Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics (eBook)

Peter W. Hawkes (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2004 | 1. Auflage
608 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-049010-6 (ISBN)

Infos

* A special volume devoted principally to the
role of the late Sir Charles Oatley in the development of the scanning electron microscopeings

* It contains historical articles and reminiscences by most of the scientists who have worked on the scanning electron microscope in Oatley's laboratory

* Emphasizes broad and in depth article collaborations between world-renowned scientists in the field of image and electron physics

Although the scanning electron microscope had a prehistory in Germany and the USA, its real champion was Charles Oatley, who launched his project
in the Cambridge University Engineering Department shortly after the end of World War II. A first microscope was built successfully by D. McMullan, one
of the Guest Editors of this volume and a succession of progressively improved instruments followed. One in particular, built by K.C.A. Smith was commissioned specially for the Canadian Pulp and Paper Research Institute for use in their Montreal laboratories. All these efforts culminated in the commercial model built by the Cambridge Instrument Company and marketed in 1965 under the trade name, Stereoscan.
Although this story has been told on several occasions, in particular in these Advances, it seemed appropriate, in the centenary year of the birth of Sir Charles Oatley, that more details should be published to celebrate these achievements. This volume is the result.

It contains not only historical articles and reminiscences by most of the scientists who have worked on the scanning electron microscope in Oatley's laboratory but also full or partial reproductions of many of the key publications, beginning with McMullan's early paper of 1953 and including Oatley's own 'Early history of the scanning electron microscope' (1982). A website has been created, in which supplementary material is collected.

This volume is a tribute to a bold pioneering scientist and a vivid record of the creation of the first commercial scanning electron microscopes and of subsequent developments.

* A special volume devoted principally to the
role of the late Sir Charles Oatley in the development of the scanning electron microscopeings
* It contains historical articles and reminiscences by most of the scientists who have worked on the scanning electron microscope in Oatley's laboratory
* Emphasizes broad and in depth article collaborations between world-renowned scientists in the field of image and electron physics

Peter Hawkes graduated from the University of Cambridge and subsequently obtained his PhD in the Electron Microscopy Section of the Cavendish Laboratory. He remained there for several years, working on electron optics and digital image processing before taking up a research position in the CNRS Laboratory of Electron Optics (now CEMES-CNRS) in Toulouse, of which he was Director in 1987. During the Cambridge years, he was a Research Fellow of Peterhouse and a Senior Research fellow of Churchill College. He has published extensively, both books and scientific journal articles, and is a member of the editorial boards of Ultramicroscopy and the Journal of Microscopy. He was the founder-president of the European Microscopy Society, CNRS Silver Medallist in 1983 and is a Fellow of the Optical Society of America and of the Microscopy Society of America (Distinguished Scientist, Physics, 2015), Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society and Honorary Member of the French Microscopy Society. In 1982, he was awarded the ScD degree by the University of Cambridge.

In 1982, he took over editorship of the Advances in Electronics & Electron Physics (now Advances in Imaging & Electron Physics) from Claire Marton (widow of the first editor, Bill Marton) and followed Marton's example in maintaining a wide range of subject matter. He added mathematical morphology to the topics regularly covered; Jean Serra and Gerhard Ritter are among those who have contributed.

In 1980, he joined Professor Wollnik (Giessen University) and Karl Brown (SLAC) in organising the first international conference on charged-particle optics, designed to bring together opticians from the worlds of electron optics, accelerator optics and spectrometer optics. This was so successful that similar meetings have been held at four-year intervals from 1986 to the present day. Peter Hawkes organised the 1990 meeting in Toulouse and has been a member of the organising committee of all the meetings. He has also participated in the organization of other microscopy-related congresses, notably EMAG in the UK and some of the International and European Congresses on electron microscopy as well as three Pfefferkorn conferences.

He is very interested in the history of optics and microscopy, and recently wrote long historical articles on the correction of electron lens aberrations, the first based on a lecture delivered at a meeting of the Royal Society. He likewise sponsored biographical articles for the Advances on such major figures as Ernst Ruska (Nobel Prize 1986), Helmut Ruska, Bodo von Borries, Jan Le Poole and Dennis Gabor (Nobel Prize, 1971). Two substantial volumes of the series were devoted to 'The Beginnings of Electron Microscopy' and 'The Growth of Electron Microscopy'. and others have covered 'Cold Field Emission Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy' and 'Aberration-corrected Electron Microscopy', with contributions by all the main personalities of the subject.

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* A special volume devoted principally to therole of the late Sir Charles Oatley in the development of the scanning electron microscopeings* It contains historical articles and reminiscences by most of the scientists who have worked on the scanning electron microscope in Oatley's laboratory* Emphasizes broad and in depth article collaborations between world-renowned scientists in the field of image and electron physicsAlthough the scanning electron microscope had a prehistory in Germany and the USA, its real champion was Charles Oatley, who launched his projectin the Cambridge University Engineering Department shortly after the end of World War II. A first microscope was built successfully by D. McMullan, oneof the Guest Editors of this volume and a succession of progressively improved instruments followed. One in particular, built by K.C.A. Smith was commissioned specially for the Canadian Pulp and Paper Research Institute for use in their Montreal laboratories. All these efforts culminated in the commercial model built by the Cambridge Instrument Company and marketed in 1965 under the trade name, Stereoscan.Although this story has been told on several occasions, in particular in these Advances, it seemed appropriate, in the centenary year of the birth of Sir Charles Oatley, that more details should be published to celebrate these achievements. This volume is the result. It contains not only historical articles and reminiscences by most of the scientists who have worked on the scanning electron microscope in Oatley's laboratory but also full or partial reproductions of many of the key publications, beginning with McMullan's early paper of 1953 and including Oatley's own "e;Early history of the scanning electron microscope"e; (1982). A website has been created, in which supplementary material is collected.This volume is a tribute to a bold pioneering scientist and a vivid record of the creation of the first commercial scanning electron microscopes and of subsequent developments. * A special volume devoted principally to therole of the late Sir Charles Oatley in the development of the scanning electron microscopeings* It contains historical articles and reminiscences by most of the scientists who have worked on the scanning electron microscope in Oatley's laboratory* Emphasizes broad and in depth article collaborations between world-renowned scientists in the field of image and electron physics

Inhalt

Cover 1
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 12
Preface 16
Foreword 18
Congress and Other Abbreviations 20
Acknowledgments 22
Future Contributions 24
Part I: Introduction 28
Chapter 1.1 Charles Oatley: Father of Modern Scanning Electron Microscopy 30
Chapter 1.2 The Early History of the Scanning Electron Microscope 34
Part II: The Scanning Electron Microscope at the Cambridge University Engineering Department 62
Chapter 2.1A The Development of the First Cambridge Scanning Electron Microscope, 1948–1953 64
Chapter 2.1B An Improved Scanning Electron Microscope for Opaque Specimens 86
Chapter 2.2A Exploring the Potential of the Scanning Electron Microscope 120
Chapter 2.2B The Scanning Electron Microscope and its Fields of Application 138
Chapter 2.3 Building a Scanning Electron Microscope 154
Chapter 2.4A Contrast Formation in the Scanning Electron Microscope 164
Chapter 2.4B Wide-Band Detector for Micro-microampere Low-Energy Electron Currents 174
Chapter 2.5 A Simple Scanning Electron Microscope 180
Chapter 2.6 New Applications of the Scanning Electron Microscope 186
Chapter 2.7A A. D. G. Stewart and an Early Biological Application of the Scanning Electron Microscope 192
Chapter 2.7B Investigation of the Topography of Ion Bombarded Surfaces with a Scanning Electron Microscope 202
Chapter 2.8 The Scanning Electron Microscopy of Hot and Electron-Emitting Specimens 206
Chapter 2.9A Towards Higher-Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy 214
Chapter 2.9B High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy 222
Chapter 2.10 The Application of the Scanning Electron Microscope to Microfabrication and Nanofabrication 234
Chapter 2.11 Scanning Electron Diffraction: A Survey of the Work of C. W. B. Grigson 254
Part III: The Development of Electron Probe Instruments at the Cavendish Laboratory and the Tube Investments Research Laboratory 262
Chapter 3.1 The Development of the X-ray Projection Microscope and the X-ray Microprobe Analyser at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, 1946–60 264
Chapter 3.2A The Contributions of W. C. Nixon and J. V. P. Long to X-ray Microscopy and Microanalysis: Introduction 278
Chapter 3.2B X-Ray Projection Microscopy 280
Chapter 3.2C Microanalysis 286
Chapter 3.3A Development of the Scanning Electron Probe Microanalyser, 1953–1965 296
Chapter 3.3B Micro-Analysis by a Flying-Spot X-Ray Method 312
Chapter 3.4 Tube Investments Research Laboratories and the Scanning Electron Probe Microanalyser 316
Part IV: Commercial Development 336
Chapter 4.1A Commercial Exploitation of Research Initiated by Sir Charles Oatley 338
Chapter 4.1B AEI Electron Microscopes„Background to the Development of a Commercial Scanning Electron Microscope 344
Chapter 4.2A Microscan to Stereoscan at the Cambridge Instrument Company 348
Chapter 4.2B A New Scanning Electron Microscope 362
Chapter 4.3 Memories of the Scanning Electron Microscope at the Cambridge Instrument Company 366
Chapter 4.4 From Microscopy to Lithography 386
Chapter 4.5 Commercial Electron Beam Lithography in Cambridge, 1973–1999: A View from the Drawing Board 414
Part V: Epilogue 440
Chapter 5.1 Charles Oatley: The Later Years 442
Chapter 5.2 The Detective Quantum Efficiency of the Scintillator/ Photomultiplier in the Scanning Electron Microscope 446
Chapter 5.3 Professor Oatley Remembered 464
Chapter 5.4 Recollections of Professor Oatley’s Reincarnation as a Research Student 472
Chapter 5.5 My Life with the Stereoscan 476
Chapter 5.6 Research at the Cambridge University Engineering Department Post-Stereoscan 494
Chapter 5.7 The Development of Biological Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Microanalysis 496
Chapter 5.8 From the Scanning Electron Microscope to Nanolithography 512
Appendices 526
Appendix I Sir Charles William Oatley, O. B. E., F. R. S. (Royal Society Biographical Memoir) 530
Appendix II A History of the Scanning Electron Microscope, 1928–1965 550
Appendix III The Cambridge Instrument Company and Electron-Optical Innovation 574
Index 584
Color Page 604

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 18.12.2004
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sachbuch/Ratgeber
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Elektrodynamik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Nachrichtentechnik
• ISBN-10: 0-08-049010-7 / 0080490107
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-049010-6 / 9780080490106