Sol-Gel Materials for Energy, Environment and Electronic Applications (eBook)

Suresh C. Pillai, Sarah Hehir (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2017 | 1st ed. 2017
XV, 315 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-319-50144-4 (ISBN)

Infos

This volume provides expert coverage of the state-of-the-art in sol-gel materials for functional applications in energy, environment and electronics. The use of sol-gel technology has become a hotbed for cutting edge developments in many fields due to the accessibility of advanced materials through low energy processes. The book offers a broad view of this growing research area from basic science through high-level applications with the potential for commercialization and industrial use. Taking an integrated approach, expert chapters present a wide range of topics, from photocatalysts, solar cells and optics, to thin films and materials for energy storage and conversion, demonstrating the combined use of chemistry, physics, materials science and engineering in the search for solutions to some of the most challenging problems of our time.  

Inhalt

The International Sol-Gel Society (ISGS) 6
Preface 8
Contents 11
Contributors 13
1 An Introduction to Sol-Gel Processing for Aerogels 16
1.1 Introduction 16
1.2 Silicon Alkoxide Sol-Gel Materials 18
1.3 Sodium Silicate Sol-Gel Materials 20
1.4 Wet Gel Formation 21
1.5 Acid-Catalysed Wet Gel Formation 22
1.6 Base-Catalysed Wet Gel Formation 23
1.7 Acid–Base Catalysed Wet Gel Formation 23
1.8 Ageing of Gels 24
1.9 Drying of Gels 27
1.10 Surface Modification and Solvent Exchange 29
1.11 Conclusions 33
References 34
2 Sol-Gel Materials for Varistor Devices 38
2.1 Varistors—An Introduction 38
2.2 Conventional Preparation of Varistors 41
2.3 Chemical Synthesis Strategies for Varistor Particles 44
2.4 Advantages of Sol-Gel Technology for Varistors 48
2.5 Sol-Gel Varistors 49
2.6 High-Performance Varistors: Through Nanoinclusions 57
2.6.1 Grain Size Reduction and Grain Boundary Area Improvement 57
2.6.1.1 Addition of Nanofillers 57
2.6.1.2 Adopting Controlled Sintering Methods 59
2.6.2 Homogeneous Dopants Distribution at the Grain Boundaries 61
2.6.2.1 Conducting Wet Chemical Syntheses 61
2.6.2.2 Performing Temperature Controlled Step-Sintering Processes 62
2.6.3 Use of Economic and High-Quality Raw Materials 63
2.7 Sol-Gel Ceramic–Polymer Composite Varistors 64
2.7.1 Varistor–Epoxy Composites 64
2.7.2 ZnO–PANI Composites 66
2.7.3 ZnO–PANI–PVA Composites 66
2.7.4 GaAs–PANI–PE Composites 66
2.7.5 Si–Polymer Composite Varistors 68
2.8 Conclusions 69
References 70
3 Sol-Gel Derived Functional Coatings for Optics 75
3.1 Introduction 75
3.1.1 Sol-Gel Chemistry and Optical Coatings: An Industry-Driven Development 75
3.1.2 Sol-Gel Strategies Toward Original Optical Properties 76
3.1.3 Liquid Deposition Techniques 80
3.2 Sol-Gel-Based Multifunctional Antireflective Coatings 83
3.2.1 Fundamentals of Antireflective Coatings 83
3.2.2 Gradient-Type Antireflective Coatings 85
3.2.3 Interference-Type Antireflective Coatings 88
3.2.4 Weather-Resistant and Self-cleaning Antireflective Coatings 90
3.3 Sol-Gel-Based Photonic Crystals 93
3.3.1 1D Photonic Crystals 95
3.3.2 2D Photonic Crystals 101
3.3.3 3D Photonic Crystals 104
3.4 General Conclusions and Perspectives 107
References 108
4 The Multiple Roles of Diatoms in Environmental Applications: Prospects for Sol-Gel Modified Diatoms 114
4.1 Overview 114
4.2 Introduction to Diatoms 115
4.3 Modification of Diatom Frustule Chemistry 117
4.3.1 Coating Strategies to Modify the Diatom 118
4.3.2 Chemical Conversion and Replication Strategies to Modify the Diatom 119
4.3.3 Sol-Gel Inspired Approaches to Modify the Diatom Frustule Using Organoalkoxysilanes 121
4.4 The Role of Diatoms as Bioindicators and Bioremediation Agents 123
4.5 Limitations and Perspective 125
Acknowledgments of Funding 125
References 125
5 Sol-Gel Sensors 134
5.1 Introduction 134
5.2 Gas Sensors 135
5.2.1 Oxygen 135
5.2.2 Carbon Dioxide 137
5.2.3 Ammonia 139
5.2.4 Hydrogen 141
5.2.5 Nitric Oxide 141
5.2.6 Nitrogen Dioxide 143
5.2.7 Other Gases 143
5.3 Humidity Sensors 145
5.4 Cation Detection 148
5.5 Anion Detection 149
5.6 PH Sensors 150
5.7 Biosensing 152
5.8 Forensic Analysis 158
5.9 Conclusions 158
References 162
6 Sol-Gel Processed Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries 167
6.1 Introduction 167
6.2 Sol-Gel Process 168
6.3 Sol-Gel Synthesis of Cathode Materials 171
6.3.1 Conventional Cobaltite Cathodes 171
6.3.2 Polyanion-Type Cathodes 173
6.3.3 Layered Metal Oxides 183
6.3.4 Spinel Metal Oxides 186
6.4 Conclusions 192
References 192
7 Sol-Gel Chemistry Engineering for Corrosion Protection 208
7.1 Introduction 208
7.1.1 Sol-Gel Chemistry 208
7.2 Corrosion Control for Aluminium Alloys 210
7.2.1 Overview of Aluminium Alloys 210
7.2.2 Aluminium Alloy 2024 T3 211
7.2.3 Corrosion Mechanism of Al 2024 T3 212
7.2.4 Chromium Based Anticorrosion Strategies 212
7.2.5 Corrosion Inhibition Chemistry 214
7.2.6 Corrosion Inhibition and the 2024 Alloy 215
7.2.7 Organic Inhibitor Compounds 215
7.2.8 Inorganic Inhibitor Compounds 216
7.2.9 Rare Earth Metals 217
7.2.10 Conducting Polymers 218
7.2.11 Commercially Available Sol-Gel Pretreatments 218
7.3 Sol-Gel Chemistry Engineering for Corrosion Coatings 225
7.3.1 Sol-Gel Film Design 225
7.3.2 Introduction of Nanoparticles into the Protective Coating Via the Sol-Gel Route 229
7.3.3 Direct Introduction of Commercially Available Nanoparticles 235
7.3.4 Application of Organic Polymers 236
7.3.5 Application of Corrosion Inhibitors 239
7.4 Conclusions 245
References 247
8 Graphene-Incorporated Sol-Gel Materials for Energy Applications 253
8.1 Introduction 253
8.2 Graphene-Based Supercapacitors 254
8.2.1 Graphene-Based Supercapacitors from Sol-Gel Processing 258
8.3 Graphene Nanocomposites for Solar Cell Applications 260
8.3.1 Counter Electrodes from Sol-Gel Processing 265
8.4 Li-Ion Battery Applications 268
8.5 Conclusions 273
References 274
9 Sol-Gel Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide 280
9.1 Sol and Gel 280
9.1.1 Electrostatic Stabilization of the Sol 281
9.1.2 Steric Stabilization of the Sol 281
9.2 Sol–Gel Process 282
9.2.1 Various Steps in Sol–Gel Processing [14] 283
9.2.2 Advantages of Sol–Gel Processing 283
9.3 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) 283
9.3.1 TiO2 as Photocatalyst 284
9.4 Sol–Gel Synthesis of TiO2 286
9.4.1 Alcohol-Based Process 286
9.4.2 Aqueous-Based Process 286
9.5 High-Temperature Stability of TiO2 286
9.6 Conclusion 289
References 289
10 Sol-Gel Lanthanum Phosphate: A Versatile Ceramic Material for Diverse Functional Applications 293
10.1 Synthesis of Lanthanum Phosphate (LaPO4)—Literature Review 293
10.2 Sol-Gel Approach for Synthesis of LaPO4 and Composites 297
10.3 Lanthanum Phosphate Nanocomposites and Coatings — a Case Study 299
10.3.1 Sol-Gel Preparation of LaPO4 299
10.3.1.1 Preparation of LaPO4 Nano-coatings 300
10.3.2 Stability of LaPO4 Composites 302
10.3.2.1 LaPO4 Phase Transformation 302
10.3.2.2 Lanthanum Phosphate Composite Phase Transformation 303
10.3.3 Morphological Evolution and Features 305
10.3.3.1 Lanthanum Phosphate 305
10.3.3.2 Lanthanum Phosphate Composites 307
10.3.4 Densification Behaviour 308
10.3.4.1 LaPO4–Zirconia Composite System 312
10.3.5 Hydrophobicity of LaPO4 Nano-coatings 313
10.3.6 Non-reactivity of LaPO4 Nano-coatings 315
10.4 Case Study Conclusions 316
10.5 LaPO4-Future Perspectives 317
References 318
Index 321

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 16.2.2017
• Reihe/Serie: Advances in Sol-Gel Derived Materials and Technologies
• Reihe/Serie: Advances in Sol-Gel Derived Materials and Technologies
• Zusatzinfo: XV, 315 p. 159 illus., 81 illus. in color.
• Verlagsort: Cham
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: Development of photovoltaic materials • Hydrogen generation sol-gel • Optoelectronic materials by sol-gel processing • Optoelectronic materials sol-gel • Photocatalysts • Sol-gel coated electronic components • Sol-gel environmental applications • Sol-gel materials, processing and technology • Sol-gel technology book
• ISBN-10: 3-319-50144-5 / 3319501445
• ISBN-13: 978-3-319-50144-4 / 9783319501444