Construction Law – An Introduction for Engineers, Architects, and Contractors
John Wiley & Sons Inc (Hersteller)
978-1-118-35915-0 (ISBN)
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Gail S. Kelley is a Professional Engineer and LEED Accredited Professional as well as a licensed attorney in Maryland and the District of Columbia. Gail has an extensive background in design and construction having worked in construction management, structural design, and structural evaluation.
Preface xix 1 Law and Government 1 1.1 Introduction / 1 1.1.1 The Powers of Governments / 1 1.1.2 City and County Governments / 2 1.1.3 The Powers of the Federal Government / 2 1.2 The Sources and Hierarchy of Law / 3 1.2.1 The Constitution / 3 1.2.2 Statutes and Ordinances / 3 1.2.3 Agency Regulations / 4 1.2.4 International Treaties / 4 1.2.5 Appellate Court Opinions / 4 1.3 The American Judicial System / 4 1.3.1 Structure of the Court Systems / 5 1.3.2 Federal Trial and Appeals Courts / 5 1.3.3 State Trial and Appeals Courts / 6 1. 4 Common Law / 6 1.4.1 Stare Decisis / 7 1.4.2 Restatements of the Law / 7 1.5 Legal Codes / 8 1.5.1 Uniform Codes / 8 1.5.2 The Uniform Commercial Code / 9 1.6 Legal Doctrines / 9 1.7 Choice-of-Law Clauses / 10 1.8 Criminal Law versus Civil Law / 11 1.9 Cause of Action / 11 1.10 Summary Judgment / 12 2 Basic Legal Principles 15 2.1 Legal Issues in Construction / 15 2.2 Principles of Contract Law / 15 2.2.1 Unilateral Contracts versus Bilateral Contracts / 16 2.2.2 Oral Contracts / 16 2.2.3 Third-Party Benefi ciaries / 17 2.2.4 Contract Interpretation / 17 2.3 Principles of Agency Law / 21 2.3.1 Apparent Authority / 21 2.3.2 The Principal's Liability for the Agent's Acts / 22 2.3.3 Ratifi cation / 22 2.4 Principles of Tort Law / 23 2.4.1 Intentional Torts / 23 2.4.2 Unintentional Torts (Negligence) / 23 2.4.3 Strict Liability / 27 2.4.4 Misrepresentation / 28 3 Project Participants 29 3.1 The Owner / 29 3.1.1 Access to the Building Site / 30 3.1.2 Restrictions on Use of the Property / 31 3.2 The Design Professional Team / 31 3.2.1 Site Evaluation Consultants / 32 3.2.2 The Geotechnical Consultant / 33 3.3 The Construction Team / 33 3.3.1 Subcontractors and Suppliers / 34 3.4 Construction Lenders / 34 3.4.1 Collateral Assignment to Lender / 35 3.4.2 Other Lender Requirements / 35 3.4.3 Construction Loans / 36 3.4.4 Bond Financing / 37 4 Project Delivery Systems 39 4.1 Design-Bid-Build / 39 4.2 Multiple Primes / 41 4.3 Construction Management / 41 4.3.1 Agency Construction Management / 42 4.3.2 Construction Management At-Risk (CMAR) / 42 4.4 Design-Build / 43 4.4.1 Design-Build Proposals / 44 4.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Design-Build / 45 4.4.3 Bridging Consultants / 46 4.5 Engineer-Procure-Construct (EPC) / 46 4.6 Turnkey Construction / 47 4.7 Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) / 47 4.8 Fast-Track Construction / 47 4.9 Public-Private Partnerships / 48 4.9.1 History of Public-Private Partnerships / 49 4.9.2 Constraints on Public-Private Partnerships / 49 5 Construction Contracts 51 5.1 The Construction Contract / 51 5.1.1 Prebid Conferences / 51 5.1.2 Right to Reject Bids / 52 5.2 The Contract Documents (Owner-Contractor) / 52 5.2.1 The Contractor's Bid / 53 5.3 Confl icts between the Documents / 54 5.4 Errors in the Documents / 54 5.4.1 Latent Discrepancies / 55 5.5 Specific over General; Written over Printed / 56 5.6 Interpretation against Drafter / 56 5.7 Specifications / 57 5.8 Description of the Work under a Construction Contract / 57 5.9 Third-Party Beneficiaries / 58 5.10 Industry Standard Forms versus Custom Forms / 58 5.10.1 Drafting Custom Forms / 59 5.10.2 AIA Contract Documents / 60 5.10.3 Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee (EJCDC) / 62 5.10.4 ConsensusDOCS / 63 5.10.5 Comparing the AIA, EJCDC, and ConsensusDOCS Documents / 64 5.10.6 AGC Forms / 65 5.10.7 Other Industry Standard Forms / 65 5.11 Commencement of Work Prior to Contract / 65 5.11.1 Letters of Intent / 66 6 The Design Process 67 6.1 Design Responsibilities / 67 6.1.1 Contractor's Responsibility for Design / 67 6.1.2 Value Engineering / 68 6.2 The Owner's Program / 68 6.3 The Design Agreement (Owner-A/E) / 68 6.3.1 Schematic Design Phase / 69 6.3.2 Design Development Phase / 69 6.3.3 Construction Documents Phase / 69 6.3.4 Bidding or Negotiation Phase Services / 70 6.3.5 Construction Phase Services / 70 6.3.6 Basic Services versus Additional Services / 71 6.3.7 The A/E's Compensation / 71 6.4 Standard of Care Applicable to Design Services / 71 6.4.1 Contractual Standard of Care / 72 6.4.2 Proving Violation of the Standard of Care / 73 6.4.3 Implied Warranties / 73 6.4.4 Designing to the Owner's Budget / 74 6.4.5 The A/E's Liability for its Estimate / 74 6.5 Ownership of the Design Documents / 75 6.5.1 Use of the Plans and Specifi cations / 75 6.6 Termination of the Design Agreement / 76 7 The Procurement Process 77 7.1 Selection of Contractors for Public Projects / 77 7.1.1 The Bid Package / 78 7.1.2 Duty to Award to the Lowest Bidder / 78 7.1.3 Bid Responsiveness / 78 7.1.4 Responsible Bidder / 79 7.1.5 Bid Protests / 80 7.1.6 Bid Security / 81 7.1.7 "Best Value" Awards / 81 7.2 Selection of Design Professionals / 82 7.3 Alternatives to Design-Bid-Build in the Public Sector / 83 7.3.1 Design-Build Construction in the Public Sector / 83 7.4 The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) / 84 7.5 Procurement on Private Projects / 85 8 Pricing Construction Projects 87 8.1 Fixed-Price Contracts / 87 8.1.1 Fundamental Characteristic of a Fixed-Price Contract / 87 8.1.2 Allowances / 88 8.1.3 Material Price Escalation Clauses / 88 8.1.4 Index Pricing / 89 8.2 Cost-Plus Contracts / 89 8.2.1 Labor / 90 8.2.2 Subcontracted Work / 90 8.2.3 Heavy Equipment / 91 8.2.4 Small Tool Allowance / 91 8.2.5 Reasonableness or Necessity of Costs Incurred / 91 8.2.6 Contractor's Overhead and Profi t / 92 8.2.7 Estimates and Cost-Plus Contracts / 92 8.2.8 Timely Payment Discounts / 93 8.2.9 Audit Rights / 93 8.3 Cost-Plus with Guaranteed Maximum Price / 93 8.4 Unit-Price Contracts / 94 8.4.1 Variation in Estimated Quantities (VEQ) Clauses / 94 8.5 Unbalanced Bidding / 95 8.6 Bidding When the Design Is Incomplete / 96 9 Subcontractors and Suppliers 97 9.1 Subcontractors versus Suppliers / 97 9.2 Owner's Control over Subcontractor Selection / 98 9.3 Subcontractor Bids / 98 9.3.1 Enforcing a Subcontractor's Bid / 99 9.3.2 The Subcontractor's Right to Enforce Its Bid / 100 9.4 Incorporation by Reference / 100 9.5 Flow-down and Flow-up Provisions / 101 9.5.1 Rights and Liabilities of the Parties under Flow-down Provisions / 101 9.6 Duty to Cooperate and Coordinate Subcontract Work / 102 9.6.1 Limiting the Liability for Coordination / 102 9.6.2 Coordination of Multiple Primes / 103 9.7 Subcontractor Payment / 103 9.7.1 "Pay-If-Paid" versus "Pay-When-Paid" / 104 9.8 Subcontractor Claims against the Owner / 105 9.8.1 The Pass-through System / 106 9.8.2 Liquidating Agreements / 106 9.9 Conditional Assignment of the Subcontracts to the Owner / 107 9.10 Minority and Disadvantaged Business Programs / 108 9.10.1 Federal Minority and Disadvantaged Business Programs / 109 9.10.2 Agency DBE Programs / 111 10 Time for Performance 113 10.1 Time Is of the Essence / 113 10.1.1 Time-Is-of-the-Essence Clauses in Construction Contracts / 114 10.2 Date of Commencement/Time for Completion / 114 10.2.1 Delays in Commencement of the Work / 115 10.2.2 Waiver of Time for Completion / 115 10.3 Substantial Completion / 116 10.3.1 The Signifi cance of Substantial Completion / 116 10.3.2 Establishing Substantial Completion / 117 10.4 Final Completion/Final Payment / 117 10.4.1 Acceptance of Defective Work / 118 10.5 Delays / 119 10.5.1 Determining Whether a Delay Was within a Party's Control / 120 10.5.2 Delays Due to Weather / 121 10.5.3 Concurrent Delays / 122 10.6 Liquidated Damages / 122 10.7 Constructive Acceleration / 124 10.8 Right to Finish Early / 124 10.9 Milestones / 125 11 Construction Scheduling 127 11.1 Bar Charts / 127 11.2 Critical Path Scheduling / 128 11.2.1 Activity Logic / 128 11.2.2 Arrow Diagramming / 128 11.2.3 Precedence Diagramming / 129 11.2.4 As-Planned (Baseline) Schedule / 129 11.2.5 Float / 130 11.2.6 Critical Path / 130 11.2.7 Multiple Calendars / 131 11.3 Scheduling Specifi cations / 131 11.4 Schedule Updates / 132 11.5 Resource Leveling / 132 11.6 CPM-Based Methods for Proof of Delay Claims / 133 11.6.1 Total Time Analysis / 133 11.6.2 Impacted As-Planned ("What-If ") / 134 11.6.3 Collapsed As-Built ("But For") / 134 11.6.4 As-Planned versus As-Built / 134 11.6.5 Windows Analysis / 135 11.7 Expert Witness Testimony / 135 11.8 Using CPM to Estimate Extensions of Time / 136 11.9 Using Bar Charts to Prove Delay Claims / 137 12 Contract Administration 139 12.1 The A/E's Role in Contract Administration / 139 12.2 A/E's Liability for Contract Administration / 140 12.2.1 Approval of Shop Drawings and Other Submittals / 140 12.2.2 Site Visits and Inspections / 141 12.2.3 AIA B101 Provisions / 142 12.2.4 The Right to Stop Work / 142 12.2.5 Approval of Progress Payments / 143 12.2.6 Responding to Change Order Requests / 144 12.2.7 Requests for Information, Interpretations, and Clarifications / 144 12.3 A/E's Role in Contractor Termination / 144 12.4 Initial Decision Maker (IDM) / 145 13 The Payment Process 147 13.1 Progress Payments / 147 13.1.1 Schedule of Values / 147 13.1.2 The Application for Payment / 148 13.1.3 Certifi cation of Payment / 148 13.2 Retainage / 149 13.2.1 Payment of Subcontractor's Retainage / 150 13.2.2 Claims on Retainage / 150 13.3 Accord and Satisfaction / 150 13.3.1 Payment of an Accord by Check / 151 13.4 Joint Checks / 152 13.4.1 Joint Payee versus Alternative Payee / 152 13.5 Title Insurance / 152 13.6 Obligations of the Lender / 153 13.7 Evidence of Financing / 153 13.8 Prompt Payment Acts / 154 13.8.1 The Progress Payment Request / 154 13.8.2 Payment on Subcontracts / 154 13.9 The Owner's Payment Obligation on Private Construction / 155 13.10 The False Claims Act / 155 13.10.1 Liability for False Claims / 156 13.10.2 Prosecution of False Claims / 156 13.10.3 State False Claims Act / 157 14 Changes to the Work 159 14.1 Contract Changes / 159 14.1.1 Construction Change Directives / 160 14.2 Pricing Change Orders / 160 14.2.1 Determination of Price by a Third Party / 161 14.2.2 Schedule Adjustments / 161 14.3 Constructive Changes / 161 14.3.1 Owner's Direction or Improper Rejection of Work / 162 14.3.2 Notice Requirements for a Constructive Change / 162 14.3.3 Waiver of Notice Requirement / 163 14.3.4 Extra Work versus Additional Work / 163 14.4 Federal Government Contracts / 163 14.4.1 Equitable Adjustments / 164 14.4.2 Escrow of Bid Documents / 164 14.5 Authority to Issue Changes / 165 14.5.1 Apparent Authority and Ratification / 165 14.6 Duty to Perform the Changed Work / 166 14.7 Reservation of Rights / 166 14.8 Changes Clauses in Subcontracts / 168 14.9 Documentation of Costs / 168 14.10 Cardinal Changes / 169 14.10.1 The Contractor's Options / 169 15 Differing Site Conditions 171 15.1 The Purpose of the Differing Site Conditions Clause / 171 15.2 Differing Site Conditions Claims / 172 15.2.1 Type I--Conditions Materially Different Than Indicated / 172 15.2.2 Type II--Conditions of an Unusual Nature / 173 15.3 Limitations on Claims for Differing Site Conditions / 174 15.3.1 Duty to Make a Site Inspection/Duty to Investigate / 175 15.3.2 Disclaimers / 175 15.3.3 Notice / 177 15.3.4 Waiver of Claims / 177 15.4 Variations in Estimated Quantities Clause / 177 15.5 Geotechnical Baseline Summary Report / 178 15.6 Hazardous Materials / 178 15.7 Tort and Breach-of-Contract Actions / 178 15.7.1 Misrepresentation (Intentional or Negligent) / 179 15.7.2 Owner's Breach of Implied Warranty of Plans and Specs / 179 15.7.3 Failure to Disclose Superior Knowledge / 179 15.7.4 Mutual Mistake / 180 16 Termination of the Construction Contract 181 16.1 Unilateral Termination / 181 16.2 Contractual Termination Provisions / 182 16.3 Termination by the Contractor for Cause / 182 16.4 Termination by the Owner for Cause / 183 16.4.1 Notice and Opportunity to Cure / 183 16.5 Wrongful Termination / 184 16.6 The Role of the Performance Bond Surety / 185 16.7 Termination for Convenience / 186 17 Mechanic's Liens 187 17.1 Purpose of a Mechanic's Lien / 187 17.2 Procedures for Filing a Lien / 188 17.3 Lien Entitlement / 188 17.3.1 Liens for Services / 189 17.3.2 Liens for Materials / 189 17.4 Enforcement of the Lien / 190 17.4.1 Priorities / 190 17.4.2 Bonding Off / 191 17.5 Interests Subject to a Lien / 191 17.5.1 Subcontractor and Supplier Claims / 192 17.5.2 Amount of the Lien / 192 17.6 Lien Waivers / 193 17.6.1 No-Lien Contracts / 194 17.7 Rights of Owners and Third Parties / 194 17.8 The Effect of Bankruptcy on a Mechanic's Lien / 194 17.9 Trust Fund Statutes / 195 17.10 Stop Notices / 195 17.11 Liens on Public Property / 195 18 Construction Insurance 197 18.1 Types of Insurance / 197 18.2 Commercial General Liability / 198 18.2.1 Bodily Injury and Property Damage / 198 18.2.2 Exclusions to Coverage / 199 18.2.3 Additional Insured Status / 200 18.3 Builder's Risk Insurance / 200 18.4 Workers' Compensation Insurance / 201 18.5 Professional Liability Insurance / 201 18.6 Wrap-up Insurance Programs / 202 18.7 Waiver of Subrogation / 202 19 Surety Bonds 205 19.1 Use of Surety Bonds in the Construction Industry / 205 19.1.1 Bid Guarantees / 206 19.1.2 Payment Bonds / 206 19.1.3 Performance Bonds / 208 19.2 Rights and Remedies of Sureties / 208 19.2.1 Indemnity Agreements / 209 19.2.2 Discharge of the Surety's Obligations / 209 19.3 Bonding Requirements / 210 20 Liability for Defective Construction 211 20.1 Determining Liability / 211 20.2 Owner Claims against the Contractor / 212 20.2.1 Warranties / 212 20.2.2 Notice Requirements / 213 20.2.3 Tort Claims / 213 20.3 The Spearin Doctrine / 214 20.3.1 Application of the Spearin Doctrine / 214 20.3.2 Limitations on Spearin / 215 20.4 The A/E's Liability for Defective Construction / 216 20.5 Affi rmative Defenses / 217 20.5.1 Statutes of Limitation / 217 20.5.2 Statutes of Repose / 218 21 Calculations of Damages 221 21.1 Compensatory Damages / 221 21.1.1 Consequential Damages / 222 21.2 Punitive Damages / 222 21.3 Duty to Mitigate Damages / 223 21.4 Owner's Damages / 223 21.4.1 Owner's Damages for Late Completion / 223 21.4.2 Economic Waste / 224 21.4.3 Betterment / 224 21.5 Contractor's Damages / 226 21.5.1 Equipment Costs / 226 21.5.2 Home Offi ce Overhead / 227 21.5.3 Cost Increases for Labor and Materials / 228 21.5.4 Methods of Estimating Loss of Productivity / 228 21.6 Limitation of Liability / 230 21.6.1 Exculpatory Clauses / 230 21.6.2 Indemnifi cation Agreements / 231 21.6.3 Limitation-of-Liability Clauses / 232 21.6.4 Waiver of Consequential Damages / 233 21.7 Specifi c Performance / 234 21.8 Tort Claims / 234 21.9 Recovery of Damages in the Absence of an Express Contract / 235 21.9.1 Reliance Interest--Promissory Estoppel / 235 21.9.2 Implied-in-Fact Contracts--Quantum Meruit / 236 21.9.3 Restitution Interest--Unjust Enrichment / 236 21.9.4 Quantum Meruit versus Unjust Enrichment / 237 22 The Economic Loss Doctrine 239 22.1 Tort versus Contract Law / 239 22.1.1 Definition of Economic Loss / 240 22.1.2 Development of the Economic Loss Doctrine / 240 22.1.3 Basis for the Doctrine / 241 22.1.4 Public Policy Considerations / 241 22.1.5 Strict Application of the Doctrine / 242 22.1.6 Exceptions to the Economic Loss Doctrine / 242 22.2 Claims of Defective Construction Products / 243 22.2.1 Damage to Other Property / 244 22.3 Claims of Defective Construction Services / 244 22.3.1 Claims of Defective Design Professional Services / 245 22.4 Potentially Dangerous Products (Risk of Harm Exception) / 246 22.5 Negligent Misrepresentation / 247 22.5.1 Negligent Misrepresentation Claimants / 247 22.5.2 Tort versus Contract Claims for Negligent Misrepresentation / 248 23 Alternative Dispute Resolution 249 23.1 Arbitration / 249 23.1.1 Arbitration Clauses / 250 23.1.2 Arbitration Statutes / 250 23.1.3 Arbitration Organization Rules / 251 23.1.4 Prehearing Activities / 251 23.1.5 Selection of Arbitrators / 252 23.1.6 The Arbitration Hearing / 252 23.1.7 The Award / 252 23.1.8 Appealing the Award / 253 23.1.9 Costs of Arbitration / 254 23.1.10 Typical Schedule for Arbitration / 254 23.1.11 Joinder and Consolidation / 254 23.1.12 Waiver of Arbitration Rights / 255 23.1.13 Effect of Arbitration on the Surety / 256 23.2 Litigation versus Arbitration / 256 23.3 Mediation / 257 23.4 Other Types of Alternative Dispute Resolution / 258 23.4.1 Med/Arb / 258 23.4.2 Mini-Trial and Summary Proceedings / 258 23.4.3 Dispute Resolution Boards / 259 23.4.4 Standing Neutrals / 260 23.5 Dispute Prevention / 260 Appendix A: List of Abbreviations 261 Appendix B: Table of Cases 265 Appendix C: Understanding Case Citations 267 Glossary 271 Index 279
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 19.9.2012 |
|---|---|
| Verlagsort | New York |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Maße | 226 x 285 mm |
| Gewicht | 7405 g |
| Themenwelt | Recht / Steuern ► Allgemeines / Lexika |
| Recht / Steuern ► EU / Internationales Recht | |
| Technik ► Architektur | |
| Technik ► Bauwesen | |
| ISBN-10 | 1-118-35915-1 / 1118359151 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-118-35915-0 / 9781118359150 |
| Zustand | Neuware |
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