Mechanics of Fluids
Nelson Thornes Ltd (Verlag)
978-0-412-34280-6 (ISBN)
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Goethe thought that prefaces were useless, and I am not disposed to disagree. Yet there may be value in stating, somewhere between the covers of this book, that its purpose is to present the basic principles of mechanics of fluids and to illustrate them by application to a variety of problems in different branches of engineering. Emphasis, however, is on principles rather than engineering practice. Attention is also given to the assumptions on which the principles rest, for only thus can the limits of their validity be appreciated. Although the book is intended primarily for students taking honours degrees in engineering, it should also serve the needs of those studying for the CEI examinations in Fluid and PartieIe Mechanics. It is a book for engineers rat her than mathematicians. Stress is laid on physical concepts rather than mathematics; specialized mathematical techniques are avoided and algebraic manipulations are kept to aminimum. For the majority of students, the occasional small sacrifice of rigour is, I believe, more thanjustified by the greater ease of visualizing and understanding the physical circumstances.
The book is reasonably self-contained, but references are given to more detailed discussions of certain topics. These references are not intended as an exhaustive bibliography but rather as useful eIues to start the search for further information.
1 Fundamental Concepts Relating to Fluids.- 1.1 The characteristics of fluids.- 1.2 Properties of fluids.- 1.3 The perfect gas: equation of state.- 1.4 Compressibility.- 1.5 Viscosity.- 1.6 Surface tension.- Reference.- Further reading.- Problems.- 2 Fluids in Equilibrium (Fluid 'Statics').- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Variation of pressure with position in a fluid.- 2.3 The measurement of pressure.- 2.4 Hydrostatic thrusts on submerged surfaces.- 2.5 Buoyancy.- 2.6 The stability of bodies in fluids.- 2.7 Equilibrium of moving fluids.- Further reading.- Problems.- 3 The Principles of Fluid Motion.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Variation of flow parameters in time and space.- 3.3 Describing the pattern of flow.- 3.4 Continuity.- 3.5 Bernoulli's equation.- 3.6 General energy equation for steady flow of any fluid.- 3.7 Pressure variation perpendicular to streamlines.- 3.8 Simple applications of Bernoulli's equation.- References.- Further reading.- Problems.- 4 The Momentum Equation.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The momentum equation for steady flow.- 4.3 Applications of the momentum equation.- Further reading.- Problems.- 5 Two Kinds of Flow.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Reynolds's demonstration of the different kinds of flow.- 5.3 The criterion of flow.- 5.4 Laminar and turbulent flow in pipes.- 5.5 Eddy viscosity and the mixing length hypothesis.- 5.6 The boundary layer and the viscous sub-layer.- 5.7 Distribution of shear stress in a circular pipe.- Further reading.- Problems.- 6 Laminar Flow between Solid Boundaries.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Steady laminar flow in circular pipes: the Hagen-Poiseuille law.- 6.3 Steady laminar flow between parallel planes.- 6.4 Steady laminar flow between parallel planes, one of which is moving.- 6.5 The measurement of viscosity.- 6.6 Fundamentals of the theory of hydrodynamic lubrication.- 6.7 Laminar flow through porous media.- References.- Further reading.- Problems.- 7 Turbulent Flow in Pipes.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Head lost to friction in a pipe.- 7.3 Variation of friction factor.- 7.4 Friction in non-circular conduits.- 7.5 Other head losses in pipes.- 7.6 Total head and pressure lines.- 7.7 Combination of pipes.- 7.8 Conditions near the entry to the pipe.- 7.9 Quasi-steady flow in pipes.- References.- Further reading.- Problems.- 8 Boundary Layers and Wakes.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Description of the boundary layer.- 8.3 The thickness of the boundary layer.- 8.4 The momentum equation applied to the boundary layer.- 8.5 The laminar boundary layer on a flat plate with zero pressure gradient.- 8.6 The turbulent boundary layer on a smooth flat plate with zero pressure gradient.- 8.7 Friction drag for laminar and turbulent boundary layers together.- 8.8 Effect of pressure gradient.- 8.9 Boundary layer control.- 8.10 Effect of compressibility on drag.- 8.11 Distribution of velocity in turbulent flow.- 8.12 Free turbulence.- References.- Further reading.- Problems.- 9 Physical Similarity.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Types of physical similarity.- 9.3 Ratios of forces arising in dynamic similarity.- 9.4 The application of dynamic similarity.- 9.5 Ship resistance.- Further reading.- Problems.- 10 The Flow of an Ideal Fluid.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 The stream function.- 10.3 Circulation and vorticity.- 10.4 Velocity potential.- 10.5 Flow nets.- 10.6 Combining flow patterns.- 10.7 Basic patterns of flow.- 10.8 Combinations of basic flow patterns.- 10.9 Elementary aerofoil theory.- References.- Further reading.- Problems.- 11 Flow with a Free Surface.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Types of flow in open channels.- 11.3 The steady-flow energy equation for open channels.- 11.4 Steady uniform flow - the Chezy equation.- 11.5 The boundary layer in open channels.- 11.6 Optimum shape of cross-section.- 11.7 Flow in closed conduits only partly full.- 11.8 Simple waves and surges in open channels.- 11.9 Specific energy and alternative depths of flow.- 11.10 The hydraulic jump.- 11.11 The occurrence of critical conditions.- 11.12 Gradually varied flow.- 11.13 Oscillatory waves.- 11.14 Conclusion.- References.- Further reading.- Problems.- 12 Flow with Appreciable Changes of Density.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Thermodynamic concepts.- 12.3 Energy equation with variable density: static and stagnation temperature.- 12.4 Elastic waves.- 12.5 Shock waves.- 12.6 Supersonic flow round a corner.- 12.7 The Pitot tube in flow with variable density.- 12.8 One-dimensional flow with negligible friction.- 12.9 High-speed flow past an aerofoil.- 12.10 Flow with variable density in pipes of constant cross-section.- 12.11 Analogy between flow with variable density and flow with a free surface.- References.- Further reading.- Problems.- 13 Unsteady Flow.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Inertia pressure.- 13.3 Pressure transients.- 13.4 Surge tanks.- Reference.- Further reading.- Problems.- 14 The Principles of Fluid Machines.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Reciprocating pumps.- 14.3 Rotodynamic machines.- 14.4 Rotodynamic pumps.- 14.5 Hydrodynamic transmissions.- 14.6 The effect of size on the efficiency of fluid machines.- References.- Further reading.- Problems.- Appendix 1 First and Second Moments and Centroids.- A1.1 First moments and centroids.- A1.2 Second moments.- Appendix 2 Measurements and Flow Visualization.- A2.1 Measurement of velocity.- A2.2 Measurement of discharge.- A2.3 Measurement of surface elevation.- A2.4 Measurement of flow direction.- A2.5 Flow visualization.- Further reading.- Appendix 3 Tables of Gas Flow Functions.- A3.1 Plane normal shock.- A3.2 Isentropic flow.- A3.3 Adiabatic flow with friction in duct of constant cross-section (Fanno flow).- Appendix 4 Algebraic Symbols.- Answers to Problems.
| Zusatzinfo | 28 black & white illustrations |
|---|---|
| Verlagsort | Oxford |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Maße | 155 x 235 mm |
| Gewicht | 949 g |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Strömungsmechanik |
| Technik ► Maschinenbau | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-412-34280-4 / 0412342804 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-412-34280-6 / 9780412342806 |
| Zustand | Neuware |
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