Advances in Geophysics (eBook)

eBook Download: PDF

1970 | 1. Auflage
414 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-056842-3 (ISBN)

Infos

ADVANCES IN GEOPHYSICS VOLUME 14

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Advances in Geophysics, Volume 14 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 12
List of Contributors 6
Foreword 8
Preface 10
Chapter 1. Precision Radiometry and Its Significance in Atmospheric and Space Physics 22
1.1. Introduction 22
1.2. Historical Review of Precision Radiometry 27
1.3. Precision and Accuracy of Radiometric Devices 43
1.4. The Extraterrestrial Solar Fluxes 45
1.5. Instrumental Problems in Precision Measurements of Solar and Terrestrial Radiative Fluxes above the Earth’s Surface 65
References 70
Chapter 2. Radiometry from the Viewpoint of the Detector 74
2.1. Introduction 74
2.2. Spectral Distribution 80
2.3. The Measurement of Radiation–Basic Principles 81
2.4. The Thermopile 83
2.5. Use of Radiation Thermopiles–Measurement of Total Radiation 86
2.6. Establishment of the Radiation Scale 91
2.7. Measurement of Monochromatic Radiation 93
2.8. The Absolute Measurement of Radiant Power 96
2.9. The Absolute Measurement of Radiation 97
References 102
Chapter 3. Sources as Radiometric Standards 104
3.1. Introduction 104
3.2. Standards of Total Irradiance 105
3.3. Standards of Spectral Radiance 111
3.4. Standards of Spectral Irradiance 118
3.5. Low-Intensity Standards of Spectral Irradiance 122
3.6. Concluding Remarks 124
References 129
Chapter 4. High-Accuracy Spectral Radiance Calibration of Tungsten-Strip Lamps 132
4.1. Introduction 132
4.2. Accuracy Requirements 133
4.3. The Blackbody 135
4.4. The Spectroradiometer 139
4.5. Temperature Calibration 141
4.6. Comparison of Blackbody and Tungsten-Strip Lamp 146
4.7. Summary of Uncertainties 147
References 148
Chapter 5. New Infrared Detectors 150
5.1. Introduction 150
5.2. The Performance of an Ideal Detector 152
5.3. Intrinsic Photoconductive Detectors 159
5.4. Extrinsic Photoconductive Detectors 168
5.5. New Types of Thermal Detectors 175
5.6. Laser Detectors 181
References 183
Chapter 6. Blackbodies as Absolute Radiation Standards 186
6.1. Introduction 186
6.2. Principles of Absolute Total Blackbody Radiometry 190
6.3. Temperature Measurements 192
6.4. Stefan–Boltzmann Constant 193
6.5. Emissivities of Blackbody Cavities 198
6.6. Configuration Factors 203
6.7. Low-Temperature Blackbody as an Absolute Standard of Total Radiation 205
6.8. Experimental Difficulties in the Transfer of a Total Radiation Scale to Secondary Devices 209
6.9. Accuracy of Total Irradiance Standards 217
6.10. Applications 219
References 220
Chapter 7. Experimental Blackbody (Absolute) Radiometry 224
7.1. Historical 224
7.2. Blackbody Design 227
7.3. Sources of Error 232
7.4. Current Status of Cavity Sources 236
References 244
Chapter 8 . Laboratory Methods of Experimental Radiometry Including Data Analysis 248
8.1. Introduction 248
8.2. Total Radiation Scales in Practice 249
8.3. Calibration of a Radiometer 258
8.4. Sensitivity Definitions for Thermopiles 261
8.5. Filter Radiometry with Thermopile-Type Detectors 263
8.6. Correlation of Broadband and Narrowband Filter Radiometer Measurements 269
8.7. Monochromator measurements 271
8.8. Use of Monochromator Data in Calculating Filter Factors 279
8.9. Correlation of Monochromator and Filter Radiometer Meas- urement Results 284
8.10. Other Uses of Spectral Standards for Calibration Purposes 286
References 288
Chapter 9. On Determinations of the Atmospheric Turbidity and Their Relation to Pyrheliometric Measurements 290
9.1. Introduction 290
9.2. Scattering of Solar Radiation within the Atmosphere 291
9.3. Determination of the Angstrom Turbidity Coefficient 293
9.4. Influence of Circumsolar Sky Radiation on Pyrheliometric Measurements 296
9.5. Absorption of Solar Radiation by Atmospheric Water Vapor 298
9.6. Influence of Atmospheric Turbidity on the Planetary Albedo of the Earth 301
Appendix 303
References 304
Chapter 10. Some Meteorological Aspects of Radiation and Radiation Measurement 306
10.1. General Introduction: Magnitudes 306
10.2. Computation of Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere 308
10.3. Measurements of Solar Radiation 313
10.4. Measurements of Terrestrial Radiation 321
10.5. Indirect Sensing of Atmospheric Properties by Observations of Radiation 324
References 326
Chapter 11. Measurement of Radiation Flux and Equivalent Radiation Temperature in the Atmosphere 328
11.1. Introduction 328
11.2. A New MRT Meter 333
11.3. Four-Sphere MRT Meter 339
11.4. Observations with the Four-Sphere MRT Meter 341
11.5. Experiments with the Four-Sphere Model 341
11.6. Equivalent Radiation Temperature in the Upper Air 343
11.7. Future Problem 345
11.8. Absolute Emissivity Measurement of Flat Surfaces 345
11.9. Pyrheliometer Development 349
References 349
Chapter 12. Applications of Thermal Radiation Measurements in Atmospheric Science 352
12.1. Role of Radiative Energy Exchange in Weather Processes 352
12.2. Instrumentation for Radiation Measurements in the Free At- mosphere 354
12.3. Effects on Radiative Atmospheric Heat Budget during Artificially Induced Cirrus Metamorphoses 366
12.4. Observed and Calculated Irradiances for the Real Atmosphere 373
12.5. Infrared Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere 374
References 377
Chapter 13. Recent Advances in Satellite Radiation Measurements 380
13.1. Brief Summary of Satellite Radiometry 380
13.2. Physical Principles of Vertical Sounding 389
13.3. Vertical Sounding Experiments 393
13.4. Intercomparison of the Instruments 398
13.5. Calibration of the Interferometer 403
13.6. Future Experiments 406
Appendix 407
References 409
Chapter 14. The Design and Construction of Evaporated Multilayer Filters for Use in Solar Radiation Technology 412
14.1. Introduction 412
14.2. Theory of the Fabry–Perot Interferometer 413
14.3. Filter Contrast and Bandwidth 422
14.4. Temperature Dependence of Band Position 425
14.5. Wide Bandpass Filters 426
14.6. Physical Properties of Narrow Bandpass Filters 431
References 433
Appendix: Radiation Terminology, Symbols, Units, and Conversion Factors 434

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 31.1.1970
• Mitarbeit: Herausgeber (Serie): Helmut E. Landsberg, J. van Mieghem
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sachbuch/Ratgeber ► Beruf / Finanzen / Recht / Wirtschaft ► Bewerbung / Karriere
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geophysik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie
• Themenwelt: Recht / Steuern ► Öffentliches Recht
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 0-08-056842-4 / 0080568424
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-056842-3 / 9780080568423