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Microbiology - Dave Wessner, Christine DuPont, Trevor Charles, Josh Neufeld

Microbiology

Loseblattwerk
992 Seiten
2020 | 3rd Revised edition
John Wiley & Sons Inc (Verlag)
978-1-119-59249-5 (ISBN)
CHF 209,95 inkl. MwSt
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Ideal for microbiology/science majors

The third edition of Microbiology provides in-depth coverage of the science of microscopic organisms. Providing a balanced presentation of foundational concepts, real-world applications, and current research and experimentation, this comprehensive textbook facilitates a thorough understanding of the scope, nature, and complexity of microbiology. The text approaches the subject within the context of exploration and experimentation, integrating a wealth of classroom-tested pedagogical features. The material is organized around the three pillars of physiology, ecology and genetics — helping students appreciate the interconnected and dynamic nature of microbiology as they explore individual microbes and the relation between different types of microbes, other organisms, and the environment.

Detailed yet accessible chapters illustrate how an experiment proceeds, explain how microbes replicate, clarify the flow of concept processes, and summarize key points. Challenging end-of-chapter questions both test students' understanding of the material and strengthen critical thinking skills. This new edition contains up-to-date coverage of topics including DNA replication and gene expression, viral pathogenesis, microbial biotechnology, adaptive immunity, the control of infectious diseases, the microbiology of food and water, and integrated coverage of COVID-19.

Part I The Microbes

1 The Microbial World 1

1.1 The Microbes 3

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research the Three Domains of Life 9

Toolbox 1.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification of rRNA Genes 11

1.2 Microbial Physiology, Genetics, and Cultivation 14

Perspective 1.1 Creating Life in the Laboratory: The Miller–Urey Experiment 17

1.3 Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology 23

1.4 Microbes and Disease 25

2 Bacteria 35

2.1 Morphology of Bacterial Cells 36

Perspective 2.1 Making the Microbiology Laboratory Accessible 39

2.2 The Cytoplasm 40

2.3 The Bacterial Cytoskeleton 43

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Magnetosomes: Uncovering the Structure of Bacterial Organelles 44

2.4 The Cell Envelope 46

Toolbox 2.1 The Gram Stain 55

Perspective 2.2 The Protective Shells of Endospores 56

2.5 The Bacterial Cell Surface 60

2.6 Diversity of Bacteria 67

3 Eukaryal Microorganisms 75

3.1 Morphology of Eukaryal Cells 76

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Lipid Rafts: Organized Clustering of Lipids within a Membrane 82

Toolbox 3.1 Using Microscopy to Examine Cell Structure 85

Perspective 3.1 Hijacking the Cytoskeleton 88

3.2 Diversity of Eukaryal Microorganisms 89

3.3 Replication of Eukaryal Microorganisms 94

3.4 The Origin of Eukaryal Cells 97

Perspective 3.2 Secondary endosymbiosis: The origins of an organelle with four membranes 101

3.5 Interactions Between Eukaryal Microorganisms and Animals, Plants, and the Environment 102

4 Archaea 109

4.1 Evolution of Archaea 111

4.2 Archaeal Cell Structure 113

Toolbox 4.1 Vaccine Delivery Strategies 117

4.3 Diversity of Archaea 121

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research The Role of Archaea in Our Digestive System 124

Perspective 4.1 Extremophiles and Biotechnology 129

5 Viruses 136

5.1 A Basic Overview of Viruses 137

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research New Findings in the Packaging of DNA by the Model Bacteriophage T4 146

5.2 Origins of Viruses 148

Perspective 5.1 Ribozymes: Evidence for an RNA-Based World 149

5.3 Cultivation, Purification, and Quantification of Viruses 150

Toolbox 5.1 Cell Culture Techniques 151

Perspective 5.2 Measurement of HIV Viral Load 155

5.4 Diversity of Viruses 158

Toolbox 5.2 Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) 162

5.5 Virus-Like Particles 163

5.6 Virology Today 166

6 Metabolism 172

6.1 Acquisition of Carbon, Energy, and Electrons 174

6.2 Energy, Enzymes, and ATP 176

Perspective 6.1 Who Needs Vitamins? 179

6.3 Central Processes in ATP Synthesis 180

6.4 Carbon Utilization in Microorganisms 185

6.5 Respiration and the Electron Transport System 195

Perspective 6.2 Electricigenic Bacteria and Microbial Fuel Cells 198

6.6 Metabolism of Non-glucose Carbon Sources 202

Toolbox 6.1 Metabolism and Rapid Bacterial Identification Systems 204

6.7 Phototrophy and Photosynthesis 206

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Genome Sequence of a Deep Sea Symbiont 216

6.8 Nitrogen and Sulfur Metabolism 217

6.9 Biosynthesis of Cellular Components 222

Part II Microbial Genetics

7 Cultivating Microorganisms 231

7.1 Factors Affecting Microbial Growth 233

Toolbox 7.1 Phenotype Microarrays for Examining Microbial Growth 234

7.2 Growing Microorganisms in the Laboratory 238

Perspective 7.1 The Discovery of Helicobacter pylori 243

Toolbox 7.2 FISHING for Uncultivated Microorganisms 246

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Bringing to Life the Previously Unculturable Using the Soil Substrate Membrane System (SSMS) 247

7.3 Measuring Microbial Population Growth 249

Perspective 7.2 Mycobacterium leprae, An Extraordinarily Slow-growing Pathogen 255

Perspective 7.3 The Human Intestine: A Continuous Culture 257

7.4 Eliminating Microbes and Preventing their Growth 257

8 DNA Replication and Gene Expression 267

8.1 The Role of DNA 269

8.2 DNA Replication 276

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Telomeres with Promoter Activity 283

8.3 Transcription 284

Toolbox 8.1 Using a Gel Shift Assay to Identify DNA-binding Proteins 287

8.4 Translation 291

8.5 The Effects of Mutations 297

Perspective 8.1 Using Mutations to Control Viral Infections 301

9 Viral Replication Strategies 306

9.1 Recognition of Host Cells 308

Perspective 9.1 Identifying Emerging Viral Pathogens 310

Toolbox 9.1 The Western Blot 312

9.2 Viral Entry and Uncoating 315

9.3 Viral Replication 319

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research The Discovery of Reverse Transcriptase 326

Perspective 9.2 Phage Therapy: Biocontrol for Infections 328

9.4 Viral Assembly and Egress 330

10 Bacterial Genetic Analysis and Manipulation 335

10.1 Bacteria as Subjects of Genetic Research 336

10.2 Mutations, Mutants, and Strains 340

Toolbox 10.1 Isolating Nutritional Mutants 342

10.3 Restriction Enzymes, Vectors, and Cloning 347

10.4 Recombination and DNA Transfer 354

Perspective 10.1 Plasmids That Produce Pathogens 359

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research The Discovery of Transduction 367

11 Microbial Genomics 372

11.1 Genome Sequencing 373

Perspective 11.1 Rate of DNA Sequencing 377

Toolbox 11.1 Genome databases 383

11.2 Genomic Analysis of Gene Expression 385

11.3 Comparative Genomics 391

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Genome Sequence of a Killer Bug 391

Perspective 11.2 The Minimal Genome 393

11.4 Metagenomics and Related Analyses 396

12 Regulation of Gene Expression 402

12.1 Differential Gene Expression 404

12.2 The Operon 405

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Tuning Promoters for Use in Synthetic Biology 412

12.3 Global Gene Regulation 413

Perspective 12.1 The Use of Lactose Analogs in Gene Expression Studies 415

12.4 Post-Initiation Control of Gene Expression 419

Toolbox 12.1 Using RNA molecules to decrease gene expression 421

12.5 Quorum Sensing 423

12.6 Two-Component Regulatory Systems 425

12.7 Chemotaxis 428

13 Biogeochemical Cycles 435

13.1 Nutrient Cycling 437

Toolbox 13.1 Using Microarrays to Examine Microbial Communities: The GeoChip 439

13.2 Cycling Driven by Carbon Metabolism 440

Perspective 13.1 CO2 as a Greenhouse Gas and Its Influence on Climate Change 440

13.3 Cycling Driven by Nitrogen Metabolism 451

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research The First Isolation and Cultivation of a Marine Archaeon 454

13.4 Other Cycles and their Connections 456

Perspective 13.2 Life in a World without Microbes 457

Perspective 13.3 The Microbiology of Environmentally Toxic Acid Mine Drainage 458

Toolbox 13.2 Biogeochemistry in a Bottle: The Winogradsky Column 461

Part III Microbial Physiology and Ecology

14 Microbial Ecosystems 465

14.1 Microbes in the Environment 467

14.2 Microbial Community Analysis 472

Toolbox 14.1 Flow Cytometry 477

Perspective 14.1 Naming the Uncultured and Uncharacterized 479

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Insights into the Phylogeny and Coding Potential of Microbial Dark Matter 479

14.3 Aquatic Ecosystems 481

Perspective 14.2 Dead Zones 482

14.4 Terrestrial Ecosystems 489

14.5 Deep Subsurface and Geothermal Ecosystems 495

15 Microbial Symbionts 504

15.1 Types of Microbe-Host Interactions 506

15.2 Symbionts of Plants 508

Perspective 15.1 The Possible Impossible Vegan Patty 510

15.3 Symbionts of Humans 513

Toolbox 15.1 Germ-free and Gnotobiotic Animals 518

Perspective 15.2 Food Probiotics—Do They Work? 519

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Fecal Bacteriotherapy: “Repoopulation” of the Gut 522

15.4 Symbionts of Herbivores 525

Perspective 15.3 Cows Contribute to Climate Change 531

15.5 Symbionts of Invertebrates 531

Perspective 15.4 Midichlorians—Not Just for Jedi 536

Perspective 15.5 Death of Coral Reefs 539

16 Microbial Biotechnology 544

16.1 Microbes for Biotechnology 546

Perspective 16.1 Bioprospecting: Who Owns the Microbes? 548

16.2 Molecular Genetic Modification 550

Toolbox 16.1 Site-Directed Mutagenesis 552

Toolbox 16.2 Fusion Protein Purification 559

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Making a Synthetic Genome 561

Perspective 16.2 The International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competition, Standard Biological Parts, and Synthetic Biology 564

16.3 Red Biotechnology 565

16.4 White Biotechnology 566

Perspective 16.3 Biofuels: Biodiesel and Algae 570

16.5 Green Biotechnology 576

Toolbox 16.3 Plant Transformation Using Bacteria 578

17 The Microbiology of Food and Water 586

17.1 Food Spoilage 588

17.2 Food Preservation 591

17.3 Food Fermentation 598

17.4 Foodborne and Waterborne Illness 605

17.5 Microbiological Aspects of Water Quality 607

Perspective 17.1 Implications of Sludge Bulking 613

Toolbox 17.1 Measuring Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 614

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Enhanced Biological Removal of Phosphorus 616

Toolbox 17.2 Most Probable Number (MPN) Method 619

Part IV Microbes and Disease

18 Introduction to Infectious Diseases 624

18.1 Pathogenic Microbes 627

Toolbox 18.1 Measuring the Virulence of Pathogens 629

18.2 Microbial Virulence Strategies 631

Perspective 18.1 Genome Editing: A powerful and Controversial New Technique 637

18.3 The Transmission of Infectious Diseases 638

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Epidemiology of an Infectious Disease 645

18.4 Proving Cause and Effect in Microbial Infections 648

Perspective 18.2 The Armadillo—An Ideal Animal Model? 651

18.5 The Evolution of Pathogens 652

19 Innate Host Defenses Against Microbial Invasion 661

19.1 Immunity 682

19.2 Barriers to Infection 664

Perspective 19.1 Messy Mucus 666

Perspective 19.2 Alzheimer’s Disease: Aluminium, B-amyloid, Gum Disease: Which Is It? 666

19.3 The Inflammatory Response 669

19.4 The Molecules of the Innate System 671

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Mammalian Cells Can Recognize Bacterial DNA 673

Toolbox 19.1 The Complement Fixation Test 677

19.5 The Cells of Innate Immunity 682

19.6 Invertebrate Defenses 690

Toolbox 19.2 The Limulus Amoebocyte Assay for LPS 692

20 Adaptive Immunity 696

20.1 Features of Adaptive Immunity 698

20.2 T Cells 701

20.3 Antigen Processing 705

20.4 Antigen-Presenting Cells 708

20.5 Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses 712

Perspective 20.1 Too Much of a Good Thing? 714

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Attempting to Engineer a Virus to Improve Immunocontraception 715

20.6 B Cells and the Production of Antibody 716

Perspective 20.2 Vaccines Against T-independent Antigens 720

Toolbox 20.1 Monoclonal Antibody (mAb) Production 721

Toolbox 20.2 Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) 727

Perspective 20.3 Turning Antibody Upside Down 729

21 Bacterial Pathogenesis 735

21.1 Bacterial Virulence Factors 737

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Escherichia Coli Injects Its Own Receptor 742

Perspective 21.1 Iron, Vampires, Fashion, and the White Plague 747

21.2 Bacterial Virulence Factors—Toxins 748

Toolbox 21.1 Serotyping 749

Perspective 21.2 The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly Side of Botulinum Toxin 756

Perspective 21.3 Superabsorbent Tampons and Superantigens 762

21.3 Survival in the Host: Strategies and Consequences 764

Toolbox 21.2 The Tuberculin Test for Tuberculosis 772

21.4 Evolution of Bacterial Pathogens 772

Perspective 21.4 Antibiotics Trigger Toxins? 776

22 Viral Pathogenesis 782

22.1 Recurring Themes in Viral Pathogenesis 784

Perspective 22.1 Vertical Transmission of HIV 789

22.2 Interactions with the Host: Strategies and Consequences 791

Perspective 22.2 Viral Induction of Apoptosis 793

22.3 Viral Infections and Cancer 796

Toolbox 22.1 Immunoprecipitation 799

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Viruses that Cause Cancer by Affecting Cellular Proliferation 800

Perspective 22.3 SV40 and Human Cancers 802

22.4 Evolution of Viral Pathogens 806

Perspective 22.4 What is it about Bats? 809

Perspective 22.5 Ethical Concerns about Avian Flu Research 812

23 Eukaryal Pathogenesis 816

23.1 Mechanisms of Eukaryal Pathogenesis 818

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research An Experimental System for the Genomic Study of Dutch Elm Disease 821

Perspective 23.1 Pneumocystis Jirovecii or Carinii : The Evolving Field of Taxonomy 824

Perspective 23.2 Magic Mushrooms 830

23.2 Pathogen Study: Plasmodium Falciparum 831

Toolbox 23.1 Testing for Malaria 835

23.3 Macroscopic Eukaryal Pathogens 837

23.4 Evolution of Eukaryal Pathogens 839

Perspective 23.3 Chytrid Fungus: An Emerging Fungal Pathogen 840

Perspective 23.4 What if the Parasites Disappeared? 842

24 Control of Infectious Diseases 846

24.1 Historical Aspects of Infectious Disease Treatment and Control 848

24.2 Antimicrobial Drugs 849

24.3 Antimicrobial Drug Resistance 863

Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Tracking Acquisition of Antibiotic Resistance In Real Time 865

Toolbox 24.1 Drug Susceptibility Testing and MIC 869

Perspective 24.1 The Pursuit of New Antibiotics: Why Bother? 874

Perspective 24.2 Health Care-Associated Infections: A Recipe for Resistance 875

24.4 Predicting and Controlling Epidemics 876

24.5 Immunization and Vaccines 879

Perspective 24.3 Variolation: Deliberate Infection with Smallpox Virus 880

Perspective 24.4 The War Against Vaccines 885

Appendix A Scientific Articles A-1

Appendix B Microscopy A-10

Appendix C Taxonomy and Nomenclature of Microbes A-14

Appendix D Origin of Blood Cells A-16

Glossary / Index

Erscheinungsdatum
Verlagsort New York
Sprache englisch
Maße 208 x 274 mm
Gewicht 1882 g
Themenwelt Naturwissenschaften Biologie Mikrobiologie / Immunologie
ISBN-10 1-119-59249-6 / 1119592496
ISBN-13 978-1-119-59249-5 / 9781119592495
Zustand Neuware
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