Organic-Inorganic Composite Polymer Electrolyte Membranes (eBook)
XX, 460 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-319-52739-0 (ISBN)
This volume explores the latest developments in the area of polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) used for high-temperature fuel cells. Featuring contributions from an international array of researchers, it presents a unified viewpoint on the operating principles of fuel cells, various methodologies used for the fabrication of PEMs, and issues related to the chemical and mechanical stabilities of the membranes. Special attention is given to the fabrication of electrospun nanocomposite membranes.
The editors have consciously placed an emphasis on developments in the area of fast-growing and promising PEM materials obtained via hygroscopic inorganic fillers, solid proton conductors, heterocyclic solvents, ionic liquids, anhydrous H3PO4 blends, and heteropolyacids.
This book is intended for fuel cell researchers and students who are interested in a deeper understanding of the organic-inorganic membranes used in fuel cells, membrane fabrication methodologies, properties and clean energy applications.
Dr. Inamuddin is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India. He obtained Master of Science degree in Organic Chemistry from Chaudhary Charan Singh (CCS) University, Meerut, India, in 2002. He received his Master of Philosophy and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in Applied Chemistry from AMU in 2004 and 2007, respectively. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of Analytical Chemistry, Materials Chemistry, and Electrochemistry and, more specifically, Renewable Energy and Environment. He has worked under different research projects as project fellow and senior research fellow funded by University Grants Commission (UGC), Government of India, and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India. He has received Fast Track Young Scientist Award from the Department of Science and Technology, India, to work in the area of bending actuators and artificial muscles. He is running one major research projects funded by Council of Science and Technology, Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh), India. He has completed three major research projects sanctioned by University Grant Commission, Department of Science and Technology, and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India. He has published 72 research articles in international journals of repute and eight book chapters in knowledge-based book editions published by renowned international publishers. He has published five edited books with Springer, United Kingdom, three by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. U.S.A., one by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Asia Pacific and two by Trans Tech Publications Ltd., Switzerland. He is the member of various editorial boards of the journals. He has attended as well as chaired sessions in various international and nation conferences. He has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow, leading a research team at the Creative Research Initiative Center for Bio-Artificial Muscle, Hanyang University, South Korea, in the field of renewable energy, especially biofuel cells. He has also worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia, in the field of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and computational fluid dynamics of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. He is a life member of the Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. His research interest includes ion exchange materials, sensor for heavy metal ions, biofuel cells, supercapacitors and bending actuators.
Dr. Inamuddin is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India. He obtained Master of Science degree in Organic Chemistry from Chaudhary Charan Singh (CCS) University, Meerut, India, in 2002. He received his Master of Philosophy and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in Applied Chemistry from AMU in 2004 and 2007, respectively. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of Analytical Chemistry, Materials Chemistry, and Electrochemistry and, more specifically, Renewable Energy and Environment. He has worked under different research projects as project fellow and senior research fellow funded by University Grants Commission (UGC), Government of India, and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India. He has received Fast Track Young Scientist Award from the Department of Science and Technology, India, to work in the area of bending actuators and artificial muscles. He is running one major research projects funded by Council of Science and Technology, Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh), India. He has completed three major research projects sanctioned by University Grant Commission, Department of Science and Technology, and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India. He has published 72 research articles in international journals of repute and eight book chapters in knowledge-based book editions published by renowned international publishers. He has published five edited books with Springer, United Kingdom, three by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. U.S.A., one by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Asia Pacific and two by Trans Tech Publications Ltd., Switzerland. He is the member of various editorial boards of the journals. He has attended as well as chaired sessions in various international and nation conferences. He has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow, leading a research team at the Creative Research Initiative Center for Bio-Artificial Muscle, Hanyang University, South Korea, in the field of renewable energy, especially biofuel cells. He has also worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia, in the field of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and computational fluid dynamics of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. He is a life member of the Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. His research interest includes ion exchange materials, sensor for heavy metal ions, biofuel cells, supercapacitors and bending actuators.Prof. Ali Mohammad is presently working as UGC-Emeritus Fellow in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India after serving as chairman of the department of Applied Chemistry for 6 years. His scientific interests include physico-analytical aspects of solid-state reactions, micellar thin layer chromatography, surfactants analysis, and green chromatography. He is the author or coauthor of 250 scientific publications including research articles, reviews, and book chapters. He has supervised 53 students for Ph.D./M.Phil. and M.Tech. degrees. He has also served as Editor of Scientific Journal, “Chemical and Environmental Research” published from India since 1992 to 2012 and as the Associate Editor for Analytical Chemistry section of the Journal of Indian Chemical Society. He has published three edited books with Springer, United Kingdom, He has been the member of editorial boards of Acta Chromatographica, Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis Seria F. Chemia, Air Pollution, and Annals of Agrarian Science. He has attended as well as chaired sessions in various international and nation conferences. He is the life member of several Indian Scientific and Chemical Societies. He has also served as Visiting Professor in King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Dr. Mohammad obtained his M.Sc. (1972), M.Phil. (1975), Ph.D. (1978), and D.Sc. (1996) degrees from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.Prof. Abdullah M. Asiri is the Head of the Chemistry Department at King Abdulaziz University since October 2009 and he is the founder and the Director of the Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) since 2010 till date. He is the Professor of Organic Photochemistry. He graduated from King Abdulaziz University (KAU) with B.Sc. in Chemistry in 1990 and a Ph.D from University of Wales, College of Cardiff, U.K. in 1995. His research interest covers color chemistry, synthesis of novel photochromic and thermochromic systems, synthesis of novel coloring matters and dyeing of textiles, materials chemistry, nanochemistry and nanotechnology, polymers and plastics. Prof. Asiri is the principal supervisors of more than 20 M.Sc. and six Ph.D theses; He is the main author of ten books of different chemistry disciplines. Prof. Asiri is the Editor-in-Chief of King Abdulaziz University Journal of Science. A major achievement of Prof. Asiri is the discovery of tribochromic compounds, a class of compounds which change from slightly or colorless to deep colored when subjected to small pressure or when grind. This discovery was introduced to the scientific community as a new terminology published by IUPAC in 2000. This discovery was awarded a patent from European Patent office and from UK patent. Prof. Asiri involved in many committees at the KAU level and also on the national level, he took a major role in the advanced materials committee working for KACST to identify the National plan for science and technology in 2007. Prof. Asiri played a major role in advancing the chemistry education and research in KAU, he has been awarded the best Researchers from KAU for the past five years. He also awarded the Young Scientist award from the Saudi Chemical Society in 2009, and also the first prize for the distinction in science from the Saudi Chemical Society in 2012. He also received a recognition certificate from the American Chemical society (Gulf region Chapter) for the advancement of chemical science in the Kingdome. Also he received a Scopus certificate for the most Publishing Scientist in Saudi Arabia in chemistry in 2008. He is also a member of the Editorial Board of various journals of international repute. He is the Vice- President of Saudi Chemical Society (Western Province Branch). He holds four USA patents, more than 800 Publications in international journals, seven book chapters, and ten books.
Preface 5
Acknowledgements 9
Contents 11
Editors and Contributors 14
1 Organic–Inorganic Membranes Impregnated with Ionic Liquid 20
Abstract 20
1 Introduction 21
2 Ionic Liquids: General Properties and Applications 21
3 Ionic Liquids as Electrolytes in Fuel Cells 23
4 Ionic Liquid Polymer Membranes for Fuel Cells 25
4.1 Ionic Liquid/Polymer Membranes 27
4.2 Polymerized Ionic Liquid Membranes 31
4.3 IL Gel and Composite Polymer Membranes 34
5 Conclusions 37
Acknowledgements 37
References 37
2 Organic/TiO2 Nanocomposite Membranes: Recent Developments 43
Abstract 43
1 Introduction 44
2 TiO2-Polymer Electrolyte Membranes (PEMs) 47
2.1 Perfluorinated Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolyte Membranes (PEMs) 47
2.2 Acid–Base Polymer Complex-Based Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposite PEMs 51
2.3 TiO2-Modified Polytetrafluoroethylene Membranes 52
2.4 Poly(ether ether ketone)-Based Nanocomposite PEMs 53
2.5 PANI Based Membranes 55
2.6 PES Based Membranes 55
2.7 Polysulfone-Based Membranes 56
2.8 TiO2 Solar Cells 56
2.9 Carbon Materials and Metal–Carbon Nanotube (CNTs)–TiO2 Composites 58
2.9.1 Carbon-TiO2 Composites 59
2.9.2 Graphene (GN)-TiO2 Composites 61
3 Conclusions 61
Acknowledgements 61
References 62
3 Organic/Silica Nanocomposite Membranes 65
Abstract 65
1 Introduction 67
2 Silica Nanoparticle-Based Membranes 75
3 Conclusion 89
References 89
4 Organic/Zeolites Nanocomposite Membranes 91
Abstract 91
1 Introduction 92
2 Basic Concepts About Zeolites 95
3 Polymer-Zeolite Composite Membranes: The Role of the Zeolite 96
3.1 Influence of Si/Al Ratio 96
3.2 Proton Mobility in Zeolites 97
3.3 Internal and External Surface Area 102
3.4 Configurational Diffusion 102
3.5 Crystallite Size [17, 18] 102
3.6 Functionalization of Zeolite Surface 103
3.7 Selectivity, Proton Conductivity, and Permeability 103
4 Techniques for Producing Organic/Zeolite Nanocomposite Membranes 104
5 Synthetic Polymers/Zeolite Nanocomposite Membranes for PEMFCs 106
5.1 Route 1: Zeolite + Organic Monomers 106
5.2 Route 3: Inorganic Precursor + Organic Polymer 106
5.3 Route 4: Zeolite + Organic Polymer 107
6 Natural Polymers/Zeolite Nanocomposite Membranes for PEMFCs 112
7 Conclusions 113
Acknowledgements 114
References 114
5 Composite Membranes Based on Heteropolyacids and Their Applications in Fuel Cells 117
Abstract 117
1 Introduction 118
2 Heteropolyacids Types and Structures 119
3 HPAs and Proton Transport in Fuel Cells 124
4 HPAs in PEM Fuel Cell 126
5 HPAs in High-Temperature and Low-Humidity PEMFC 127
6 HPAs in DMFC 133
7 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 138
Acknowledgements 138
References 138
6 Organic/Montmorillonite Nanocomposite Membranes 150
Abstract 150
1 Introduction 152
2 Membrane Fabrication Methods 153
2.1 Phase Inversion 153
2.2 Immersion Precipitation 153
2.3 Evaporation-Induced Phase Separation 155
3 Montmorillonite-Based Nanocomposites Membranes 156
4 Conclusion 178
References 179
7 Electrospun Nanocomposite Materials for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Methanol Fuel Cells 182
Abstract 182
1 Introduction 183
2 Methanol Crossover and Low Proton Conductivity 184
3 Composite SPEEK 187
4 SPEEK-Clay Nanocomposite as PEM for DMFC 191
5 Morphology Types and the Importance of Exfoliated Surface Structure on DMFC Performance 194
6 Preparation of Exfoliated Nanocomposite Membranes 194
7 Electrospinning as a Membrane Morphological Modification Technique 196
8 Electrospun Polymer-Based Nanofiber Membranes for DMFC Application 197
9 Electrospinning Parameters 200
10 Future Directions and Conclusion 201
References 202
8 A Basic Overview of Fuel Cells: Thermodynamics and Cell Efficiency 209
Abstract 209
1 What Is a Fuel Cell? 209
2 Fuel Cell Structure and Classification 210
3 Fuel Cell Construction 212
4 PEMFC Types, Electrode Reactions, and Cell Potential 217
4.1 H2/O2 PEMFC 217
4.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC) 217
4.3 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells (DEFC) 217
4.4 Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells (DFAFC) 218
4.5 Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells (DBFCs) 218
5 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics 219
5.1 Effect of Temperature 222
5.2 Effect of Pressure 223
5.3 Effect of Concentration of Reactant 225
6 Fuel Cell Efficiency 225
6.1 Losses in Actual System 226
6.2 Activation Overpotential 226
6.3 Ohmic Polarization Losses 226
6.4 Mass Transport Overpotential 227
7 Conclusion 228
References 228
9 Organic/Inorganic and Sulfated Zirconia Nanocomposite Membranes for Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 234
Abstract 234
1 Introduction 235
1.1 Proton-Exchange Membranes (PEMs) 236
2 Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Membranes 241
3 Organic-Sulfated Metal Oxide Hybrid Membrane 245
4 Sulfated Zirconia Nanocomposite Membranes 246
5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 249
Acknowledgements 250
References 250
10 Electrochemical Promotional Role of Under-Rib Convection-Based Flow-Field in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells 256
Abstract 256
1 Introduction 258
2 General Description of Performance Improvements in PEMFCs 261
2.1 Proton Exchange Membrane 264
2.2 Electrode and Catalyst 266
2.3 Gas Diffusion Layer 267
2.4 Membrane Electrode Assembly 268
2.5 Bipolar Plate 269
2.6 Single Cell and Stack 270
2.6.1 Water and Heat Management 271
2.6.2 Fuel Crossover, Oxidation, and CO Poisoning 272
2.6.3 Scale-up and Long-Term Experiments 272
3 Structured Techniques for Flow-Field Optimization 274
3.1 Experimental Approaches to Flow-Field Optimization 276
3.1.1 Current Density Measurement 276
3.1.2 Flow Visualization 279
3.1.3 Polarization Curve Evaluation 281
3.2 Modeling Approaches to Flow Optimization 283
3.2.1 Computational Fluid Dynamic Modeling 283
3.2.2 Two-Phase Modeling for Water Management 286
3.2.3 Complex Flow-field Interaction Modeling 288
3.3 Validation of Experimental and Numerical Results 290
4 New Flow-field Optimization Approaches Utilizing Under-Rib Convection 291
4.1 Homogeneous Distribution of the Reactants 294
4.2 Uniformity of Temperature and Current Density Distributions 306
4.3 Facilitation of Liquid Water Discharge 307
4.4 Reduction in Pressure Drop 309
4.5 Improvement in Output Power 312
5 Summary 317
References 318
11 Methods for the Preparation of Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells 326
Abstract 326
1 Introduction 327
2 Methods for Preparation of Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolyte Membranes 328
2.1 Blending of Nanoparticles in Polymer Matrix 329
2.1.1 Phase Inversion Method for Preparation of PEMs 330
2.1.2 Solution Casting Method 331
2.1.3 Hot Press 332
2.2 Doping or Infiltration and Precipitation of Nanoparticles and Precursors 333
2.3 Self-assembly of Nanoparticles 333
2.4 Non-hydrolytic Sol–Gel (NHSG) Method 335
2.5 Layer-by-Layer Fabrication Method 335
2.6 Nonequilibrium Impregnation Reduction 336
2.7 Surface Patterning Method 336
3 Future Directions and Conclusion 337
References 338
12 An Overview of Chemical and Mechanical Stabilities of Polymer Electrolytes Membrane 341
Abstract 341
1 Introduction 341
2 Durability of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) 344
3 Proton Conductivity of PEM 345
4 Chemical Stabilities and Degradation of PEM 347
5 Mechanical Stability and Degradation of PEM 349
6 Conclusion 352
Acknowledgements 352
References 352
13 Electrospun Nanocomposite Materials for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells 355
Abstract 355
1 Introduction 355
2 Electrospinning Process 356
2.1 Electrospun Fibers 358
2.1.1 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) 359
2.1.2 Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) 359
2.1.3 Poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) 359
2.1.4 Poly(arylene ether)s 359
2.1.5 Poly(imide)s 360
2.1.6 Poly(benzimidazole) (PBI) 360
2.2 Crosslinking of Electrospun Fibers 360
2.3 Interface Bonding 362
3 Reducing Methanol Crossover 363
4 Improving Proton Conductivity 364
4.1 Electrospinning of Nafion 366
4.2 Aligned Nanofibers 367
5 Other Applications of Electrospinning in Fuel Cells 367
6 Conclusion 368
References 368
14 Fabrication Techniques for the Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells 373
Abstract 373
1 Introduction 373
2 Recent Developments of PEM-Based on Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposites 374
3 Fabrication Techniques for the Preparation of PEM 377
3.1 Different Polymerization Routes 378
3.2 Plasma Methods 382
3.3 Sol–Gel Method 383
3.4 Ultrasonic Coating Technique 385
3.5 Phase Inversion Method 385
3.6 In Situ Reduction 386
3.7 Catalyst-Coated Membrane by Screen Printing Method 386
3.8 Solution Casting Method 386
3.9 Other Methods 387
4 Summary 388
Acknowledgements 389
References 389
15 Chitosan-Based Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications 395
Abstract 395
1 Introduction 396
2 Chitosan: An Overview 397
3 Characterization of the Polymer Membrane and Their Desired Properties 398
4 Chitosan Based Membranes for Polymer Electrolyte 398
4.1 Chitosan Blend Polymer Electrolyte 399
4.2 Chitosan Cross-Linked Polymer Electrolyte 400
4.3 Chitosan Polymer Composite Based Polymer Electrode 402
5 Chitosan for Fuel Cell 404
6 Chitosan for Biofuel Cell 405
6.1 Microbial Biofuel Cell 406
6.2 Enzymatic Biofuel Cell 407
7 Conclusions 408
Acknowledgements 409
References 409
16 Fuel Cells: Construction, Design, and Materials 413
Abstract 413
1 Introduction 413
2 Different Types of Fuel Cells 414
3 Construction and Design of Different FC 416
3.1 PEMFC 416
3.2 DMFC 420
3.3 AEMFC 421
3.4 PAFC 422
3.5 SOFC 422
3.6 MCFC 423
4 Catalysts for Different FCs 423
5 Materials and Methods for Preparation of PEM for Fuel Cells 425
6 Characterizations and Characteristic Properties of PEM for Different FC 427
7 Summary 429
References 429
17 Proton Conducting Polymer Electrolytes for Fuel Cells via Electrospinning Technique 435
Abstract 435
1 Introduction 437
2 Classifications of Fuel Cells 437
2.1 Proton Exchange Membrane in Fuel Cell 438
3 Electrospinning Technique 442
3.1 Mechanism of Electrospinning 442
3.2 Working Principle of Electrospinning 443
3.3 Parameters of Electrospinning 444
3.3.1 Process Parameters 445
3.3.2 Solution Parameters 446
3.3.3 Ambient Parameters 446
4 Electrospun-Based Proton Conducting Polymers 447
4.1 Nafion-Based Nanofibres 447
4.2 Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Based Nanofibres 456
5 Present Status and Future Prospects 466
6 Conclusions 468
Acknowledgements 469
References 469
Index 473
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 10.5.2017 |
|---|---|
| Zusatzinfo | XX, 460 p. 145 illus., 75 illus. in color. |
| Verlagsort | Cham |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Organische Chemie |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie | |
| Technik ► Maschinenbau | |
| Schlagworte | Advanced Composites • electrochemical energy conversion • electrospinning technique • electrospun nanocomposite materials • fuel from renewable energy • fuell cell technology • green energy device • Ionic liquids • organic-inorganic composite membranes • Polymer electrolyte |
| ISBN-10 | 3-319-52739-8 / 3319527398 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-3-319-52739-0 / 9783319527390 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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