Mechanical Properties of Polymers Measured through AFM Force-Distance Curves (eBook)

Brunero Cappella (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2016 | 1st ed. 2016
XIV, 233 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-319-29459-9 (ISBN)

Infos

This Springer Laboratory volume is a practical guide for scientists and students dealing with the measurement of mechanical properties of polymers at the nanoscale through AFM force-distance curves.
In the first part of the book the reader will find a theoretical introduction about atomic force microscopy, focused on force-distance curves, and mechanical properties of polymers. The discussion of several practical issues concerning the acquisition and the interpretation of force-distance curves will help scientists starting to employ this technique.
The second part of the book deals with the practical measurement of mechanical properties of polymers by means of AFM force-distance curves. Several 'hands-on' examples are illustrated in a very detailed manner, with particular attention to the sample preparation, data analysis, and typical artefacts. This section gives a complete overview about the qualitative characterization and quantitative determination of the mechanical properties of homogeneous polymer samples, polymer brushes, polymer thin films, confined polymer samples, model blends and microstructured polymer blends through AFM force-distance curves.

The book also introduces to new approaches and measurement techniques, like creep compliance and force modulation measurements, pointing out approximations, limitations and issues requiring further confirmation.

Brunero Cappella, born 1970 in Italy, studied physics in the University of Pisa. In 1999 he moved to Berlin, where he worked in the Federal Institute for Materials Testing and Research. He received his PhD in materials science in 2002 from the Technical University of Berlin and his habilitation in Physical Chemistry in 2008 at the University of Siegen. Currently, he is working in the Federal Institute for Materials Testing and Research, leading the group 'Contact mechanics', and he is a lecturer for Physical Chemistry at the University of Siegen.

Since the very beginning of his scientific career, Brunero Cappella has been studying surface physics, atomic force microscopy and in particular AFM force-distance curves. He has written several papers; two recent review articles about force-distance curves for Surface Science Reports are among the most cited works of the journal (664 citations for the first and 1189 citations for the second article).

Inhalt

Contents 6
Symbols 10
Acronyms 14
Part I: Principles: Theory and Practice 16
1: Physical Principles of Force-Distance Curves by Atomic Force Microscopy 17
1.1 Atomic Force Microscope 17
1.2 Force-Distance Curves 19
1.3 Elasticity and Storage Elastic Modulus 23
1.4 Indentation and Continuum Elastic Theories 25
1.4.1 Hertz Theory 26
1.4.2 Derjaguin-Müller-Toporov and Johnson-Kendall-Roberts Theories 27
1.4.3 Maugis Theory 29
1.4.4 Oliver and Pharr Theory 33
1.5 Brief Review of Surface Forces 36
1.6 Mechanical Properties of Polymers 40
1.7 Time-Temperature Superposition Principle and Williams-Landel-Ferry Equation 43
1.8 Viscoelasticity and Loss Elastic Modulus 46
1.8.1 Transient Loading Patterns 46
1.8.2 Dynamic Loading Patterns 50
1.8.3 Hyperbolic Semiempirical Model 52
1.8.4 Creep Compliance Measurement 57
1.8.5 Force Modulation 58
1.9 Plastic Deformation 62
1.10 Thin Polymer Films 64
References 77
2: Force-Distance Curves in Practice 81
2.1 Optical Lever Technique and Sensitivity 81
2.2 AFM Cantilevers and Tips 83
2.2.1 Determination of the Elastic Constant 83
2.2.2 Determination of the Tip Radius 86
2.2.3 Colloidal Probes 88
2.3 Practical Issues of Force-Distance Curves Acquisition 89
2.3.1 Data Analysis and Force-Volume Measurements 89
2.3.2 Typical Artefacts of AFM Force-Distance Curves 94
2.4 Sequence of Work Steps of a Force-Distance Curves Experiment 101
References 103
Part II: Case Studies: Mechanical Properties of Homogeneous Polymer Films, Thin Polymer Films and Polymer Blends 106
3: Homogeneous Polymer Films 107
3.1 Determination of the Elastic Modulus of Homogeneous Polymer Samples 109
3.2 Hands-on Example 1: Elastic Modulus of Poly(methyl methacrylate) and Polycarbonate 109
3.3 Hands-on Example 2: Elastic Modulus of Polybutadiene as a Function of Exposure Time to Air 115
3.4 Hands-on Example 3: Elastic Modulus of Polystyrene Exposed to Plasma and to Toluene Vapour 117
3.5 Hands-on Example 4: Comparative Analysis on the Nanoindentation of Polymers Using Oliver and Pharr Procedure 124
3.6 Colloidal Probes 127
3.7 Hands-on Example 5: Determination of the Elastic Modulus of Silicone Methacrylate Microparticles with Colloidal Probes 128
3.8 Hands-on Example 6: Deformation and Adhesion of Elastomer Microparticles Used as Colloidal Tips 135
3.9 Viscoelastic Behaviour 137
3.10 Hands-on Example 7: Viscoelastic Behaviour of Poly(n-butyl methacrylate) 138
3.11 Hands-on Example 8: Viscoelastic Behaviour of Polystyrene 142
3.12 Thermomechanical Properties 146
3.13 Hands-on Example 9: Studying the Glass-to-Rubber Transition of Poly(tert-butyl acrylate) Using Adhesion Measurements 147
3.14 Hands-on Example 10: Thermomechanical Properties of Poly(n-butyl methacrylate) 156
3.15 Hands-on Example 11: Thermomechanical Properties of Polystyrene Samples with Different Molecular Weight 160
References 163
4: Thin Polymer Films and Polymer Brushes 167
4.1 Thin Polymer Films 167
4.2 Hands-on Example 12: Mechanical Properties of Thin Poly(n-butyl methacrylate) Films 168
4.3 Hands-on Example 13: Determination of the Thickness of a Dewetted Poly(n-butyl methacrylate) Film Through Force-Distance C... 173
4.4 Hands-on Example 14: Visualisation of Glass Microspheres Embedded in a PMMA Film 179
4.5 Hands-on Example 15: Force-Distance Curves on a Polymer-Polymer Mechanical Double Layer: Polybutadiene on Polystyrene 183
4.6 Polymer Brushes 188
4.7 Hands-on Example 16: Elastic Modulus of Poly(styrene-co-pentafluorostyrene) and Poly(methyl acrylate) Polymer Brushes 189
References 196
5: Polymer Blends 198
5.1 Model Blends and Confined Polymers 198
5.2 Hands-on Example 17: Spatial Variation of the Thermomechanical Properties of a Model Polystyrene/Poly(n-butyl methacrylate... 199
5.3 Hands-on Example 18: Characterisation of the Local Elastic Modulus in Confined Poly(methyl methacrylate) Films 209
5.4 Microstructured Blends 211
5.5 Hands-on Example 19: Spatial Variation of the Properties of a Microstructured Polystyrene/Poly(n-butyl methacrylate) Blend 214
5.6 Hands-on Example 20: Spatial Variation of the Properties of a Polystyrene/Polybutadiene Blend 220
5.7 Pulsed Force Mode 225
References 228
6: Creep Compliance Measurement 231
6.1 Hands-on Example 21: Creep Compliance Measurement of Viscoelastic Polymers 231
6.2 Hands-on Example 22: Creep Compliance Mapping 237
References 240
Index 241

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 14.7.2016
• Reihe/Serie: Springer Laboratory
• Reihe/Serie: Springer Laboratory
• Zusatzinfo: XIV, 233 p. 120 illus., 3 illus. in color.
• Verlagsort: Cham
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Organische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: Atomic force microscopy • Confined polymer samples • Creep compliance measurement • Force-distance curves • Force-modulation measurement • Mechanical Properties of Polymers • Polymer Blends • Polymer nanoscale properties • Sample preparation AFM • Thin polymer films
• ISBN-10: 3-319-29459-8 / 3319294598
• ISBN-13: 978-3-319-29459-9 / 9783319294599