Nonlinear Approaches in Engineering Applications (eBook)

Advanced Analysis of Vehicle Related Technologies

Reza N. Jazar, Liming Dai (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2016 | 1st ed. 2016
XXXIV, 402 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-319-27055-5 (ISBN)

Infos

This book looks at the broad field of engineering science through the lens of nonlinear approaches. Examples focus on issues in vehicle technology, including vehicle dynamics, vehicle-road interaction, steering, and control for electric and hybrid vehicles. Also included are discussions on train and tram systems, aerial vehicles, robot-human interaction, and contact and scratch analysis at the micro/nanoscale. Chapters are based on invited contributions from world-class experts in the field who advance the future of engineering by discussing the development of more optimal, accurate, efficient, and cost and energy effective systems. This book is appropriate for researchers, students, and practicing engineers who are interested in the applications of nonlinear approaches to solving engineering and science problems.

Reza N. Jazar, PhD, is Professor and Discipline Head of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering at the School of Aerospace, Mechanical, and Manufacturing Engineering in RMIT University, Australia. 

Liming Dai, PhD, is Professor and Program Chair of Industrial Systems Engineering at the University of Regina, Canada.

Inhalt

Preface 10
Level of the Book 11
Organization of the Book 12
Method of Presentation 12
Prerequisites 13
Acknowledgments 13
Contents 14
List of Figures 16
Part I Automotive Applications 36
1 Crashworthiness of Tapered Beams in Automotive Application 37
Nomenclature 37
1.1 Introduction 38
1.1.1 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 2012) 39
1.1.2 Australian NCAP 41
1.1.2.1 ANCAP 1 Star 41
1.1.2.2 ANCAP 2 Star 42
1.1.2.3 ANCAP 3 Star 43
1.1.2.4 ANCAP 4 Star 43
1.1.2.5 ANCAP 5 Star 44
1.1.3 Euro NCAP 44
1.1.3.1 Frontal Impact 44
1.1.3.2 Side Impact and Pole Test 47
1.1.3.3 Pedestrian Impact 47
1.1.4 Structural Requirement 48
1.2 Background 50
1.2.1 Constant Cross-Section S-Shaped Frames 51
1.2.2 Constant Cross-Section Straight Rails 55
1.2.3 Tapered Straight Rails 58
1.2.4 Finite Element Modelling 60
1.2.5 The Aim of the Present Work 61
1.3 Analytical Analysis of Crush Mechanism 62
1.3.1 Energy Absorption 62
1.3.2 Crush Mechanism 62
1.3.2.1 The Alexander Model 63
1.3.2.2 The Abramowicz Model 66
1.3.2.3 Kim and Wierzbicki Model for S-Shaped Frame 68
1.4 Formulation and Finite Element Modelling 72
1.4.1 Geometry Modelling 72
1.4.2 Finite Element Modelling 73
1.5 Analytical Analysis and FE Result Validation 77
1.5.1 Analytical Analysis 77
1.5.2 Finite Element Results Validation 80
1.6 Results and Discussion 80
1.6.1 Static Loading 84
1.6.1.1 Type A Models Subjecting Static Load 84
1.6.1.2 Type B Models Subjecting Static Load 84
1.6.1.3 Specific Energy Absorption in Static Loading Condition 85
1.6.2 Dynamic Loading 86
1.6.2.1 Type A Models Subjecting Dynamic Load 87
1.6.2.2 Type B Models Subjecting Dynamic Load 87
1.6.2.3 Specific Energy Absorption in Dynamic Load Condition 88
1.6.3 The Effect of Reinforcing S-Rails 89
1.6.4 EA and SEA in Dynamic Loading Versus Static Loading 90
1.6.5 Models with the Highest SEA 91
1.7 Conclusion and Recommendations 93
References 94
2 Caster–Camber Relationship in Vehicles 97
2.1 Introduction and Background 97
2.2 Homogeneous Transformation 99
2.2.1 Rigid Body Motion 99
2.2.2 Homogeneous Transformation 102
2.2.3 A Rotation about an Axis Not Going Through Origin 104
2.3 Steering Motion 104
2.3.1 Coordinate Frames 104
2.3.2 Steering and Homogeneous Transformation 106
2.4 Kinematics of a Steered Tire 108
2.4.1 The Camber Angle 108
2.4.2 The Wheel Center 110
2.4.3 The Car Body Displacement 111
2.4.4 Simplified Designs 111
2.4.4.1 Ideal Wheel 112
2.4.4.2 Shopping Cart Wheel 112
2.4.4.3 sa = 0, sb = 0, ??0, ??0 112
2.4.4.4 Variable Caster and Lean Angles 113
2.5 Variable Caster Steering 115
2.5.1 A Comparison Between Caster and Lean Angle Based on Camber Generation 115
2.5.2 Variable Caster and Car Body Displacement 118
2.6 Conclusion 121
2.7 Notations 122
References 122
3 Design of Limaçon Gas Expanders 124
3.1 Introduction 124
3.2 Types of Gas Expanders and Their Role in Thermodynamic Cycles 128
3.2.1 Types of Gas Expanders 129
3.2.1.1 Reciprocating Piston Expanders 129
3.2.1.2 Axial Piston Expanders 130
3.2.1.3 Rolling Piston Expanders 130
3.2.1.4 Rotary-Vane and Revolving-Vane Expanders 130
3.2.1.5 Screw and Scroll Expanders 131
3.2.1.6 Turbo Expanders 131
3.2.2 The Rankine Cycle 132
3.2.3 Micro-CHP and CHP-ORC Systems 133
3.2.4 The Trilateral Flash Cycle 135
3.3 Limaçon of Pascal Curve and Limaçon Expanders 136
3.3.1 The Limaçon Curve from a Mechanical Point of View 136
3.3.2 The Port Area Calculation 138
3.3.3 The Limaçon Mechanisms 140
3.3.3.1 The Cam-Assisted Limaçon Mechanism 141
3.3.3.2 The Double Slider Limaçon Mechanism 141
3.3.3.3 The Epicycloid Gear System 142
3.3.3.4 Comparison Between Limaçon Mechanisms 143
3.3.4 Modelling of Limaçon Gas Expanders 143
3.3.5 Two-Phase Working-Fluid Flow Modelling 144
3.3.6 Homogenous Model 145
3.3.7 The Separated Flow Model 145
3.3.8 The Flow-Pattern Model 146
3.4 Design of the Limaçon-to-Circular Fluid Processing Machine 146
3.5 Conclusions 149
Nomenclature 149
References 150
4 Physical Networks' Approach in Train and Tram Systems' Investigation 153
4.1 Introduction 153
4.2 Physical Networks Approach in Modeling 154
4.3 Mechanical System with Translation: Basic Model 156
4.4 Modeling a Single Wagon 159
4.5 System of Two Wagons 161
4.6 Train Composition Model 165
4.7 Conclusion 167
References 169
5 Characteristics of Preheated Bio-Oils Sprays 170
Key Symbols and Key Words 170
5.1 Introduction 171
5.1.1 Experimental Set-Up and Procedure 175
5.1.2 Combustion System 175
5.1.3 Fuel Injection System 178
5.1.4 Flare System 180
5.1.5 Emissions Measurement System 181
5.1.6 Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer Set-Up 182
5.1.7 Traversing System 183
5.1.8 Infrared (IR) Imaging 186
5.1.9 Test Conditions 187
5.1.10 Results and Discussion 187
5.1.10.1 Effect of Swirling Air Flow on Open Cold Spray 188
5.1.10.2 Effect of Flame on Open Spray 214
5.1.10.3 Effect of Enclosure on Spray Flame 231
5.2 Conclusions 242
References 243
Part II Vibrations Applications 244
6 An Active Vibration Control Strategy for Simply Supported Beams 245
Key Symbols 245
6.1 Introduction 246
6.2 Equations of Motion 248
6.3 Series Solutions 253
6.4 Control Strategy Design 255
6.5 Nonlinear Response Characterization 257
6.6 Chaotic Vibration Control 259
6.6.1 ?=100 , kfs=5000 259
6.6.2 ?=50 , kfs=50 265
6.6.3 ?=10 , kfs=50 266
6.7 Conclusion 271
References 272
7 Nonlinear Forced Vibration of Nanobeams 273
7.1 Introduction 273
7.2 Governing Equations 275
7.3 Solution Procedure 278
7.3.1 Galerkin Technique 278
7.3.2 Ritz Averaging Method 280
7.4 Results and Discussion 281
7.5 Conclusion 289
References 290
8 Analytical Solutions for Generalized Duffing Equation 293
8.1 Introduction 294
8.2 He's Variational Method 296
8.3 Application of the He's Variational Method 297
8.4 Results and Discussion 299
8.4.1 Example 1 299
8.4.2 Example 2 303
8.4.3 Example 3 304
8.4.4 Example 4 305
8.4.5 Example 5 306
8.5 Conclusion 307
References 307
Part III Engineering Applications 309
9 Nonlinear Deformations of Soft Tissues for Surgery Simulation 310
9.1 Introduction 311
9.2 Related Work 311
9.3 Chemical Diffusion of Mechanical Load 313
9.4 Model Establishment 314
9.5 Internal Forces and Deformation Dynamics 317
9.6 Implementation Results and Discussions 318
9.6.1 Isotropic, Anisotropic, Inhomogeneous, Local and Large-Range Deformations 318
9.6.2 Human Organ Deformation with Haptic Feedback 321
9.6.3 Computational Performance and Discussions 323
9.7 Conclusions 324
References 324
10 Strength and Contraction Speed of Muscle Groups: An Application of the Lambert Function 326
Key Symbols 326
10.1 Introduction 328
10.2 Non-Linear ODE 332
10.3 Model of Limb Movements Based on Muscle Force–Velocity Relationship 336
10.4 Muscle Group Diagnostics 344
10.5 Scaling of Muscle Function 348
10.6 Summary 356
References 356
11 Optoelectronics Modelling of Thin Film Solar Cells 359
List of Symbols 359
11.1 Introduction 360
11.2 Description of the Source of Sun Energy: Sun Spectral Irradiance 361
11.3 The Photovoltaic Effect and Its Efficiency in Solar Cells 362
11.4 Solar Cell Design Trends 364
11.5 Numerical Methods to Analyse Photovoltaic Devices 372
11.6 Conclusions 377
References 377
12 Nonlinear Filtering Based on Model Prediction 379
12.1 Introduction 379
12.2 Related Work 380
12.3 Model Prediction Based UKF 382
12.3.1 Prediction of System Model Error 382
12.3.2 Expanded System State 383
12.3.3 Filtering Algorithm 384
12.4 Performance Evaluation and Discussions 386
12.4.1 Simulations and Analysis 386
12.4.2 Experiments and Analysis 388
12.5 Conclusions 394
References 394
13 Solutions for Path Planning Using Spline Parameterization 396
13.1 Introduction 396
13.2 Related Work 399
13.3 Problem Statement 401
13.4 Spline Primitives 403
13.5 Curvature Bounding 404
13.5.1 Parametric Continuity 404
13.5.2 Curvature Evaluation 406
13.5.2.1 Path Segmentation 406
13.5.2.2 Segment Curvature Evaluation 408
13.5.3 Curvature Bounding 410
13.5.3.1 Single Peak Solution 410
13.5.3.2 Double Peak Solution 413
13.6 Results 414
13.6.1 Curvature Evaluation 414
13.6.2 Curvature Bounding 415
13.7 Conclusion 420
References 422
Index 427

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 27.5.2016
• Zusatzinfo: XXXIV, 402 p. 236 illus., 181 illus. in color.
• Verlagsort: Cham
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: alytical nonlinearity • Dynamical systems and control • Mathematical modeling of complex form • Nonlinear dynamics and applications • Nonlinear Engineering • Robot-Human Interaction • Vehicle related technologies
• ISBN-10: 3-319-27055-9 / 3319270559
• ISBN-13: 978-3-319-27055-5 / 9783319270555