Process Design for Cryogenics (eBook)

Alexander Alekseev (Autor)

eBook Download: EPUB

2024 | 1. Auflage
528 Seiten
Wiley-VCH (Verlag)
978-3-527-81562-3 (ISBN)

Infos

Up-to-date overview of the method for producing the main industrial gases

This book covers process design for cryogenic processes like air separation, natural gas liquefaction, and hydrogen and helium liquefaction. It offers an overview of the basics of cryogenics and information on process design for modern industrial plants. Throughout, the book helps readers visualize the theories of thermodynamics related to cryogenics in practice. A central concept in the book is the connection between the theoretical world of process design and the real limitations given by available hardware components and systems.

Sample topics covered in Process Design for Cryogenics include:

• Cryogenic gases like nitrogen, oxygen, argon, neon, hydrogen, helium, and methane
• Thermodynamics
• Typical cryogenic refrigeration processes, including the classic Joule Thomson process, the contemporary mixed-gas Joule Thomson process, and expander-based processes like Brayton and Claude cycles
• Helium and hydrogen liquefaction and air separation

Process Design for Cryogenics is a comprehensive must-have resource for engineers and scientists working in academia and industry on cryogenic processes.

Alexander Alekseev is a senior innovation manager at the Linde Group (Germany). He studied at Moscow Power Engineering Institute (Russia) and completed his PhD at the Technical University of Dresden (Germany). He then worked at Stanford University (USA) as a guest scientist and at Messer Cryotherm (Germany), before joining the Linde Group in 2005. Since 2012 he is also a honorary Professor at the Technical University of Munich (Germany).

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Symbols, Signs, and Abbreviations

Latin Symbols

Symbol	Description	Example of units

COP

coefficient of performance

Cp

heat capacity at constant pressure

J/K

cp

mass [or molar] specific heat capacity at constant pressure

J/(kg K) J/(mol K)

Cv

heat capacity at constant volume

J/K J/K

cv

mass [or molar] specific heat capacity at constant volume

J/(kg K) J/(mol K)

D

exergy loss

J, kWh

Ḋ

exergy loss flow

W, kW

E

exergy

J

Ė

exergy flow

W

e

mass [or molar] specific exergy

J/kg J/mol

H

enthalpy

J, kWh

Ḣ

enthalpy flow

W, kW

h

mass [or molar] specific enthalpy

J/kg J/mol

hb

mass [or molar] specific enthalpy at the boiling point

J/kg J/mol

hd

mass [or molar] specific enthalpy at the dew point

J/kg J/mol

m

mass

kg

ṁ

mass flow or mass flowrate

kg/s

M or Mr

molecular weight

g/mol

MTD

mean temperature difference in heat exchanger

K

LTD

logarithmic temperature difference in heat exchanger

K

LF

liquid fraction = molar [or mass] fraction of liquid in a two-phase fluid/material stream

N

molar amount of substance

mol

Ṅ

molar flow or molar flowrate

mol/s Nm3/h

p

pressure

bar

ps

boiling pressure or saturation pressure or vapor pressure

bar

P

power as mechanical or electric power

W, kW

PEXP

mechanical power generated by an expander

W, kW

PCOMP

mechanical power required for driving a compressor

W, kW

Q

heat

J, kWh

heat flow

W, kW

o

cooling capacity (or cooling power) of a refrigerator

W, kW

amb

waste heat rejected into environment/ambient (to cooling air or cooling water)

W, kW

heat flow, transferred from warm side/fluid to cold side/fluid in a heat exchanger = heat exchanger duty

W, kW

is

heat flow through non-ideal thermal insulation

W, kW

q

mass [or molar] specific heat

J/kg

mass [or molar] specific heat flow

W/kg

Rm

universal gas constant R = 8.314 J/(mol K)

J/(mol K)

S

entropy

J/K

entropy flow

W/K

s

mass [or molar] specific entropy

J/(kg K) J/(mol K)

sb

mass [or molar] specific entropy at the boiling point

J/(kg K) J/(mol K)

sd

mass [or molar] specific entropy at the dew point

J/(kg K) J/(mol K)

T

temperature

K

Ts

boiling temperature or saturation temperature

K

To

cooling temperature – temperature of the object being cooled

K

Tamb

ambient temperature = environment temperature or room temperature

K

Tc

critical temperature

K

u

fluid velocity

m/s

VF

vapor fraction = molar [or mass] fraction of liquid in a two-phase fluid/material stream

mol/mol or kg/kg

W

mechanical work

J, kWh

xi

molar [or mass] fraction of a component in liquid mixture

mol/mol kg/kg

yi

molar [or mass] fraction of a component in gaseous/vapor mixture

mol/mol kg/kg

zi

molar [or mass] fraction of a component in a mixture

mol/mol kg/kg

Greek Symbols

γ

gamma = heat capacity ratio cp/cv = isentropic exponent for an ideal gas

–

ε

synonymous to coefficient of performance COP

–

κ = κ

kappa = isentropic exponent for a real gas

–

μ

Joule–Thomson coefficient

K/bar

μ

in chapter 4.4.1 it is used for chemical potential

J/mol

η

efficiency

ηe

exergy efficiency = Carnot efficiency

ηs

isentropic efficiency of a compressor stage or expander stage

ηT

isothermic efficiency of a multistage compressor

ɳLIQ

efficiency of a liquefier

π

pressure ratio in an expander or a compressor

ρ

density of fluid

kg/m3

ϑ

temperature in °C

°C

λ

thermal heat conductivity

W/(m K)

Σ

sum

Mixed Symbols

Δhv

molar [or mass] enthalpy of vaporization

J/kg J/mol

ΔḢWE

enthalpy [flow] difference at the warm end of a heat exchanger

kW

ΔS

entropy rise

J/K

Δs

specific entropy rise

J/(mol K)

ΔT

temperature difference

K

ΔTmin

minimal temperature difference in a heat exchanger

K

ΔTmax

maximal temperature difference in a heat exchanger

K

ΔTCE

temperature difference at the cold end of a heat exchanger

K

ΔTWE

temperature difference at the warm end of a heat exchanger

K

Tλ

temperature at λ – point (for liquid helium)

K

Subscripts

amb	used for ambient/environment conditions

c	used for cold objects (cold material streams, cold expanders and similar)

c	sometimes relates to critical states, for example, critical temperature Tc or critical pressure pc

Carnot

relates to Carnot process or generally to a reversible process

COMP	relates to compressor

...

EXP	relates to expander

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 28.8.2024
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• ISBN-10: 3-527-81562-7 / 3527815627
• ISBN-13: 978-3-527-81562-3 / 9783527815623