Crime Reconstruction (eBook)

W. Jerry Chisum, Brent E. Turvey (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2006 | 1. Auflage
616 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-046551-7 (ISBN)

Infos

Crime Reconstruction is a guide to the interpretation of physical evidence. It was developed to aid forensic reconstructionists with the formulation of hypotheses and conclusions that stay within the known limits of forensic evidence. The book begins with chapters on the history and ethics of crime reconstruction, and then shifts to the more applied subjects of general reconstruction methods and practice standards. It concludes with chapters on courtroom conduct and evidence admissibility, to prepare forensic reconstructionists for what awaits them when they take the witness stand. This book is a watershed collaborative effort by internationally known, qualified, and respected forensic science practitioners with generations of case experience. Forensic pioneers such as John D. DeHaan, John I. Thornton, and W. Jerry Chisum contribute chapters on arson reconstruction, trace evidence interpretation, advanced bloodstain interpretation, and reconstructionist ethics. Other chapters cover the subjects of shooting incident reconstruction, interpreting digital evidence, staged crime scenes, and examiner bias. Rarely have so many forensic giants collaborated, and never before have the natural limits of physical evidence been made so clear. This book is ideal for forensic examiners, forensic scientists, crime lab personnel, and special victim and criminal investigators. Others who will benefit from this book are law enforcement officials, forensic medical personnel, and criminal lawyers. * Contains the first practice standards ever published for the reconstruction of crime * Provides a clear ethical canon for the reconstructionist* Includes groundbreaking discussions of examiner bias and observer effects as they impact forensic evidence interpretation* Ideal for applied courses on the subject of crime reconstruction, as well as those teaching crime reconstruction theory within criminology and criminal justice programs

William Jerry Chisum has been a criminalist since 1960. He studied under Dr. Paul L. Kirk at U.C. Berkeley, worked in San Bernardino, and set up the Kern County Laboratory in Bakersfield. After joining the California Dept. of Justice, he took a leave of absence (1971-73) to work at Stanford Research Institute. He has been President of the California Association of Criminalists three times, and has also served as President of the American Society of Crime Lab Directors. In October of 1998, he retired from 37 years of public service but continues working as a private consultant. An accomplished teacher and lecturer, he has also been published in many forensic science journals and books.

Inhalt

Front cover 1
Title page 4
Copyright page 5
Table of contents 6
COVER ART DETAILS 8
PREFACE: A Holistic Approach to Crime Reconstruction 10
ORIGINS: THE FORENSIC GENERALIST 11
THE FORENSIC GENERALIST FADES 11
MODERN CRIME RECONSTRUCTION 16
HOLISTIC CRIME RECONSTRUCTION 18
REFERENCES 20
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 22
W. Jerry Chisum 22
Brent E. Turvey 22
ABOUT THE AUTHORS 24
EOGHAN CASEY, MA 24
W. JERRY CHISUM, BS 24
CRAIG M. COOLEY, MS, JD 25
RAYMOND J. DAVIS, BS 25
JOHN D. DeHAAN, PhD 25
DONNA KIMMEL- LAKE 26
BRUCE R. MORAN, BS 26
JOHN I. THORNTON, PhD 27
BRENT E. TURVEY, MS 27
1 A HISTORY OF CRIME RECONSTRUCTION 30
DR. JOSEPH E. BELL (1837-1911) 32
SIR ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE (1859-1930) 34
DR. JOHANN (HANS) BAPTIST GUSTAV GROSS (1847-1925) 45
DR. ALEXANDRE LACASSAGNE (1843-1924) 49
DR. EDMOND LOCARD (1872-1966) 49
EDWARD OSCAR HEINRICH (1881-1953) 54
DR. PAUL L. KIRK (1902-1970) 57
THE BROADER THEME 62
REFERENCES 63
2 CRIME RECONSTRUCTION - ETHOS AND ETHICS 66
FALLACIES OF LOGIC 69
DELIBERATE DECEPTION 72
THE FRAUD 72
HASTE 73
THE INEXPERIENCED 73
THE HONEST CRIME RECONSTRUCTIONIST SUBJECTED TO PRESSURE 74
RECONSTRUCTION BASED ON UNEVALUATED SURMISE 75
A CANON OF ETHICAL CONDUCT FOR THE CRIME RECONSTRUCTIONIST 76
REFERENCES 77
3 OBSERVER EFFECTS AND EXAMINER BIAS: PSYCHOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON THE FORENSIC EXAMINER 80
PURPOSE 82
OBSERVER EFFECTS 83
"HUSHED" CONVERSATIONS AND THE THIRD RAIL 86
SUBJECTIVITY AND EXPECTATION IN FORENSIC SCIENCE 87
RECOMMENDATIONS TO BLUNT OBSERVER EFFECTS 102
CONCLUSION 108
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 109
REFERENCES 109
4 PRACTICE STANDARDS FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION OF CRIME 114
IS CRIME RECONSTRUCTION A SCIENCE? 115
OVERSIMPLIFICATION AND OCCAM'S RAZOR 117
THE POLITICS OF BIAS 121
ZEALOUS ADVOCATES 123
TAKING STEPS 127
THINKING ABOUT THINKING 128
THE SOCRATIC METHOD AND THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD 129
INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING 133
CRITICAL THINKING 134
NO GOOD REASON: LOGICAL FALLACIES IN CRIME RECONSTRUCTION 135
PRACTICE STANDARDS 145
REFERENCES 153
5 METHODS OF CRIME RECONSTRUCTION 156
CRIME RECONSTRUCTION AND EXPERIENCE 157
REASON, METHODS, AND CONFIDENCE 159
EVENT ANALYSIS 164
THE ROLE OF EVIDENCE: RECONSTRUCTION CLASSIFICATIONS 165
CREATING TIME LINES 172
THE CRIME SCENE 177
THE NATURE OF RECONSTRUCTION 187
CRITICAL/CREATIVE THINKING EXERCISES 187
ANSWERS - SORT OF 188
REFERENCES 189
6 EVIDENCE DYNAMICS 190
EVIDENCE DYNAMICS 190
DYNAMIC INFLUENCES: PREDISCOVERY 191
DYNAMIC INFLUENCES: POSTDISCOVERY 203
CHAIN OF CUSTODY/CHAIN OF EVIDENCE 218
THE CASE OF JAMIE PENICH 219
QUESTIONING THE EVIDENCE DYNAMICS 223
CONCLUSION 224
REFERENCES 224
7 TRACE EVIDENCE IN CRIME RECONSTRUCTION 226
FINGERPRINTS 230
BLOOD AND SEMEN 232
HAIR 232
FIBERS 233
PAINT 234
GLASS 234
SOIL 235
DUST 235
FOOTWEAR AND TIRE TRACKS 236
GUNSHOT RESIDUE 236
TOOL MARKS 237
PROJECTILE WIPES 237
EXPLOSIVES RESIDUE 237
AUTOMOBILE LIGHT "ON-OR-OFF" DETERMINATION 238
TRACE EVIDENCE TRANSFER 238
TRACE EVIDENCE INTERPRETATION IN CRIME RECONSTRUCTION 240
TRACE EVIDENCE AND THE FUTURE 241
REFERENCES 242
8 SHOOTING INCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION 244
SHOOTING INCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION - A PROCESS 245
APPLICATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD (A KEY ELEMENT IN THE RECONSTRUCTIVE PROCESS) 248
CONSIDERATIONS DURING DIRECT INVESTIGATION OF THE SHOOTING INCIDENT 251
RECONSTRUCTION WITHOUT THE BENEFIT OF PERSONAL INVOLVEMENT IN THE ORIGINAL CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION 253
THE FIREARM 255
FIELD AND LABORATORY EXAMINATION OF FIRED AND UNFIRED AMMUNITION COMPONENTS 262
DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECTILE HOLES, IMPACT SITES, AND RICOCHETS 270
DETERMINING THE DIRECTION OF PROJECTILE TRAVEL AND ANGLE OF IMPACT BY EXAMINATION OF BULLET HOLES, IMPACT SITES, AND RICOCHETS 276
DETERMINATION OF PROJECTILE PATHS 284
SHOOTER LOCATION, POSITION, AND ORENTATION ALONG ESTABLISHED BULLET PATHS 295
FURTHER NARROWING SHOOTER POSITION POSSIBILITIES 298
GUNFIRE INVOLVING VEHICLES 305
RECONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVING SHOTGUN EVIDENCE 312
DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS 319
CLOTHING OF THE PARTICIPANTS 323
REVIEW OF THE AUTOPSY REPORT 325
MEDICAL RECORDS AND PHYSICIAN REPORTS 330
REVIEW OF CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHS, DIAGRAMS, AND REPORTS 330
REVIEW OF FIRST RESPONDING POLICE OFFICER REPORTS 333
REVIEW OF INVESTIGATIVE REPORTS, INCLUDING VICTIM, SUSPECT, AND WITNESS STATEMENTS 334
REVIEW OF LABORATORY PHYSICAL EVIDENCE EXAMINATION REPORTS 335
REVISITING THE SHOOTING SCENE 336
TESTING OF PROPOSED THEORIES AND OFFERING THE BEST SOLUTIONS THROUGH ROLE PLAYING 337
CLOSING COMMENTS 338
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 339
REFERENCES 339
9 RECONSTRUCTION USING BLOODSTAIN EVIDENCE 342
SHORT COURSE PITFALLS: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY 343
WHAT KNOWLEDGE IS NEEDED? 346
BLOOD IN THE BODY 347
BLOOD FROM THE BODY 348
INJURIES 351
THE CRIME SCENE 356
THE WEAPON 358
BLOODSTAIN PATTERNS 359
THE VICTIM AND SUSPECT 360
SUMMARY 362
REPORTING 363
ATTACHMENT 1: CASE REPORT 363
BLOODSTAIN PATTERN EXPERIMENTS 368
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 388
REFERENCES 388
10 FIRE SCENE RECONSTRUCTION 390
THE CHALLENGE OF FIRE SCENE RECONSTRUCTION 390
SCIENTIFIC METHOD 393
THE BASIC INVESTIGATION 394
DOCUMENTATION 394
ESTABLISH STARTING CONDITIONS 397
BASIC FIRE CHEMISTRY 397
BASIC FIRE DYNAMICS 399
EVALUATE HEAT TRANSFER PATTERNS 402
FIRE SCENE RECONSTRUCTION 410
AREA OF ORIGIN 411
CAUSATION 412
CASE STUDY 418
CRIMINALISTICS ASPECTS 421
FIRE DEATHS AND INJURIES 423
FIRE TESTING 436
COMPUTER MODELING 438
LABORATORY TESTS 442
CONCLUSIONS 443
REFERENCES 444
11 RECONSTRUCTING DIGITAL EVIDENCE 448
OVERVIEW OF DIGITAL EVIDENCE 449
DIGITAL CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION 454
INTERPRETATION OF DIGITAL EVIDENCE1 455
ATTRIBUTION USING DIGITAL EVIDENCE 460
DIGITAL DOCUMENT AUTHENTICATION 462
EVALUATION OF SOURCE 464
ASSESSING ALIBIS AND STATEMENTS 465
DETERMINING MOTIVATION AND INTENT 466
CONCLUSIONS 467
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 467
REFERENCES 467
12 STAGED CRIME SCENES 470
GROSS 470
O'CONNELL AND SODERMAN 472
SVENSSON AND WENDEL 473
DOUGLAS AND MUNN 473
TURVEY 475
AD HOC RECONSTRUCTION 477
CASE EXAMPLES 478
USE OF CRIME RECONSTRUCTION TO DETERMINE STAGING 491
CONCLUSION 508
REFERENCES 509
13 SURVIVING AND THRIVING IN THE COURTROOM 512
FEAR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 513
THE LEGAL PROCESS FOR EXPERT TESTIMONY 519
QUALIFICATION QUESTIONS FOR THE EXPERT WITNESS 532
REFERENCES 535
14 RECONSTRUCTIONISTS IN A POST-DAUBERT AND POST-DNA COURTROOM 536
FORENSIC SCIENCE UNDER SCRUTINY 537
WHAT IS EXPECTED FROM THE RECONSTRUCTIONIST? 555
CONCLUSION 590
REFERENCES 591
INDEX 602
COLOR PLATES 618

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 27.10.2006
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sachbuch/Ratgeber
• Themenwelt: Recht / Steuern ► Allgemeines / Lexika
• Themenwelt: Recht / Steuern ► EU / Internationales Recht
• Themenwelt: Recht / Steuern ► Privatrecht / Bürgerliches Recht ► Zivilverfahrensrecht
• Themenwelt: Recht / Steuern ► Strafrecht ► Kriminologie
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften ► Politik / Verwaltung
• ISBN-10: 0-08-046551-X / 008046551X
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-046551-7 / 9780080465517