Plant Secondary Metabolites and Abiotic Stress (eBook)

Ganesh C. Nikalje, Mohd. Shahnawaz, Jyoti Parihar, Hilal Ahmad Qazi, Vishal N. Patil, Daochen Zhu (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: EPUB

2024
1032 Seiten
Wiley-Scrivener (Verlag)
978-1-394-18643-3 (ISBN)

Infos

This book provides a comprehensive overview of cutting-edge biotechnological approaches for enhancing plant secondary metabolites to address abiotic stress, offering valuable insights into the future of utilizing plants for medicinal and industrial purposes.

Various books on plant secondary metabolites are available, however, no book has an overview of the recent trends and future prospects of all the methods available to enhance the contents of the plant secondary metabolites. Plant Secondary Metabolites and Abiotic Stress aims to give an overview of all the available strategies to ameliorate abiotic stress in plants by modulating secondary metabolites using biotechnological approaches including plant tissue cultures, synthetic metabolic pathway engineering, targeted gene silencing, and editing using RNAi and CRISPR CAS9 technologies.

Ganesh C. Nikalje, PhD, an assistant professor of botany at Seva Sadan's R. K. Talreja College of Arts, Science, and Commerce, University of Mumbai. During his doctoral work, he unraveled the salt tolerance mechanism of the facultative halophyte, Sesuvium portulacastrum, at both the molecular and metabolomic levels. In addition, he revealed additive and combined salt tolerance mechanisms in contrasting soybean genotypes. He has two independent research projects funded by the University of Mumbai and to date has 19 research papers, four books, 18 book chapters, and a research paper in a journal to his credit.

Mohd. Shahnawaz, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Botany, University of Ladakh, Kargil Campus, India. He has several years of teaching and postdoctoral research experience, working in diverse fields of life sciences including tissue culture of medicinal plants, genetic diversity assessment of medicinal plants using high-resolution molecular marks, enhancement of plants' secondary metabolites contents, and biodegradation of plastic. He has published more than 20 research articles, nine book chapters, and 12 books of international repute.

Jyoti Parihar, PhD, is an associate professor and Head of the Department of Pedagogy in Biosciences, Government Post Graduate College of Education, Jammu, India. She has more than 24 years of teaching experience at the undergraduate level and has presented her work at various national and international conferences. She has published more than ten research papers in journals of repute and has three book chapters and two edited books to her credit. Her main areas of expertise include plant reproductive biology and the medicinal plant, Artemisia maritime L.

Hilal Ahmad Qazi, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Botany, Government Degree College Pampore, Pulwama Jammu and Kashmir, India. He has more than 5 years of teaching experience at the undergraduate level and three years of postdoctoral teaching. He has worked on the effect of cold stress on proteome and metabolome of Digitalis purpurea in an independent project funded by the Indian Department of Science and Technology. He has presented his work at various national and international conferences and has published more than 20 research articles in peer-reviewed journals of repute, as well as several book chapters in books of international repute.

Vishal N. Patil, PhD, is an assistant professor of botany at Vidyabharti College Rashtrasanth Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India, as well as a post-graduate teacher and recognized PhD supervisor at the School of Science & Technology at Nagpur University. To date, he has published 25 research papers in various international journals, as well as five books and three book chapters by national and international publishers. He has been invited as a resource for different conferences and symposia, guest lecturer at different institutes, and has organized various national conferences.

Daochen Zhu, PhD, is a professor at the Biofuel Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China. He is an editor and editorial board member of various peer-reviewed journals of international repute. His research group focuses on microorganism resource and diversity, enzyme-mediated valorization of lignin into commodity products, and biodegradation of organic pollutants. He is also interested in the plant secondary metabolites and mitigation of microplastic using bioremediation technology. He has over 50 peer-reviewed publications, 12 patents, four book chapters, and three edited books to his credit.

Textauszug

1
Biochemical Responses of Plants to Individual and Combined Abiotic Stresses

Kanchan Sharma1, Kritika Jalota1, Chiti Agarwal2, Puja Pal1 and Suruchi Jindal1*

1Division of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India

2Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA

Abstract

The natural environmental conditions constantly subject the plants to different kinds of abiotic stress conditions, and multiple abiotic stress conditions at once are also common. Understanding the plant’s biochemical reactions to individual as well as combined abiotic stresses is essential to know the plant adaptation processes and develop strategies to increase stress tolerance. The main molecular pathways and biochemical processes in response to individual and combined abiotic stress situations were examined. Plants activate numerous biochemical defense mechanisms when specific stress conditions occur including high temperature, cold, drought, flood, salt stress, and heavy-metal contamination, which includes metal chelation procedures, compatible solute synthesis, the buildup of heat-shock proteins, and antioxidant defense mechanisms activation, among others. Plants, when subjected to combined abiotic stressors, can have distinctive responses dissimilar from those seen in single stress conditions. The stress factors that interact with one another can have positive or negative outcomes on physiology and metabolism of the plants. Furthermore, regulation of hormones and signaling pathways has an important part in the modulation of physiological responses to abiotic stressors through coordinated biochemical reactions.

Keywords: Abiotic stress, metabolites, signaling pathways, biochemical response

1.1 Introduction

Abiotic stress has been the subject of major recent advancements in flora. However, the majority of investigations depict the reaction of plants to environmental changes and have concentrated on a particular stress condition that is delivered to plants under laboratory conditions. In the natural environment, plants face a constant array of abiotic stresses, which can significantly impede their growth, development, and productivity. These stresses can manifest individually or in combination, posing significant challenges to plant survival and performance. The impact of these conditions on plant metabolism may exhibit unique characteristics that differ from the effects induced by individual stress conditions. Therefore, their response to abiotic challenges under the field settings can vary significantly from these responses observed in controlled laboratory conditions [1–3]. To fully understand the underlying processes of stress tolerance and to create methods to increase plant tolerance against changing environments, it is essential to know plant’s biochemical reactions against individual and combined abiotic stressors (Figure 1.1).

Figure 1.1 Different abiotic stress conditions leading to plant stress tolerance and adaptation.

1.2 Biochemical Responses to Individual Abiotic Stresses

1.2.1 Heat Stress

A primary abiotic stressor that adversely affects the growth, development, and agricultural productivity of plants is high temperature. Investigation of the plant’s biochemical responses to high-temperature stress becomes important in creating techniques to improve crop heat tolerance when global temperatures rise because of climatic changes. Protein denaturation and oxidative damage occur from stress due to high temperature, which disturbs cellular homeostasis. Different biochemical defense systems are triggered in response by plants. Heat-shock protein (HSP) buildup is one of these. These aid with protein folding and prevent aggregation and molecular chaperones [4]. To counteract ROS accumulation (reactive oxygen species) and mitigate oxidative stress, plants enhance their antioxidant defense mechanisms [5]. The primary impact of high-temperature stress is protein denaturation, which disrupts cellular homeostasis and impairs normal metabolic functions. The plants trigger particular metabolic reactions to combat protein denaturation. Under high-temperature stress circumstances, for protein folding and refolding, HSPs and molecular chaperones are essential. The physiological, biochemical, and molecular factors underlying a plant’s capacity to withstand heat stress were investigated, which emphasized the significance of HSPs in preserving protein integrity and avoiding aggregation under heat stress, especially small HSPs (sHSPs) and HSP70. As molecular chaperones, these proteins help denatured proteins fold correctly and stop them from irreversibly aggregating. Plant’s main metabolic reactions to heat stress are the synthesis and accumulation of these chaperones [4, 6].

Plant cells frequently produce ROS during high heat conditions. ROS includes superoxide radicals (O2–), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (OH). These can harm cellular constituents like lipids, proteins, and DNA through oxidative stress. Plants activate their antioxidant defensive mechanisms to combat ROS buildup and oxidative stress. The activation of antioxidant enzymes occurs as a biological response to high-temperature stress, including SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), and POX (peroxidases). These enzymes are essential for neutralizing ROS and preserving cellular redox balance. Superoxide radicals are changed into H2O2 by SOD, which is then detoxified by the enzymes CAT and POX. Additionally, plants are shielded from oxidative damage by the production and buildup of non-enzymatic antioxidants like ascorbate (vitamin C), glutathione (GSH), and tocopherols (vitamin E) [4, 7]. Under high-temperature stress, for combatting deleterious effects of heat, they undergo metabolic modifications[8]. These modifications entail changes to metabolic pathways, particularly those involved in osmolyte accumulation, energy metabolism, and the creation of secondary metabolites. To sustain cellular hydration and osmotic equilibrium while under the stress of high temperatures, plants acquire suitable solutes or osmolytes, like proline, glycine betaine, and carbohydrates. During heat stress, particularly proline is crucial for stabilizing proteins, preserving membrane integrity, and turgor pressure of cells. Furthermore, the ability of plants to use energy can be impacted by severe temperature stress. When cells are under stress, it frequently results in increased respiration rates and an increase in the need for ATP. To meet the energy requirements of heat-stressed cells, plants may boost glycolysis, respiration, and photosynthetic rates [4, 9].

Phytohormones are also essential for controlling the physiological reactions to stress caused by high temperatures. The hormone ABA (abscisic acid) is associated with plant stress reactions, especially high-temperature stress. For the reduction of the effects of high-temperature plant water status, ABA buildup under heat stress circumstances regulates stomatal closure, limiting water loss through transpiration [4, 10]. Additionally, ABA regulates the antioxidant enzyme and protein production genes in stress response, which helps plants adapt to high temperatures in general. Other hormones involved in the reaction to extreme temperature stress include ethylene and Jasmonic acid (JA). Under stressful circumstances, ethylene is known to control several physiological and biochemical mechanisms. These include aging, ripening of fruits, and defensive responses [8]. High-temperature stress activates both stress-related genes and generates ethylene. HSFs are genetic expression–controlling transcription factors that mediate heat genes that activate during stress to orchestrate high-temperature stress response [11]. Heat-shock domain, a conserved DNA-binding domain, is what distinguishes HSFs from other proteins (HSD). HSFs can attach to particular DNA sequences termed heat-shock elements (HSEs). These are located at the promoter regions of target genes because of the HSD. HSFs interact with chaperones to remain in an inactive monomeric state under typical circumstances. HSFs, however, experience conformational variations undergoing heat stress, which results in trimerization and activation [6]. Numerous high-temperature stress-responsive genes are upregulated when HSFs bind to HSEs in the target gene’s promoter. These genes produce heat stress proteins, also known as HSPs. HSPs play a role as molecular chaperones in high-temperature stress situations to aid protein folding, inhibit protein aggregation, and support protein stability [12].

Excessive heat stress causes osmotic equilibrium disruption within cells, which causes the cells to become dehydrated and get damaged. Plants accumulate osmoprotectants and suitable solutes including proline, glycine betaine, and carbohydrates to prevent these effects. These substances prevent damage to cellular structures, stabilize proteins, scavenge ROS, and preserve cellular osmotic potential. Under heat stress, proline in particular accumulates quickly and functions as a suitable solute to prevent the denaturation of proteins and membranes [13]. The fluidity and stability of cellular membranes can also be negatively impacted by heat stress, which can result in membrane lipid peroxidation and malfunction. In order to improve membrane stability and integrity in response to heat stress,...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 21.10.2024
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie
• Themenwelt: Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei
• Schlagworte: abiotic stress • Abiotic Stress Responsive Antioxidants • Abscisic Acid (ABA) • cold stress • Drought stress • Elicitor • Heavy metal stress • Metabolic Pathways • Oxidative stress • Plant Secondary Metabolites • Salinity stress • stress hormones • Stress-Induced Mutagenesis • Stress tolerance • thermal stress
• ISBN-10: 1-394-18643-6 / 1394186436
• ISBN-13: 978-1-394-18643-3 / 9781394186433