Advances in Geophysics (eBook)

eBook Download: PDF

1983 | 1. Auflage
502 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-056854-6 (ISBN)

Infos

ADVANCES IN GEOPHYSICS VOLUME 25

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Theory of Climate 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 10
Foreword 12
Part I: History and Application of General Circulation Models 16
Chapter 1. The Beginnings of Numerical Weather Prediction and General Circulation Modeling: Early Recollections 18
1. Introductory Remarks 18
2. Some Personal Antecedents 19
3. The Institute for Advanced Study 1949–1953 20
4. The Road to Operational Adaptation of Numerical Weather Prediction 33
5. The Advent of the General Circulation Modeling Era 40
6. Epilogue 51
Chapter 2. Carbon Dioxide and Climatic Change 54
1. Introduction 54
2. Historical Background 55
3. Radiative, Convective Equilibrium 57
4. Distribution of the Global Climate Change 63
5. Transient Response 87
6 . Concluding Remarks 92
References 95
Part II: Statistical-Dynamical Models 98
Chapter 3. Almost Empirical Approaches to the Problem of Climate. Its Variations and Fluctuations 100
1. Introduction 100
2. Determination of Mean Climate Characteristics 102
3. Sensitivity of Climate to Variations of External Factors 104
4. Empirical Estimates of Feedback between Albedo and Temperature of Underlying Surface 108
5. Empirical Estimates of the Role of Clouds in Radiation Balance 111
6. Sensitivity of Climate to Changes of Atmospheric CO2 Content 115
7. Statistical Properties of Climatic System 118
8. Conclusion 125
Appendix 126
References 127
Chapter 4. Parameterization of Traveling Weather Systems in a Simple Model of Large-Scale Atmospheric Flow 132
1. Introduction 132
2. Dynamics of Monthly Mean Climatology 134
3. Parameterization: How and Why 145
4. Transfer Theory of Geostrophic Turbulence 148
5. A Highly Parameterized Climate Model 159
6. Conclusion 182
References 184
Chapter 5. Climatic Systems Analysis 188
1. Introduction 188
2. General Theoretical Considerations and Equations: The Basis for Climate Modeling 191
3. Time Constants and Integral Constraints 198
4. A Prototype Deterministic System 210
5. Climate as a Stochastic-Dynamical System: Effects of Random Forcing 218
6. Concluding Remarks 225
Appendix A. A Resolution of Climatic Variability 228
Appendix B. Time Constants and Conditions for Equilibration 230
Appendix C. A Generalized SDM Governing Long-Term Changes of the Complete Climatic System 233
References 245
Part Ill: Radiative, Surficial, and Dynamical Properties of the Earth–Atmosphere System 250
Chapter 6. Satellite Radiation Observations and Climate Theory 252
1. Introduction 252
2. The Earth's Radiation Budget 254
3. Sensitivity Studies 278
4. Validation of Climate Models 303
5. Climatology from Satellites 311
References 317
Chapter 7. Land Surface Processes and Climate—Surface Albedos and Energy Balance 320
1. Introduction 320
2. Surface Albedos 323
3. Surface Energy Balance 349
4. Further Remarks on Land Surface Processes as a Component of Climate Models 365
References 367
Chapter 8. Global Angular Momentum and Energy Balance Requirements from Observations 370
1. Introduction 370
2. Data Handling and Analysis Procedures 375
3. Angular Momentum Balance of the Climatic System 376
4. Energy Balance of the Climatic System 401
5. Some Implications for the Global Energy Cycle of the Climatic System 446
6. Concluding Remarks 458
Appendix A. Tables 462
Appendix B. The Mean Meridional Circulation 494
List of Symbols and Definitions 499
References 501
Index 506

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 23.6.1983
• Mitarbeit: Herausgeber (Serie): Barry Saltzman
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sachbuch/Ratgeber ► Beruf / Finanzen / Recht / Wirtschaft ► Bewerbung / Karriere
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geophysik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie
• Themenwelt: Recht / Steuern ► Öffentliches Recht
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 0-08-056854-8 / 0080568548
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-056854-6 / 9780080568546