resistance to Viruses 298
C. Tolerance 298
D. Use of Conventional Resistance for Control 299
1. Immunity 299
2. Field Resistance 299
3. Tolerance 299
VI. Strategies for Control 300
VII. Viruses of Other Kingdoms 300
VIII. Summary 300
Further Reading 301
Chapter 15: Transgenic Plants and Viruses 302
I. Transgenic Protection Against Plant Viruses 302
A. Introduction 302
B. Natural Resistance Genes 302
II. Pathogen-derived Resistance 303
A. Protein-Based Protection 303
1. Transgenic Plants Expressing a Viral Coat Protein 303
2. Other Viral Proteins 303
B. Nucleic Acid-Based Protection 304
1. RNA-Mediated Protection 305
2. Molecular Basis of RNA-Mediated Protection 305
3. Sequences for RNA-Mediated Protection 306
4. Ribozymes 306
5. Relationship Between Natural Cross-Protection and Protection in Transgenic Plants 306
6. Transgenic Protection by Satellite and DI Nucleic Acids 307
C. Other Forms of Transgenic Protection 307
D. Field Releases of Transgenic Plants 307
1. Potential Risks 307
2. Field Performance 310
III. Possible Uses of Plant Viruses for Gene Technology 310
A. DNA Viruses as Gene Vectors 310
1. Caulimoviruses 311
2. Geminiviruses 311
B. RNA Viruses as Gene Vectors 311
C. Viruses as Sources of Control Elements for Transgenic Plants 312
1. DNA Promoters 312
2. RNA Promoters 312
3. Translation Enhancers 312
D. Viruses for Producing Vaccines 312
1. Vaccines Using Plant Virus Vectors 313
2. Viruses for Presenting Heterologous Peptides 313
a. Cowpea Mosaic Virus (CPMV) 313
b. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) 315
E. Viruses in Functional Genomics of Plants 315
F. Plant Viruses in Nanotechnology 315
IV. Viruses of Other Kingdoms 317
V. Summary 318
References 318
Further Reading 318
Appendix: Profiles 320
Index 380

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 10.3.2009
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sachbuch/Ratgeber
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Allgemeines / Lexika
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitsfachberufe
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 2. Studienabschnitt (Klinik) ► Pathologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Botanik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Mikrobiologie / Immunologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 0-08-092096-9 / 0080920969
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-092096-2 / 9780080920962