Advances in Geophysics (eBook)

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1986 | 1. Auflage
456 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-056859-1 (ISBN)

Infos

ADVANCES IN GEOPHYSICS VOLUME 29

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Anomalous Atmospheric Flows and Blocking 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Foreword 12
Preface 14
Part I: Historical Introduction 18
Chapter 1. Global Scale Circulations —A Review 20
1. Introduction 20
2. The Distant Past 20
3. The Near Past 25
4. Blocking as a Structural Entity 32
5. Some General Considerations 41
6. A Concluding Remark 42
References 43
Part II: Observations 46
Chapter 2. The Life Cycles of Persistent Anomalies and Blocking over the North Pacific 48
1. Introduction 48
2. Data 49
3. Procedure 50
4. Development of 500-mbar Height Anomaly Patterns 51
5. Vertical and Thermal Evolutions during Development 67
6. Synoptic Characteristics of Development 71
7. Breakdown 76
8. Discussion 81
9. Conclusions 83
References 85
Chapter 3. On Atmospheric Blocking Types and Blocking Numbers 88
1. Introduction 88
2. Energy Parameters and Data 89
3. Blocking Numbers 94
4. Kinetic Energy Budget and Blocking Numbers 97
5. Relevant Energy Fluxes 102
6. Types of BIocking 106
7. Conclusions 111
Appendix A 113
Appendix B 114
Appendix C 115
References 116
Chapter 4. Observational Characteristics of Atmospheric Planetary Waves with Bimodal Amplitude Distributions 118
1. Introduction 118
2. Frequency Distribution of the Planetary-Wave Amplitude Indicator 120
3. Wave Structure of the Two Modes 122
4. Energetics and Enstrophy Budgets for the Two Modes 130
5. Role of Cyclone Waves in Blocking 144
6. Conclusion 148
References 149
Chapter 5. A Case Study of Eddy Forcing during an Atlantic Blocking Episode 152
1. Introduction 152
2. The Eddy Straining Mechanism 153
3. Data Manipulation and the Synoptic Situation 156
4. E Vectors and the Sense of Momentum Forcing 159
5. Eddy Vorticity Flux Divergence Patterns 162
6. Ertel Potential Vorticity Analysis 164
7. Summary and Discussion 175
References 178
Part III: Theory 180
Chapter 6. The Effect of Local Baroclinic Instability on Zonal lnhomogeneities of Vorticity and Temperature 182
1. Introduction 182
2. Eddy Fluxes in the Two-Layer Model 184
3. Fluxes and Tendencies Associated with Local Baroclinic Instability 186
4. Conclusions 197
References 199
Chapter 7. Forcing of Planetary-Scale Blocking Anticyclones by Synoptic-Scale Eddies 200
1. Introduction 200
2. Stochastically Forced Planetary Modes 201
3. Results 203
References 214
Chapter 8. Deterministic and Statistical Properties of Northern Hemisphere, Middle Latitude Circulation: Minimal Theoretical Models 216
1. Introduction 216
2. A Reexamination of CDV 217
3. Modification of the CDV Wave Equation 226
4. Baroclinic Energetics 232
5. Resonance Bending in a Baroclinic Model Atmosphere 236
6. Summary and Conclusions 240
References 241
Chapter 9. Probability Density Distribution of Large-Scale Atmospheric Flow 244
1. Introduction 244
2. Theoretical Background 245
3. The Data 247
4. Nonparametric Probability Density Estimation 248
5. Results 250
6. Connection with Patterns of the 500-mbar Geopotential Height 252
7. Discussion 260
8. The Zonal Wind 263
9. Conclusions 264
References 265
Chapter 10. Stationary Planetary Waves, Blocking, and lnterannual Variability 268
1. Introduction 268
2. How Persistent Are Anomalies? 270
3. Multiple Equilibria? 272
4. Teleconnections—The Tropical Connection? 276
5. Linearized Response to Stationary Forcing 279
6. Free Rossby Waves and the Meaning of Persistence 286
7. Concluding Remarks 288
References 289
Part IV: Numerical Experiments 292
Chapter 11. Instability Theory and Nonlinear Evolution of Blocks and Mature Anomalies 294
1. Introduction 294
2. Three-Dimensional Instability Theory 295
3. Time Evolution of Observed Mature Anomalies 306
4. Nonlinear Simulation 308
References 318
Chapter 12. Numerical Prediction: Some Results from Operational Forecasting at ECMWF 322
1. Introduction 322
2. The ECMWF Forecasting System 323
3. Methods of Assessment 325
4. The Accuracy of Forecasts in the Medium Range 327
5. The Prediction of Blocking and Cutoff Lows 335
6. Developments in Predictive Skill 340
7. The Representation of Monthly-Mean Anomalies 345
8. Systematic Model Errors 350
9. Concluding Remarks 352
References 353
Chapter 13. Envelope Orography and Maintenance of the Quasi-Stationary Circulation in the ECMWF Global Models 356
1. Introduction 356
2. Orographic Forcing and the Systematic Error of the ECMWF Gridpoint Model: The Envelope Orography 357
3. The January 1981 Set of Experiments 360
4. The Experiments with the Blended Orographies 372
5. Mountain Torque and Zonal Flow 376
6. The Effects of the Envelope Orography in the Tropical Regions 380
7. Summary and Conclusions 387
References 389
Chapter 14. Numerical Forecasts of Tropospheric and Stratospheric Events during the Winter of 1979: Sensitivity to the Model’s Horizontal Resolution and Vertical Extent 392
1. Introduction 392
2. Selected Features of the Atmospheric Circulation during the Northern Hemisphere Winter of 1979 394
3. Description of the Model 397
4. Tropospheric Forec asts 398
5. Stratospheric Forecasts 409
6. Impact of the Upper Boundary on Tropospheric Forecasts 415
7. Conclusions 428
References 430
Chapter 15. Mechanistic Experiments to Determine the Origin of Short-Scale Southern Hemisphere Stationary Rossby Waves 432
1. Introduction 432
2. Analysis and Control Experiments 434
3. “No Andes” Experiment 444
4. “Reduced Tropical Heating” Experiment 446
5. “Suppressed Regional Heating” Experiments 452
6. “Easterly Deceleration” Experiment 454
7. Summary and Conclusions 456
References 458
Chapter 16. SST Anomalies and Blocking 460
1. Introduction 460
2. Influence of Tropical SST Anomalies on Extratropical Circulation 462
3. Influence of Extratropical SST Anomalies on Extratropical Circulation 466
References 468
Index 470

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 12.9.1986
• Mitarbeit: Herausgeber (Serie): Barry Saltzman
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sachbuch/Ratgeber ► Beruf / Finanzen / Recht / Wirtschaft ► Bewerbung / Karriere
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geophysik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie
• Themenwelt: Recht / Steuern ► Öffentliches Recht
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 0-08-056859-9 / 0080568599
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-056859-1 / 9780080568591