Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment
Seiten
1994
National Academies Press (Verlag)
978-0-309-07490-2 (ISBN)
National Academies Press (Verlag)
978-0-309-07490-2 (ISBN)
Explores how the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) can improve risk assessment practices, with a focus on implementation of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. This volume explores the "default option" and other concepts. It is meant for the EPA and other agencies, risk managers, environmental advocates, scientists, faculty, and students.
The public depends on competent risk assessment from the federal government and the scientific community to grapple with the threat of pollution. When risk reports turn out to be overblown—or when risks are overlooked—public skepticism abounds.
This comprehensive and readable book explores how the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) can improve its risk assessment practices, with a focus on implementation of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments.
With a wealth of detailed information, pertinent examples, and revealing analysis, the volume explores the "default option" and other basic concepts. It offers two views of EPA operations: The first examines how EPA currently assesses exposure to hazardous air pollutants, evaluates the toxicity of a substance, and characterizes the risk to the public.
The second, more holistic, view explores how EPA can improve in several critical areas of risk assessment by focusing on cross-cutting themes and incorporating more scientific judgment.
This comprehensive volume will be important to the EPA and other agencies, risk managers, environmental advocates, scientists, faculty, students, and concerned individuals.
Table of Contents
Front Matter
Executive Summary
1 Introduction
Part I Current Approaches to Risk Assessment: 2 Risk Assessment and its Social and Regulatory Contexts
3 Exposure Assessment
4 Assessment of Toxicity
5 Risk Characterization
Part II Strategies for Improving Risk Assessment: 6 Default Options
7 Models, Methods, and Data
8 Data Needs
9 Uncertainty
10 Variability
11 Aggregation
Part III Implementation of Findings: 12 Implementation
References
Appendix A: Risk Assessment Methodologies: EPA
Appendix B: EPA Memorandum from Henry Habicht
Appendix C: Calculation and Modeling of Exposure
Appendix D: Working Paper for Considering Draft Revisions to the U.S. EPA Guidelines for Cancer Risk Assessment
Appendix E: Use of Pharmacokinetics to Extrapolate from Animal Data to Humans
Appendix F: Uncertainty Analysis of Health Risk Estimates
Appendix G: Improvement in Human Health Risk Assessment Utilizing Site- and Chemical-Specific Information: A Case Study
Appendix H-1: Some Definitional Concerns About Variability
Appendix H-2: Individual Susceptibility Factors
Appendix I: Aggregation
Appendix J: A Tiered Modeling Approach for Assessing the Risks Due to Sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants
Appendix K: Science Advisory Board Memorandum on the Integrated Risk Information System and EPA Response
Appendix L: Development of Data Used in Risk Assessment
Appendix M: Charge to the Committee
Appendix N-1: The Case for
Appendix N-2: Making Full Use of Scientific Information in Risk Assessment
Index
The public depends on competent risk assessment from the federal government and the scientific community to grapple with the threat of pollution. When risk reports turn out to be overblown—or when risks are overlooked—public skepticism abounds.
This comprehensive and readable book explores how the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) can improve its risk assessment practices, with a focus on implementation of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments.
With a wealth of detailed information, pertinent examples, and revealing analysis, the volume explores the "default option" and other basic concepts. It offers two views of EPA operations: The first examines how EPA currently assesses exposure to hazardous air pollutants, evaluates the toxicity of a substance, and characterizes the risk to the public.
The second, more holistic, view explores how EPA can improve in several critical areas of risk assessment by focusing on cross-cutting themes and incorporating more scientific judgment.
This comprehensive volume will be important to the EPA and other agencies, risk managers, environmental advocates, scientists, faculty, students, and concerned individuals.
Table of Contents
Front Matter
Executive Summary
1 Introduction
Part I Current Approaches to Risk Assessment: 2 Risk Assessment and its Social and Regulatory Contexts
3 Exposure Assessment
4 Assessment of Toxicity
5 Risk Characterization
Part II Strategies for Improving Risk Assessment: 6 Default Options
7 Models, Methods, and Data
8 Data Needs
9 Uncertainty
10 Variability
11 Aggregation
Part III Implementation of Findings: 12 Implementation
References
Appendix A: Risk Assessment Methodologies: EPA
Appendix B: EPA Memorandum from Henry Habicht
Appendix C: Calculation and Modeling of Exposure
Appendix D: Working Paper for Considering Draft Revisions to the U.S. EPA Guidelines for Cancer Risk Assessment
Appendix E: Use of Pharmacokinetics to Extrapolate from Animal Data to Humans
Appendix F: Uncertainty Analysis of Health Risk Estimates
Appendix G: Improvement in Human Health Risk Assessment Utilizing Site- and Chemical-Specific Information: A Case Study
Appendix H-1: Some Definitional Concerns About Variability
Appendix H-2: Individual Susceptibility Factors
Appendix I: Aggregation
Appendix J: A Tiered Modeling Approach for Assessing the Risks Due to Sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants
Appendix K: Science Advisory Board Memorandum on the Integrated Risk Information System and EPA Response
Appendix L: Development of Data Used in Risk Assessment
Appendix M: Charge to the Committee
Appendix N-1: The Case for
Appendix N-2: Making Full Use of Scientific Information in Risk Assessment
Index
Committee on Risk Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 1.2.1994 |
|---|---|
| Verlagsort | Washington |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Maße | 152 x 229 mm |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz |
| Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-309-07490-8 / 0309074908 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-309-07490-2 / 9780309074902 |
| Zustand | Neuware |
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