Corrosion Induced by Low-Energy Radionuclides (eBook)

Modeling of Tritium and Its Radiolytic and Decay Products Formed in Nuclear Installations

Gilbert Bellanger (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2004 | 1. Auflage
700 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-053003-1 (ISBN)

Infos

Nuclear power plants emit radiation and particles across a range of energies. This radiation can cause corrosion to occur in critically important parts of the plant, which can lead to efficiency and safety problems. Gamma rays and neutrons have the highest energies and can break the metal bonds in interior metallic structures causing damage quickly and in easily monitored ways. Consequently these types of radiation and the best alloys to use to mitigate their effects have been extensively researched and their findings applied.

However, the same is not true of low energy radiation which effects metal structures in a different way but can still cause appreciable and expensive corrosion. Low energy radiation degrades the passive oxide layers that protect metals. Without this protective layer the metals are easily corroded.

This book uses tritium and tritiated water as models to describe the effects of low energy radiation on the corrosion of metals in these environments. Comprehensive coverage of the fields of liquid and gas flow, heat exchange, gas diffusion in materials, and of materials resistance to corrosion is ensures the reader has a full understanding of how these processes effect corrosion in nuclear installations. Such an understanding is essential for the efficient and safe running of all modern plant that uses radioactive material and this book is a critical reference tool for anyone involved in the nuclear power industry or metals research.

* Unique coverage of low energy radiation and its corrosive effects in nuclear installations
* Provides coverage of basic scientific principles contributing to corrosion
* An essential reference for the safe and efficient construction and operation of nuclear installations
* Applications in power generation, fuel reprocessing, military and civilian applications.

* The first book to present detailed analysis of nuclear corrosion by low energy nuclides
* The most complete book available for those serious about understanding corrosion in all its aspects
* Keeping you at pace with the new methods that are changing the concept of corrosion in the nuclear industry

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Corrosion Induced By Low-Energy Radionuclides 4
Copyright Page 5
CONTENTS 10
Preface 6
Introduction 14
Glossary 26
PART I: THE ROLE OF TRITIUM IN THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY 30
CHAPTER 1. THERMONUCLEAR FUSION REACTOR 32
1.1. Thermonuclear fusion reactor overview 32
1.2. Requirements for controlled nuclear fusion 35
1.3. Plasma confinement 36
1.4. Plasma heating 37
CHAPTER 2. THE PREPARATION OF TRITIUM 38
CHAPTER 3. TRITIUM RECYCLING 42
3.1. Production of pure tritium and its storage 43
3.2. Tritiated waste processing 50
3.3. Air detritiation 58
3.4. Material for the first containment 60
PART II: NUCLEAR CORROSION AND METALLURGICAL ASPECTS 62
CHAPTER 4. STRATEGY FOR CONTROLLING CORROSION 64
4.1. Composition of the tritiated products 65
4.2. Televisual examinations 66
4.3. Laboratory examinations of super-alloys 68
4.4. Qualitative in situ tests 73
4.5. Examples of corroded samples 74
4.6. Types of corrosion in tritium installations 78
CHAPTER 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPER-ALLOYS 102
5.1. Austenitic stainless steels 102
5.2. Duplex stainless steel 105
5.3. Welded Duplex stainless steel 106
5.4. Precipitation hardening stainless steels 112
5.5. Super alloys 116
5.6. Cr-Ni alloy deposit 121
5.7. Titanium nitride deposit 122
5.8. Palladium and palladium-silver alloy 123
PART III: SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS OF CORROSION 128
CHAPTER 6. STABILITY OF TRITIATED OXIDE LAYER 130
6.1. Introduction 130
6.2. Experimental results 131
6.3. Discussion 147
6.4. Conclusions 151
CHAPTER 7. EFFECT OF ENERGY ON THE OXIDE LAYER 152
7.1. Introduction 152
7.2. Results obtained with non-tritiated water 152
7.3. Results obtained with tritiated water 156
7.4. Conclusions 173
CHAPTER 8. STRESS CORROSION CRACKING BY TRITIUM 174
8.1. Introduction 174
8.2. Results 174
8.3. Conclusions 179
CHAPTER 9. STRESS CORROSION CRACKING IN WELDS 180
9.1. Introduction 180
9.2. Results 180
9.3. Conclusion 189
CHAPTER 10. PASSIVATION PROCESS BY OXIDIZING SPECIES 190
10.1. Introduction 190
10.2. Results obtained with tritiated water 191
10.3. Discussion 198
10.4. Conclusion 200
CHAPTER 11. PASSIVATION BY HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND pH 202
11.1. Introduction 202
11.2. Results and discussion 202
11.3. Conclusions 212
CHAPTER 12. GROWTH OF OXIDE BY HYDROGEN PEROXIDE 214
12.1. Introduction 214
12.2. Experimental results 214
12.3. Conclusions 226
CHAPTER 13. GROWTH OF PITS AND CREVICES BY CHLORIDE 228
13.1. Introduction 228
13.2. Results and discussion 229
13.3. Conclusion 246
CHAPTER 14. LOCALIZED CORROSION UNDER TIN DEPOSIT 248
14.1. Introduction 248
14.2. Results and discussion 248
14.3. Conclusions 264
CHAPTER 15. SELECTIVE CORROSION OF Ni-Cr ALLOY 266
15.1. Introduction 266
15.2. Experimental results 267
15.3. Conclusions 281
CHAPTER 16. SUBCRITICAL PIT GROWTH IN ALLOYS 282
16.1. Introduction 282
16.2. Experimental results 283
16.3. Discussion, equivalent circuits and value determination 297
16.4. Conclusions 303
CHAPTER 17. DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF OXIDIZERS 304
17.1. Introduction 304
17.2. Experimental results 305
17.3. Conclusions 332
CHAPTER 18. PASSIVATION BY RADIOLYTIC CARBONATE 334
18.1. Introduction 334
18.2. Materials and preparation 334
18.3. Experimental results 336
18.4. Conclusions 358
CHAPTER 19. PROTECTION BY CARBONATE AND OXIDIZERS 360
19.1. Introduction 360
19.2. Materials and preparation 360
19.3. Experimental results 362
19.4. Conclusion 396
CHAPTER 20. PROTECTION BY NITRATE AND OXIDIZERS 398
20.1. Introduction 398
20.2. Experimental results 398
20.3. Conclusions 417
CHAPTER 21. CORROSION INHIBITION BY DEUTERIUM OXIDE 418
21.1. Introduction 418
21.2. Experimental results 419
21.3. Conclusions 449
CHAPTER 22. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE 450
22.1. Introduction 450
22.2. Results and discussion 450
22.3. Discussion, equivalent circuits and value determination 458
22.4. Conclusions 463
CHAPTER 23. EMBRITTLEMENT OF PALLADIUM BY TRITIUM 466
23.1. Introduction 466
23.2. Experimental results 466
23.3. Scanning electron microscope results 474
23.4. Conclusions 478
CHAPTER 24. FINDINGS AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS 480
24.1. Design of the medium to avoid corrosion 481
24.2. Design with regard to alloys and stainless steels to avoid corrosion 484
PART IV: APPENDIX 486
CHAPTER 25. 3D SURFACE TOPOGRAPHIES IN TRITIATED MEDIA 488
CHAPTER 26. FRACTAL REPRESENTATION FOR TRITIATED OXIDE 514
References 530
Subject Index 542

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 1.12.2005
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sachbuch/Ratgeber
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Anorganische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Atom- / Kern- / Molekularphysik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Themenwelt: Wirtschaft
• ISBN-10: 0-08-053003-6 / 0080530036
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-053003-1 / 9780080530031