The Bench Grafter's Handbook
CRC Press (Verlag)
978-0-367-22484-4 (ISBN)
Practical issues to aid professionals and the beginner, include detailed accounts, supported by pictures and diagrams, of the main grafting methods, knifesmanship techniques, and methods of training. Provision and design, now and for the future, of suitable structures, grafting facilities, and equipment, to provide ideal controlled environments for grafts, are described.
The book describes major grafting systems, sub-cold, cold, warm, supported warm, hot-pipe, and other grafting strategies. It provides details of health and safety issues; work stations, seat design, lighting levels; recorded output figures for various types of graft; grafting knives and tools; and methods of sharpening by hand and machine.
Features:
Comprehensive description, pictures, and diagrams of how to learn and utilize important grafting methods.
Detailed information and scientific principles behind the selection, specification, and choice of the main graft components – the rootstock and scion.
Scientific principles and practicalities of providing optimal plant material, equipment, facilities and environmental conditions for graft union development including addressing the problems of graft incompatibility.
Discussion of the actual and potential role of bench grafting in woody plant conservation with suggestions for new initiatives.
This book is intended for use by nurserymen; those involved in the upkeep of extensive plant collections; conservationists; plant scientists; lecturers in horticulture; horticultural students; and amateurs with an interest in grafting.
Brian Humphrey commenced work in local nurseries in 1954 followed by two years National Service in the Royal Air Force before taking up a studentship at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. A two-year studentship at Writtle Agricultural College (now Writtle University College) followed, and provided the opportunity to gain the Royal Horticultural Society’s National Diploma (now Master of Horticulture) with Honours. Joining Hillier Nurseries in 1963 as a propagator, he became a member of the Plant Propagator’s Society based in the US in 1964 and aided in the formation of the first overseas chapter of the Society, the GB and I Region, in 1968–69. He was the inaugural President of the region in 1969 and was awarded the International Award of Honour by that Society in 1993. Promotion at Hilliers lead to the position of Production Director and the opportunity to develop various aspects of the nursery, which, at that time, grew commercially the widest range of temperate woody plants in the world. Joining Notcutt’s Nurseries in 1986 provided opportunities for further experience. Prior to retirement, over a decade was spent running his own wholesale nursery specialising in grafted plants. Involvement and subsequent chairmanship of the UK ornamental nursery industry research and development initiatives with the UK Ministry of Agriculture led to the award of an O.B.E. (Order of the British Empire) in 1987. In 2013, his work in the nurserystock industry and in various RHS projects was recognised by the award of the VMH (Victoria Medal of Honour) by the Royal Horticultural Society. He now lives in retirement in coastal Suffolk, eastern England and together with his wife maintains their garden with nearly seven acres of woodland and meadows of woody plants.
Contents
Preface...........................................................................................................................................xxix
Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................... xxxiii
Author.........................................................................................................................................xxxvii
Introduction..................................................................................................................................xxxix
PART ONE Bench Grafting in Practice
Chapter 1 Grafting in Nature and in the Hands of the Grafter......................................................3
Vascular Continuity.......................................................................................................3
Chapter 2 Grafting Strategies: Categorisation of Grafting Methods.............................................7
Grafting Strategies........................................................................................................7
Apical Grafting.........................................................................................................7
Side Grafting............................................................................................................7
Apical and Side Grafting Strategies Compared............................................................8
Speed........................................................................................................................8
Space Requirements.................................................................................................8
Growth and Survival................................................................................................8
Convenience.............................................................................................................8
Heading-Back: A Specific Requirement of Side Grafts...........................................9
Grafting: The Five Basic Methods.............................................................................. 11
Splice Grafts........................................................................................................... 11
Veneer Grafts.......................................................................................................... 12
Wedge Grafts.......................................................................................................... 12
Inlay Grafts............................................................................................................. 13
Rind Grafts............................................................................................................. 13
The Three Categories of Importance to Bench Grafters............................................ 14
Apical Veneer, Splice and Wedge Grafts Compared.................................................. 15
Machine and Tool-Made Grafts.................................................................................. 16
Chapter 3 Making the Graft......................................................................................................... 19
The Basics................................................................................................................... 19
Understanding Stem and Root Cambia.................................................................. 19
Importance of Good Knifesmanship...................................................................... 19
Preparation of Components Prior to Grafting................................................... 19
Holding the Knife – Support and Control......................................................... 19
Splice Grafts................................................................................................................ 21
Splice Grafting Methods........................................................................................ 21
Alternative Splice Grafting Method..................................................................24
Whip and Tongue Graft..........................................................................................27
Whip and Tongue Grafting Methods.................................................................27
Veneer Grafts..............................................................................................................28
Apical Veneer Grafts..............................................................................................29
Short Tongue Apical Veneer (Apical Veneer)....................................................29
Long Tongue Apical Veneer (Modified Apical Veneer)....................................29
Side Veneer Grafts..................................................................................................30
Short Tongue Side Veneer (Side Veneer)........................................................... 31
Long Tongue Side Veneer (Modified Side Veneer)........................................... 31
Side Sloping Veneer........................................................................................... 31
Veneer Grafting Methods....................................................................................... 33
Sequence of Cuts for Veneer Grafts.................................................................. 33
Cambial Alignment for Veneer Grafts..............................................................38
Wedge Grafts...............................................................................................................40
Apical Wedge Graft................................................................................................40
Rootstock Cuts for Wedge Grafts...................................................................... 41
Scion Cuts for Wedge Grafts............................................................................. 41
Cambial Alignment for Wedge Grafts................................................................... 42
Side Wedge Graft................................................................................................... 42
Chapter 4 Fine Tuning Grafting: Positioning; Sequences; Training; Rates of Work.................. 43
Positioning Grafts........................................................................................................ 43
Height above Root Collar or Soil Level................................................................. 43
Rootstock and Scion Placement – Stimulant Bud – Grafting Methods................. 43
Priority – Scion or Rootstock?.................................................................................... 45
Sequence of Actions for Performing the Graft........................................................... 47
Training and Practice.................................................................................................. 47
Rates of Work..............................................................................................................49
Chapter 5 Grafting Knives: Grafting Machines and Tools.......................................................... 51
Knife Selection............................................................................................................ 51
Folding Blade Knives............................................................................................. 51
Design and Construction................................................................................... 51
Folding Blade Models............................................................................................. 52
Fixed Blade Knives................................................................................................54
Disposable Blade Knives........................................................................................54
Knife Sharpening........................................................................................................ 55
Hand Sharpening – Equipment and Materials....................................................... 55
Choice of Cutting Edge Angle...........................................................................56
Stone Choice and Maintenance of Sharpening Stones......................................56
Procedures.........................................................................................................56
Techniques for Curved (Hooked) Blades.......................................................... 57
Stages in Sharpening – Burr Removal – Honing................................................... 58
Honing............................................................................................................... 58
Stropping............................................................................................................ 58
Cutting Edge Retention..................................................................................... 59
Key Points for Effective Hand Sharpening............................................................ 59
Machine and Machine‑Aided Knife Sharpening...................................................60
Sharpening Aids................................................................................................60
Sharpening Machines........................................................................................60
Testing for Sharpness.............................................................................................60
Knife Maintenance.................................................................................................60
Grafting Machines and Grafting Tools....................................................................... 61
Grafting Machines.................................................................................................. 61
Grafting Tools........................................................................................................63
Chapter 6 Ties – Tying and Sealing.............................................................................................65
Basic Principles...........................................................................................................65
Tying Materials...........................................................................................................65
Non-Enclosing and Enclosing Ties.............................................................................66
Non-Enclosing Ties................................................................................................66
Tying-In Procedures and Techniques for Non-Enclosing Ties.......................... 67
Tying-Off........................................................................................................... 70
Enclosing Ties........................................................................................................ 71
Tying Procedures for Enclosing Ties................................................................. 71
Self-Adhesive Enclosing Ties................................................................................. 72
Mechanised Tying-In......................................................................................... 72
Alternative Graft Fixing Methods............................................................................... 73
Sealants and Waxes..................................................................................................... 74
Hot Sealants............................................................................................................ 74
Melting Hot Waxes............................................................................................ 75
Cold Sealants.......................................................................................................... 75
Application Methods.............................................................................................. 76
Brush Application.............................................................................................. 76
Dipping.............................................................................................................. 76
Chapter 7 Work Station: Equipment and Associated Ancillary and Safety Equipment............. 79
Centralised, Integral or Mobile Workstations............................................................. 79
Work Station – Logistics of Handling Grafts and Rootstocks............................... 79
Work Station Equipment.............................................................................................80
The Grafting Bench.....................................................................................................80
Height Adjustment Related to Seating and Method............................................... 81
Layout and Handling..............................................................................................82
Grafting Procedures and Bench Design.................................................................82
Seating.........................................................................................................................82
Seat and Bench Placement......................................................................................82
Lighting.......................................................................................................................83
Ancillary Equipment and Activities – Safety Equipment...........................................83
Secateurs.................................................................................................................84
Bench and Plant Material Cleanliness...................................................................84
Knife Blade Cleaning and Sterilisation..................................................................84
Inspecting Grafts....................................................................................................85
Labelling and Marking...........................................................................................85
Protective Clothing.................................................................................................86
Production Planning, Computers and Recording Data...............................................86
First Aid Equipment, Health and Safety and Risk Assessments................................87
Risk Assessments...................................................................................................88
PART TWO The Graft Components – Rootstock and Scion
Chapter 8 Rootstocks: Origin and Underlying Principles of Anatomy and Physiology.............. 91
Origin.......................................................................................................................... 91
Seedlings................................................................................................................ 91
Clonal.....................................................................................................................92
Roots or Root Systems............................................................................................92
Unrooted Stems......................................................................................................93
Size of Rootstock.........................................................................................................94
Root Pressure (Bleeding) and Root Activity...............................................................94
Chapter 9 Rootstocks: Categories; Acquisition; Specifications; Culture.....................................97
Categories of Rootstocks.............................................................................................97
Acquisition..................................................................................................................97
Bought-In Rootstocks.............................................................................................97
In-House Production...............................................................................................98
Rootstock Specifications – Terms Used......................................................................98
Bare-Root Deciduous Rootstocks...............................................................................99
Specifications to Meet Requirements.....................................................................99
Transport – Reception and Handling.....................................................................99
Preparation for Immediate Use..............................................................................99
Storage (Short- or Long-Term).............................................................................. 100
Bare-Root Evergreen Rootstocks.............................................................................. 100
Requirements – Specifications............................................................................. 100
Transport – Reception and Handling................................................................... 100
Storage.................................................................................................................. 101
Root-Balled Rootstocks............................................................................................. 101
Rootstocks for Top-Working..................................................................................... 101
Rootstocks for Cuttings-Grafts................................................................................. 101
Potted Rootstocks – Sourced from Other Producers................................................ 102
Requirements – Specifications............................................................................. 102
Transport and Handling........................................................................................ 102
Reception for Grafting Shortly after Arrival....................................................... 102
Reception for Use at a Later Date........................................................................ 102
Potted Rootstocks – Produced In-House................................................................... 102
Specifications........................................................................................................ 103
Pot Sizes and Types.............................................................................................. 103
Plug Grown................................................................................................................ 104
Specification and Types........................................................................................ 104
Requirements and Handling................................................................................. 104
Rootstock Culture – Bare-Root................................................................................. 105
Soil – Sowing – Seedling Density........................................................................ 105
Herbicides for Rootstocks Growing in the Field.................................................. 105
Rootstock Culture – Pot Grown................................................................................ 105
Establishment....................................................................................................... 105
Potting Composts................................................................................................. 106
Growing Conditions............................................................................................. 106
Weed Control Strategies....................................................................................... 107
Pesticide Use......................................................................................................... 108
Drying-Off Pot Grown Rootstocks........................................................................... 108
Chapter 10 Scions – General Principles – Acquisition – Stock Mother Plants – Selection
and Collection........................................................................................................... 111
Scions and Cuttings Compared................................................................................. 111
Principles for Selection of Scion Wood..................................................................... 111
Differences between ‘Ripe’ and ‘Unripe’ Shoots................................................ 112
Scion Acquisition – Non-Commercial Sources........................................................ 113
Plant Collections................................................................................................... 113
Scion Acquisition – Commercial Suppliers.............................................................. 114
Other Nurserymen or Specialist Suppliers........................................................... 114
Overseas Sources.................................................................................................. 114
High Health Status Material................................................................................. 115
Scion Acquisition from Internal Sources.................................................................. 116
Scions from Growing on Stock............................................................................ 116
Scions from Dedicated Container Grown Mother Plants..................................... 116
Scions from Stock Mother Plant Beds.................................................................. 117
Strategic Advantages....................................................................................... 117
Technical Advantages...................................................................................... 117
Disadvantages.................................................................................................. 118
Yield of Scion Material from Stock Mother Plant Beds...................................... 118
Establishment and Maintenance of Stock Beds........................................................ 119
Site and Soil – Initial Assessments....................................................................... 119
Soil Preparation.................................................................................................... 119
Planting Procedures and Design.......................................................................... 120
Weed Control........................................................................................................ 120
Pesticide and Fungicide Application.................................................................... 121
Pruning and Training Stock Mother Plants.............................................................. 121
Deciduous Trees................................................................................................... 121
Deciduous Shrubs................................................................................................. 122
Evergreen Trees and Shrubs................................................................................. 123
Conifers................................................................................................................ 123
Upright Formal Shaped Conifers..................................................................... 123
Upright Informal Shaped Conifers..................................................................124
Spreading and Dwarf Conifers........................................................................124
Climbers...............................................................................................................124
Scions for Winter Grafts...........................................................................................124
Deciduous Hardwoods..........................................................................................124
Collection.........................................................................................................124
Storage............................................................................................................. 125
Preparation....................................................................................................... 126
Evergreen Hardwoods Scions............................................................................... 126
Collection......................................................................................................... 126
Storage – Preparation....................................................................................... 127
Scions for Summer Grafts......................................................................................... 127
Summer Dormant Deciduous and Evergreen....................................................... 127
Collection......................................................................................................... 127
Storage............................................................................................................. 127
Preparation....................................................................................................... 127
Summer Active Deciduous and Evergreen........................................................... 128
Collection......................................................................................................... 128
Storage............................................................................................................. 129
Preparation....................................................................................................... 129
Conifer Scions........................................................................................................... 129
Handling/Preparation for Conifer Scions............................................................. 129
Storage............................................................................................................. 130
Transport of Scion Material...................................................................................... 130
Post Grafting Scion Growth – Use of Bud Growth Stimulants................................ 130
PART THREE Achieving the Union
Chapter 11 Anatomy and Physiology of Graft Union Formation and Development................... 135
Basic Woody Plant Anatomy.................................................................................... 135
Woody Plant – Primary Stem Anatomy............................................................... 135
Woody Plant – Secondary Stem Anatomy........................................................... 136
Woody Plant Anatomy – Vascular System........................................................... 137
Graft Union Formation.............................................................................................. 138
Union Formation – Response to Wounding......................................................... 138
Stages in the Formation of the Graft Union......................................................... 139
First Stage – Necrotic Plate............................................................................. 139
Second Stage.................................................................................................... 140
Third Stage...................................................................................................... 140
Fourth Stage..................................................................................................... 141
Diagrammatic Representation of Graft Union Formation................................... 142
Factors Influencing Callus Development.................................................................. 144
Genetic Influence.................................................................................................. 144
Rootstock – Scion – Grafting Method.................................................................. 144
Temperature.......................................................................................................... 144
Rootstock Activity, Root Extension...................................................................... 146
Moisture, Humidity, Oxygen – Effects of Sealing............................................... 146
Timing/Seasonal Patterns/Pruning...................................................................... 147
Polarity................................................................................................................. 148
Stimulant Buds..................................................................................................... 148
Root Pressure (Bleeding)...................................................................................... 149
Genetic Variability........................................................................................... 152
Stage of Growth – Timing............................................................................... 154
Root Temperature............................................................................................ 154
Substrate Moisture........................................................................................... 154
Side Graft, Height of Graft.............................................................................. 154
Graft Hybrids............................................................................................................ 154
Rootstock and Scion Interactions.............................................................................. 156
Chapter 12 Compatibility............................................................................................................. 159
Recognising Incompatibility..................................................................................... 159
Causes of Incompatibility......................................................................................... 159
Predicting Compatibility........................................................................................... 162
Future Progress – Strategies to Overcome Incompatibility...................................... 163
Double-Working................................................................................................... 164
Proven Inter-Stems.......................................................................................... 164
Unproven Inter-Stems...................................................................................... 165
Other Strategies to Overcome Incompatibility..................................................... 167
Hybrid Seedlings............................................................................................. 167
Root Grafting................................................................................................... 169
Chapter 13 Graft Environment for Graft Union Development.................................................... 171
Water Exchange and Loss between the Plant and the Atmosphere.......................... 171
Humidity – The Enclosed (Supportive) Environment.......................................... 172
Water – Practical Methods of Preventing Water Loss in Grafts.......................... 173
Rootstocks........................................................................................................ 173
Preventing Water Loss from Grafts using Dormant Leafless Scions.............. 173
Preventing Water Loss from Grafts using Leafy and De-Leaved Scions....... 174
High Humidity Combined with Sealing.......................................................... 174
Temperature – The Graft Environment..................................................................... 174
Additional Heat.................................................................................................... 174
Shading................................................................................................................. 175
Shading in High Humidity (Enclosed) Environments......................................... 175
Shade Level Calculations................................................................................. 177
Ventilation – Temperature and Humidity Control.................................................... 177
Macro-Ventilation................................................................................................. 177
Micro-Ventilation................................................................................................. 178
Setting-Up and Management of the Enclosed Environment..................................... 178
Bed Design........................................................................................................... 178
Bed Layout – Condensation.................................................................................. 179
Moisture Level and Temperature of Standing Down Substrate........................... 179
Cover Materials.................................................................................................... 179
Anti-Condensation Strategies............................................................................... 180
Management of the Environment within Walk-In Structures.............................. 183
Monitoring Grafts during Union Formation............................................................. 184
Graft Treatments....................................................................................................... 184
Influencing Union Development........................................................................... 184
Disease Suppression............................................................................................. 185
Cold Storage Post-Graft Union Formation................................................................ 185
PART FOUR Facilities: Structures and Equipment
Chapter 14 Protected Structures – High Humidity Enclosures – Shading Materials.................. 189
Glasshouses............................................................................................................... 189
Walk-In Enclosed Structures within a Glasshouse or Polytunnel........................ 190
Polytunnels................................................................................................................ 190
Free-Standing, Walk-In Grafting Polytunnels.......................................................... 191
Poly-Tent.................................................................................................................... 192
Holding Tent.............................................................................................................. 192
Shading – External.................................................................................................... 194
Natural Shade....................................................................................................... 194
Shade Hall............................................................................................................ 194
Additional External Hoops................................................................................... 195
Direct Application................................................................................................ 195
Shading – Internal/External...................................................................................... 195
Shading Screens................................................................................................... 196
Chapter 15 Ground Level Beds – Benches – Heating – Humidification..................................... 197
Ground Level Beds within Greenhouses.................................................................. 197
Ground Level Beds for Cold or Warm Callusing................................................. 197
Warm Callusing – Provision of Heat for Ground Level Beds.............................. 197
Electricity........................................................................................................ 197
Hot Water......................................................................................................... 198
Providing Bottom Heat and Space Heating..................................................... 199
Grafting Beds.................................................................................................. 199
Bottom Heat throughout the Entire Floor........................................................200
Grafts Housed on Benches........................................................................................ 201
Bench Heating Systems........................................................................................202
Thermostats...............................................................................................................202
Thermostats – Electro-Mechanical......................................................................202
Thermostats – Digital (Electronic).......................................................................202
Humidification...........................................................................................................202
Chapter 16 Hot-Pipe Facilities: Design and Construction...........................................................205
Hot-Pipe – Heat Source.............................................................................................205
Electricity.............................................................................................................205
Hot Water..............................................................................................................206
The Heating Chamber...............................................................................................206
Slotted Cover........................................................................................................206
Layered Slotted Cover.....................................................................................208
Solid Cover (‘Sandwiched’ Cover).......................................................................208
Extruded Polystyrene Sheets Fabricated to Shape..........................................208
Half-Round Plastic Rainwater Gutters............................................................209
Square Section Rainwater Gutters................................................................... 211
Plywood or Insulating Boards Fabricated to Shape........................................ 211
Hot-Pipe – Stacked Assemblies............................................................................ 211
Separate Assembly Stacking........................................................................... 211
Integrated Assembly Stacking......................................................................... 212
Alternative Design for Aligned Chambers................................................................ 214
‘Economy’ Design..................................................................................................... 214
Summer Storage........................................................................................................ 215
Temperature Control for Hot-Pipe Systems.............................................................. 215
Chapter 17 Growth Chambers for Grafts.................................................................................... 217
PART FIVE Grafting Systems
Chapter 18 Features and Management of Different Grafting Systems....................................... 221
Sub-Cold Callusing (Hibernation Callusing)............................................................ 221
Cold Callusing – For Deciduous Species..................................................................222
Bare-Root Rootstocks...........................................................................................222
Potted Rootstocks.................................................................................................223
Modified Cold Callusing...........................................................................................224
Warm Callusing.........................................................................................................224
Dormant Hardwood Species.................................................................................225
Deciduous Hardwoods in Summer Dormancy.....................................................225
Deciduous Hardwood Species in Active Growth (Early/Mid-Summer
Grafting)...............................................................................................................226
Dormant Evergreen Hardwoods...........................................................................226
Summer Dormant Evergreen Hardwoods............................................................226
Summer Active Evergreen Hardwoods................................................................227
Supported Warm Callusing Systems.........................................................................228
Conifer Grafting........................................................................................................228
Deciduous Conifers..............................................................................................229
Evergreen Conifers...............................................................................................229
Pinaceae and Sciadopityaceae.........................................................................229
Cupressaceae...................................................................................................230
Aurucariaceae, Podocarpaceae and Taxaceae................................................. 231
Summer Dormant Conifers.................................................................................. 231
Hot-Pipe (Hot Callusing) – Horticultural Management – Plant Material................. 231
Output and Capacity............................................................................................. 233
Rootstocks............................................................................................................ 233
Grafting Methods.................................................................................................234
Temperature and Timing...................................................................................... 235
Cold Storage Post-Graft Union Formation...........................................................236
Top-Working..............................................................................................................236
Frame-Working......................................................................................................... 239
Enhanced Scion Production......................................................................................240
Double-Working........................................................................................................240
Multi-Grafts..............................................................................................................240
Root Grafting............................................................................................................242
Source, Specifications and Storage.......................................................................242
Grafting Methods and Tying-In............................................................................244
Aftercare...............................................................................................................245
Nurse Grafting..........................................................................................................245
Nurse-Seed Grafting.................................................................................................246
Grafting Method...................................................................................................246
Aftercare.......................................................................................................... 247
Cuttings-Grafts.......................................................................................................... 247
Pre-Formed Roots................................................................................................ 247
Unrooted Stems....................................................................................................248
“Long John” Grafts...................................................................................................249
Approach Grafting; Grafting with Attached Scions.................................................250
Deciding upon the Best Grafting Strategy, Method and System..............................250
Small Grafting Unit Concerned with Species Diversity......................................250
Large, Specialised Grafting Unit Concerned with High Output.......................... 251
PART SIX Role of Grafting in Conservation
Chapter 19 Conservation.............................................................................................................. 255
Conservation of Plants in Cultivation (Ex Situ)........................................................ 255
Conservation of Plants in the Wild (In Situ)............................................................. 255
Propagation for Conservation....................................................................................256
Attributes of Grafting for Conservation............................................................... 257
Genetic Integrity; Diversity; Selection............................................................ 257
Transport – Plant Health.................................................................................. 257
Successful Outcomes – Rejuvenation.............................................................. 257
Output.............................................................................................................. 258
Speed of Response........................................................................................... 258
Facility Requirements...................................................................................... 258
Technical Input – Artisan Involvement – Skills Transfer................................ 258
Practical Applications for Grafting in Conservation............................................ 258
Recovery of Endangered Species from the Wild............................................. 258
Recovery of Juvenility..................................................................................... 259
Retention of Genetic Integrity......................................................................... 259
Speed and Quantity of Production................................................................... 259
Need for Rapid Response................................................................................ 259
Rootstock Selection to Overcome Environmental Challenges........................260
Grafting Potential for Red List Species....................................................................260
Setting Up a Grafting Facility................................................................................... 261
The Future of Grafting in Conservation................................................................... 261
PART SEVEN Genera Specific Requirements
Introduction.....................................................................................................................................265
Chapter 20 Abies (Pinaceae) – Fir............................................................................................... 267
Introduction............................................................................................................... 267
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 267
Timing....................................................................................................................... 267
Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 267
Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 267
Scion Wood...............................................................................................................268
Systems......................................................................................................................268
Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 270
After Care.................................................................................................................. 270
Growing On............................................................................................................... 271
Chapter 21 Acer (Sapindaceae) – Maple...................................................................................... 273
Introduction............................................................................................................... 273
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 273
Timing.......................................................................................................................280
Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 281
Rootstocks.................................................................................................................282
Potted, Plug Grown and Bare-Root Rootstocks...................................................283
Scion Wood...............................................................................................................284
Systems......................................................................................................................284
Dormant Season Grafting....................................................................................284
Hot-Pipe System...................................................................................................286
Summer Grafting..................................................................................................286
Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................287
Top-Worked Plants....................................................................................................288
After Care..................................................................................................................288
Performance Comparisons........................................................................................289
Growing On...............................................................................................................289
Chapter 22 Actinidia (Actinidiaceae) – Kiwi Fruit...................................................................... 291
Introduction............................................................................................................... 291
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 291
Timing....................................................................................................................... 291
Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 291
Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 291
Scion Wood...............................................................................................................292
Systems......................................................................................................................292
Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................292
Growing On...............................................................................................................292
Chapter 23 Aesculus (Sapindaceae) – Horse Chestnut & Buckeye.............................................293
Introduction...............................................................................................................293
Compatibility.............................................................................................................293
Timing.......................................................................................................................293
Grafting Methods......................................................................................................294
Rootstocks.................................................................................................................294
Scion Wood...............................................................................................................294
Systems...................................................................................................................... 295
Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 295
Top-Worked Trees..................................................................................................... 295
Growing On............................................................................................................... 295
Chapter 24 Amelanchier (Rosaceae) – Snowy Mespilus.............................................................297
Introduction...............................................................................................................297
Compatibility.............................................................................................................297
Timing.......................................................................................................................297
Grafting Methods......................................................................................................297
Rootstocks.................................................................................................................297
Scion Wood...............................................................................................................297
Systems...................................................................................................................... 298
Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................298
Growing On...............................................................................................................298
Chapter 25 Aralia (Araliaceae)....................................................................................................299
Introduction...............................................................................................................299
Compatibility.............................................................................................................299
Timing.......................................................................................................................299
Grafting Methods......................................................................................................299
Rootstocks.................................................................................................................302
Scion Wood...............................................................................................................302
Systems......................................................................................................................303
Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................303
Growing On...............................................................................................................303
Chapter 26 Berberis & Mahonia (Berberidaceae).......................................................................305
Introduction...............................................................................................................305
Compatibility.............................................................................................................305
Timing.......................................................................................................................305
Grafting Methods......................................................................................................305
Rootstocks.................................................................................................................306
Scion Wood...............................................................................................................306
Systems......................................................................................................................306
Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................306
Growing On...............................................................................................................306
Chapter 27 Betula (Betulaceae) – Birch......................................................................................307
Introduction...............................................................................................................307
Compatibility.............................................................................................................307
Timing.......................................................................................................................308
Grafting Methods......................................................................................................308
Rootstocks.................................................................................................................309
Plug Grown Rootstocks........................................................................................ 310
Bare-Root Rootstocks........................................................................................... 311
Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 311
Mother Trees/Storage........................................................................................... 311
Size/Quality.......................................................................................................... 311
Alternative Scion Wood/Scions for Multi-Stemmed Trees.................................. 312
Systems...................................................................................................................... 312
Cold Callusing...................................................................................................... 313
Warm Callusing.................................................................................................... 313
Hot-Pipe................................................................................................................ 313
Late Spring/Early Summer – Late Summer Grafting.......................................... 313
Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 313
Root Pressure/Drying Off.................................................................................... 313
Temperature.......................................................................................................... 314
Graft Infection Treatments................................................................................... 314
Care of Grafts before, during and after Union Formation........................................ 315
Top-Worked and Multi-Stemmed Trees.................................................................... 315
Performance Comparisons........................................................................................ 316
Growing On............................................................................................................... 316
Chapter 28 Camellia (Theaceae).................................................................................................. 317
Introduction............................................................................................................... 317
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 317
Timing....................................................................................................................... 317
Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 318
Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 319
Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 321
Systems...................................................................................................................... 321
Contents xix
Warm Callusing.................................................................................................... 321
Cuttings-Grafts..................................................................................................... 321
Nurse Seed Grafting............................................................................................. 322
Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 322
Top-Worked Patio Plants........................................................................................... 323
Performance Comparisons........................................................................................ 323
Growing on................................................................................................................ 323
Chapter 29 Carpinus (Betulaceae) – Hornbeam.......................................................................... 325
Introduction............................................................................................................... 325
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 325
Timing....................................................................................................................... 326
Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 326
Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 327
Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 327
Systems...................................................................................................................... 327
Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 328
Performance Comparisons........................................................................................ 329
Growing On............................................................................................................... 329
Chapter 30 Cedrus (Pinaceae) – Cedar........................................................................................ 331
Introduction............................................................................................................... 331
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 331
Timing....................................................................................................................... 331
Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 331
Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 331
Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 332
Systems...................................................................................................................... 332
Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 332
Top-Worked Patio Plants........................................................................................... 332
Growing on................................................................................................................ 333
Chapter 31 Cercis (Caesalpiniaceae) – Redbud, Judas Tree........................................................ 335
Introduction............................................................................................................... 335
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 335
Timing....................................................................................................................... 335
Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 336
Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 337
Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 337
Systems...................................................................................................................... 337
Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 338
Growing on................................................................................................................ 338
Chapter 32 Chamaecyparis Including Xanthocyparis (Callitropsis) (Cupressaceae).................. 341
Introduction............................................................................................................... 341
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 341
Timing....................................................................................................................... 342
Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 342
Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 342
Scion Wood...............................................................................................................344
Systems......................................................................................................................344
Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................344
Top-Worked Patio Plants...........................................................................................344
Growing on................................................................................................................344
Chapter 33 Cornus (Cornaceae) – Dogwoods, Cornels............................................................... 345
Introduction............................................................................................................... 345
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 345
Timing.......................................................................................................................346
Grafting Methods......................................................................................................346
Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 347
Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 347
Systems...................................................................................................................... 350
Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 350
Performance Comparisons........................................................................................ 350
Growing on................................................................................................................ 350
Chapter 34 Corylus (Betulaceae) – Hazel.................................................................................... 351
Introduction............................................................................................................... 351
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 351
Timing....................................................................................................................... 352
Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 352
Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 352
Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 352
Systems...................................................................................................................... 352
Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 353
Growing on................................................................................................................ 353
Chapter 35 Cupressus (Cupressaceae) – Cypress........................................................................ 355
Introduction............................................................................................................... 355
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 355
Timing....................................................................................................................... 355
Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 355
Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 355
Scion wood................................................................................................................ 356
Systems...................................................................................................................... 356
Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 356
Growing on................................................................................................................ 356
Chapter 36 Daphne (Thymelaeaceae).......................................................................................... 357
Introduction............................................................................................................... 357
Compatibility ............................................................................................................ 357
Timing....................................................................................................................... 357
Contents xxi
Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 357
Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 358
Scion Wood...............................................................................................................360
Systems......................................................................................................................360
Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 361
Growing on................................................................................................................ 361
Chapter 37 Fagus (Fagaceae) – Beech......................................................................................... 363
Introduction............................................................................................................... 363
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 363
Timing....................................................................................................................... 363
Grafting Methods......................................................................................................364
Rootstocks ................................................................................................................364
Scion Wood...............................................................................................................364
Systems......................................................................................................................365
Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................365
Top-Worked Trees.....................................................................................................365
Growing on ...............................................................................................................366
Chapter 38 Hamamelis (Hamamelidaceae) – Witch Hazel......................................................... 367
Introduction............................................................................................................... 367
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 367
Timing.......................................................................................................................368
Grafting Methods......................................................................................................368
Rootstocks.................................................................................................................368
Scion Wood...............................................................................................................369
Systems...................................................................................................................... 370
Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 371
Growing on................................................................................................................ 371
Chapter 39 Juglans (Juglandaceae) – Walnuts............................................................................. 373
Introduction............................................................................................................... 373
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 373
Timing....................................................................................................................... 374
Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 374
Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 375
Rootstock Propagation.......................................................................................... 376
Blackline Disease................................................................................................. 378
Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 378
Systems...................................................................................................................... 379
Warm Callusing.................................................................................................... 379
Warm Callusing – Enclosed Conditions.......................................................... 379
Warm Callusing – Callusing Boxes................................................................. 379
Root Grafting........................................................................................................380
Hot-Pipe................................................................................................................ 381
Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 381
Growing on................................................................................................................ 383
Chapter 40 Juniperus (Cupressaceae) – Juniper.......................................................................... 385
Introduction............................................................................................................... 385
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 385
Timing.......................................................................................................................386
Grafting Methods......................................................................................................386
Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 387
Scion Wood...............................................................................................................388
Systems...................................................................................................................... 388
Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 389
Performance Comparisons........................................................................................390
Growing on................................................................................................................390
Chapter 41 Magnolia (Magnoliaceae).......................................................................................... 391
Introduction............................................................................................................... 391
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 391
Timing....................................................................................................................... 393
Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 394
Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 395
Choice of Alternatives.......................................................................................... 395
Seed-Raised Rootstocks....................................................................................... 396
Cuttings Raised Rootstocks.................................................................................. 398
Conclusions on Rootstocks...................................................................................399
Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 401
Systems......................................................................................................................403
Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................404
Growing on................................................................................................................404
Performance Comparisons........................................................................................405
Chapter 42 Malus (Rosaceae) – Flowering Crabs and Orchard Apples......................................407
Introduction...............................................................................................................407
Compatibility.............................................................................................................407
Flowering Crabs...................................................................................................407
Timing.......................................................................................................................408
Grafting Methods......................................................................................................408
Rootstocks.................................................................................................................409
Ornamental Crabs................................................................................................409
Orchard Apples.....................................................................................................409
Double-Working.............................................................................................. 410
Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 410
Systems...................................................................................................................... 413
Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 413
Top-Worked Trees..................................................................................................... 413
Growing on................................................................................................................ 413
Chapter 43 Paeonia (Paeoniaceae) – Tree Paeony....................................................................... 415
Introduction............................................................................................................... 415
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 415
Timing....................................................................................................................... 415
Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 415
Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 416
Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 417
Systems...................................................................................................................... 417
Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 419
Growing on................................................................................................................ 419
Chapter 44 Picea (Pinaceae) – Spruce......................................................................................... 421
Introduction............................................................................................................... 421
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 421
Timing....................................................................................................................... 421
Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 422
Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 423
Scion Wood...............................................................................................................424
Systems...................................................................................................................... 425
Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 426
Top-Worked Plants.................................................................................................... 428
Growing on................................................................................................................ 429
Chapter 45 Pinus (Pinaceae) – Pines........................................................................................... 431
Introduction............................................................................................................... 431
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 431
Timing....................................................................................................................... 433
Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 433
Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 434
Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 434
Systems...................................................................................................................... 435
Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 437
Performance Comparisons........................................................................................ 437
Top-Worked Plants.................................................................................................... 438
Growing on................................................................................................................ 438
Chapter 46 Prunus (Rosaceae) – Ornamental Prunus................................................................. 439
Introduction............................................................................................................... 439
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 439
Timing.......................................................................................................................442
Grafting Methods......................................................................................................442
Rootstocks.................................................................................................................442
Scion Wood...............................................................................................................443
Systems......................................................................................................................443
Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................444
Top-Worked Plants....................................................................................................444
Growing on................................................................................................................444
Chapter 47 Prunus (Rosaceae) – Almonds and Stone Fruits.......................................................445
Introduction...............................................................................................................445
Compatibility.............................................................................................................445
Timing.......................................................................................................................445
Grafting Methods......................................................................................................445
Rootstocks.................................................................................................................445
Almonds...............................................................................................................446
Apricots................................................................................................................446
Peaches and Nectarines........................................................................................446
Plums.................................................................................................................... 450
Apriums and Pluots.............................................................................................. 450
Sweet and Sour Cherries...................................................................................... 450
Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 452
Systems...................................................................................................................... 452
Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 452
Chapter 48 Pyrus (Rosaceae) – Ornamental and Fruiting Pears................................................. 453
Introduction............................................................................................................... 453
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 453
Ornamental Pears................................................................................................. 453
Fruiting Pears....................................................................................................... 454
Timing....................................................................................................................... 455
Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 456
Rootstocks for Fruiting Pears.................................................................................... 456
Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 457
Systems...................................................................................................................... 457
Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 457
Top-Worked Plants.................................................................................................... 457
Growing on................................................................................................................ 457
Chapter 49 Quercus (Fagaceae) – Oaks....................................................................................... 459
Introduction............................................................................................................... 459
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 459
Further Discussion on Compatibility...................................................................460
Subgenus Cyclobalanopsis...............................................................................460
Subgenus Quercus: Section Cerris...................................................................462
Subgenus Quercus: Sections Mesobalanus and Quercus.................................462
Subgenus Quercus: Section Protobalanus........................................................463
Subgenus Quercus: Section Lobatae................................................................463
Inter-Sectional Combinations – Potential Inter-Stems....................................463
Effects of Particular Combinations.................................................................464
Timing.......................................................................................................................464
Grafting Methods......................................................................................................464
Rootstocks.................................................................................................................466
Pot and Plug Grown Rootstocks...........................................................................466
Bare-Root Rootstocks...........................................................................................467
Root Grafts...........................................................................................................467
Scion Wood...............................................................................................................467
Systems......................................................................................................................468
Warm Callusing....................................................................................................468
Hot-Pipe................................................................................................................469
Root Grafting........................................................................................................469
Nurse-Seed Grafting............................................................................................469
Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 470
Performance Comparisons........................................................................................ 470
Growing on................................................................................................................ 470
Chapter 50 Rhododendron (Ericaceae)........................................................................................ 471
Introduction............................................................................................................... 471
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 471
Timing....................................................................................................................... 473
Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 473
Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 475
Rootstock Selection.............................................................................................. 475
Rootstocks for Large Leaved Types..................................................................... 476
Rootstock Stem..................................................................................................... 477
Pot Grown versus Bare-root................................................................................. 478
Raising Clonal Rootstocks................................................................................... 478
Specifications........................................................................................................ 479
Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 479
Systems...................................................................................................................... 481
Management of Rootstock – Heading-back.........................................................482
Summer Grafting..................................................................................................482
Cuttings-Grafts.....................................................................................................483
Modified Cuttings-Grafts.....................................................................................485
Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................486
Top-Worked Plants....................................................................................................488
Growing on................................................................................................................488
Chapter 51 Sorbus (Rosaceae) – Mountain Ash, Whitebeam.....................................................489
Introduction...............................................................................................................489
Compatibility.............................................................................................................489
Timing....................................................................................................................... 491
Grafting Methods......................................................................................................492
Rootstocks.................................................................................................................492
Scion Wood...............................................................................................................492
Systems......................................................................................................................492
Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................492
Growing On...............................................................................................................492
Chapter 52 Syringa (Oleaceae) – Lilac, French Lilac.................................................................. 493
Introduction............................................................................................................... 493
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 493
Timing.......................................................................................................................494
Grafting Methods......................................................................................................494
Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 495
Scion Wood...............................................................................................................496
Systems......................................................................................................................496
Field Planting........................................................................................................497
Potting Up/On.......................................................................................................497
Summer Grafting..................................................................................................497
Cuttings-Grafts.....................................................................................................497
Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 498
Top-Worked Plants.................................................................................................... 498
Growing On............................................................................................................... 498
Chapter 53 Tilia (Malvaceae) – Lime-trees, Lindens, Basswoods..............................................499
Introduction...............................................................................................................499
Compatibility.............................................................................................................499
Timing.......................................................................................................................500
Grafting Methods......................................................................................................500
Rootstocks.................................................................................................................502
Scion Wood...............................................................................................................503
Systems......................................................................................................................503
Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................504
Growing On...............................................................................................................504
Chapter 54 Viburnum (Adoxaceae).............................................................................................505
Introduction...............................................................................................................505
Compatibility.............................................................................................................505
Timing.......................................................................................................................506
Grafting Methods......................................................................................................507
Rootstocks.................................................................................................................507
Scion Wood...............................................................................................................508
Systems......................................................................................................................508
Physiological and Environmental Factors.................................................................508
Top-Worked Plants....................................................................................................508
Growing On...............................................................................................................509
Chapter 55 Vitis (Vitaceae) – Vines, Grapevines........................................................................ 511
Introduction............................................................................................................... 511
Compatibility............................................................................................................. 511
Timing....................................................................................................................... 511
Grafting Methods...................................................................................................... 511
Rootstocks................................................................................................................. 512
Scion Wood............................................................................................................... 513
Systems...................................................................................................................... 513
Physiological and Environmental Factors................................................................. 515
Growing On............................................................................................................... 516
PART EIGHT Genera Grafting Guide Tables
Chapter 56 Grafting Table List.................................................................................................... 519
Introduction............................................................................................................... 519
APPENDICES
Appendix A: List of Families and Genera Field Grafted.......................................................... 557
Appendix B: List of Families Bench Grafted and with Potential to Graft.............................. 559
Appendix C: Practice Holders..................................................................................................... 561
Appendix D: Outputs for Bench Grafting.................................................................................. 563
Appendix E: Knife Types Other than Tina................................................................................565
Appendix F: Knife Sharpening – Cutting Edge Grind Types.................................................. 567
Appendix G: Types of Sharpening Stones.................................................................................. 569
Appendix H: Honing - Strops and Honing Machines - Corrosion Prevention....................... 571
Appendix I: Sharpening Aids...................................................................................................... 573
Appendix J: Knife Sharpening Machines.................................................................................. 575
Appendix K: Grafting Machines and Grafting Tools............................................................... 577
Appendix L: Workstations: Integral, Static and Mobile.......................................................... 581
Appendix M: Grafting Bench Design and Construction.......................................................... 583
Appendix N: Seat Design.............................................................................................................. 585
Appendix O: Lighting Levels for Grafting Benches.................................................................. 587
Appendix P: Effect of Fungicides on Graft Success.................................................................. 589
Appendix Q: Design and Construction of Free-Standing, Walk-In Grafting Polytunnels......... 591
Appendix R: Hot-Pipe Solid Cover Heating Chamber Dimensions......................................... 593
Appendix S: ‘Economy’ Hot-Pipe Design................................................................................... 595
Bibliography.................................................................................................................................. 597
Plant Index..................................................................................................................................... 611
Index............................................................................................................................................... 629
| Erscheinungsdatum | 28.06.2019 |
|---|---|
| Zusatzinfo | 22 Tables, black and white; 500 Illustrations, color |
| Verlagsort | London |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Maße | 178 x 254 mm |
| Gewicht | 1280 g |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Botanik |
| Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-367-22484-4 / 0367224844 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-367-22484-4 / 9780367224844 |
| Zustand | Neuware |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
aus dem Bereich
