Chemical Energy and Exergy (eBook)

An Introduction to Chemical Thermodynamics for Engineers

Norio Sato (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2004 | 1. Auflage
160 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-050100-0 (ISBN)

Infos

This book is a beginners introduction to chemical thermodynamics for engineers.
In the textbook efforts have been made to visualize as clearly as possible the main concepts of thermodynamic quantities such as enthalpy and entropy, thus making them more perceivable. Furthermore, intricate formulae in thermodynamics have been discussed as functionally unified sets of formulae to understand their meaning rather than to mathematically derive them in detail.

In this textbook, the affinity of irreversible processes, defined by the second law of thermodynamics, has been treated as the main subject, rather than the equilibrium of chemical reactions. The concept of affinity is applicable in general not only to the processes of chemical reactions but also to all kinds of irreversible processes.

This textbook also includes electrochemical thermodynamics in which, instead of the classical phenomenological approach, molecular science provides an advanced understanding of the reactions of charged particles such as ions and electrons at the electrodes.
Recently, engineering thermodynamics has introduced a new thermodynamic potential called exergy, which essentially is related to the concept of the affinity of irreversible processes. This textbook discusses the relation between exergy and affinity and explains the exergy balance diagram and exergy vector diagram applicable to exergy analyses in chemical manufacturing processes.
This textbook is written in the hope that the readers understand in a broad way the fundamental concepts of energy and exergy from chemical thermodynamics in practical applications. Finishing this book, the readers may easily step forward further into an advanced text of their specified line.

- Visualizes the main concepts of thermodynamics to show the meaning of the quantities and formulae.
- Focuses mainly on the affinity of irreversible processes and the related concept of exergy.
- Provides an advanced understanding of electrochemical thermodynamics.

Inhalt

Cover 1
CONTENTS 6
PREFACE 4
CHAPTER 1. THERMODYNAMIC STATE VARIABLES 10
1.1. Thermodynamic systems 10
1.2. Variables of the state 11
1.3. Extensive and intensive variables 12
1.4. Partial molar quantities 12
1.5. The extent of a chemical reaction 14
CHAPTER 2. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 18
2.1. Energy as a physical quantity of the state 18
2.2. Conservation of energy 19
2.3. Internal energy U with independent variables T, V, and . 20
2.4. Enthalpy H with independent variables T, p, and . 21
2.5. Enthalpy and heat of reaction 24
2.6. Enthalpy of pure substances 25
CHAPTER 3. ENTROPY AS A STATE PROPERTY 28
3.1. Introduction to entropy 28
3.2. Reversible and irreversible processes 30
3.3. The creation of entropy and uncompensated heat 32
3.4. The creation of entropy and thermodynamic potentials 34
3.5. Affinity of irreversible processes 35
3.6. Entropy of pure substances 39
3.7. Entropy of heat transfer 40
3.8. Entropy of gas expansion 42
3.9. Entropy of mixing 43
CHAPTER 4. AFFINITY IN IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES 46
4.1. Affinity in chemical reactions 46
4.2. Affinity and heat of reaction 47
4.3. The average heat of reaction 49
4.4. The average affinity of reaction 50
CHAPTER 5. CHEMICAL POTENTIAL 54
5.1. Thermodynamic potentials in open systems 54
5.2. The partial molar quantity of energy and the chemical potential 55
5.3. Chemical potentials and the affinity of reaction 56
5.4. Chemical potentials and thermodynamic energy functions 57
5.5. Chemical potentials in homogeneous mixtures: the Gibbs-Duhem equation 58
5.6. Chemical potentials of substances in ideal mixtures 58
5.7. Activity and activity coefficient 60
5.8. Chemical potentials of pure substances 61
5.9. Thermodynamic potentials in ideal mixtures 62
5.10. The unitary and mixing terms of thermodynamic potentials 63
CHAPTER 6. UNITARY AFFINITY AND EQUILIBRIUM 66
6.1. Affinity and equilibrium in chemical reactions 66
6.2. The unitary affinity 67
6.3. Equilibrium constants and concentration units 68
6.4. Equilibrium constants as a function of pressure and temperature 69
CHAPTER 7. GASES, LIQUIDS, AND SOLIDS 72
7.1. Perfect and ideal gases 72
7.2. Non-ideal gases 74
7.3. Liquids and solids 75
7.4. The state equation and thermodynamic functions of condensed substances 76
CHAPTER 8. SOLUTIONS 80
8.1. Ideal and non-ideal solutions 80
8.2. Perfect solutions and ideal solutions 81
8.3. Reference systems for thermodynamic unitary quantity 84
8.4. Thermodynamic excess functions in non-ideal solutions 85
8.5. Units of the concentration 86
8.6. Osmotic pressure 87
8.7. Electrolytic solutions 89
CHAPTER 9. ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY 92
9.1. Electrochemical potential of charged particles 92
9.2. Transfer of charged particles between two condensed phases 94
9.3. Electrode and electrode potential 95
9.4. Electrochemical cells 98
9.5. Equilibrium electrode potential of electronic transfer reactions 101
9.6. Equilibrium electrode potential of ionic transfer reactions 103
9.7. Chemical potential of hydrated ions 104
CHAPTER 10. EXERGY 106
10.1. The concept of exergy 106
10.2. Exergy and heat 108
10.3. Exergy and pressure 109
10.4. Thermal exergy of high temperature substances 110
10.5. Thermal exergy of low temperature substances 113
10.6. Exergy in mixing substances 114
10.7. Chemical exergy of substances 116
10.8. Standard chemical exergy of substances 119
10.9. Total exergy of substances 121
10.10. Exergy and affinity 121
CHAPTER 11. EXERGY DIAGRAM 124
11.1. Efficiency in the use of energy 124
11.2. Exergy balance diagram 126
11.3. Exergy vector diagram 129
11.4. Principles in exergy vector diagrams 132
11.5. Exergy transfer between two processes 134
11.6. Exergy vectors of heating-cooling processes 135
11.7. Exergy vectors of compression-expansion processes 137
11.8. Exergy vectors of separating-mixing processes 138
11.9. Exergy vectors of chemical reactions 138
11.10. Exergy transfer in chemical reactions 140
11.11. Exergy vector diagrams of methanol synthesis 143
11.12. Exergy vectors for electrochemical reactions 146
LIST OF SYMBOLS 150
REFERENCES 154
INDEX 156

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 31.3.2004
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sachbuch/Ratgeber
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Physikalische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Technische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Thermodynamik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• ISBN-10: 0-08-050100-1 / 0080501001
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-050100-0 / 9780080501000